Video Observations Research Articles

Fluid and drug administration in a paediatric critical care: prospective, single centre, multimodal, direct observational study

Critically ill children are intensively monitored and receive many drugs, fluids, and other therapies while in paediatric intensive care unit(PICU). The operational aspects of the provision of these therapies are not well understood. The objective of this study was to characterise the activities supporting fluid and drug administration in critically ill paediatric patients. This prospective, single centre, observational study used multi-modal direct observation approach (video, audio, and direct bedside observation) to understand the clinical activities associated with care of critically ill children. Administration was separated into the broad and varied activities required for drug and fluid administration ranging from drug information review through disposal. 43 patients, 84 nurses, 43 doctors, 27 respiratory therapists and 4 nurse practitioners were observed over 48 epochs and 143.15 h. The 23.61(16%) hours of drug and fluid therapy observed were comprised of 660 specific clinical administrations of drug and fluid therapy that took a median(IQR) 64.45(17.10–163.62) seconds and were comprised of 4396 administration activities. Interruptions to the process of drug and fluid administration were also counted and observed 261 times, occurring in 148(22%) of unique administrations and lasted a median(IQR) of 7.95(3.82–14.88) seconds each. This study has implications on safety measures pertaining to sources and duration of interruptions within administration, as well as considerations around nursing tasks, ratios and sheer workload of drug and fluid administration. Further work could explore targeting strategies that optimize efficiency, workflow, and safety in the PICU as it pertains to layout, staffing and ease of medication administration.

Investigating the Differentiated Experiences of an Academician in the Transition to Distance Education Through a Documentational Framework

This study examines the documentational genesis of an academician transitioning to distance education during the pandemic. Using qualitative case study design, the research involved an associate professor in engineering at a Turkish state university. Selected via purposeful sampling, the participant was open to sharing experiences and participating in the study. Data were collected through online course video recordings, semi-structured interviews, observations and researcher notes. Content analysis was used for the data analysis, and from the obtained themes, the elements of the participant's schemes in online education, the challenges experienced, and the variations in these schemes were presented from a documentational perspective. As a result of the research, it was found that the participating academician used different types of knowledge, including both content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge, in online education. Additionally, it was concluded that the academician continued to use some resources from face-to-face education during the transition to and process of online education, modified some resources to create differentiated resources, and completely abandoned some resources. Another finding of the research is that the participating academician faced many challenges during the online education process. These challenges were primarily found to be due to student-related and institutional factors. Moreover, the academician expressed both positive and negative opinions about distance education.

Pressure Measurements and Video Observations Near and Inside Three EF2 Tornadoes

From the spring of 2016 through the spring of 2019, three EF2-rated tornadoes were sampled with in-situ tornado probes as part of the Pressure Acoustics Recordings Inside Tornadoes Experiment. The probe meteorological instrumentation resolved the temperature, humidity, and pressure-deficit characteristics near or inside all three tornadoes. Probe recorded pressure and visual observations during each tornado event show unique attributes, including multiple strong pressure irregularities before and just after the first EF2 tornado, a rotating bowl-shaped cloud feature located some distance ahead of the second EF2 tornado, independent of the tornado core and immediate inflow layer. Pressure measurements of the bowl feature reveal a brief pressure perturbation lasting roughly 4 s as it passed near or directly over the research team before the documentation of a 41 hPa pressure deficit. During the third EF2 near in-situ deployment, pressure trace observations also reveal pressure fluctuations ahead of the tornado core lasting some 65 s before the documentation of a 13 hPa pressure deficit. These pressure measurements and video observations are consistent in location with recent ultra-high-resolution simulations of the Streamwise Vorticity Current (SVC), or more precisely, the related Vertical Vorticity Sheet (VVS) and Pressure Deficit Lobe (PDL) regions. This paper describes the measured pressure deficit traces during three EF2 tornadoes near and in situ, augmented with brief, one-of-a-kind, near and in-situ video observations of a unique bowl feature, tornado inflow, corner-flow, and tornado core regions. The recorded data and instrumentation were analyzed; results are presented and discussed.

Analyzing the reasons for Apple’s success

Apple is a technological company that designs and manufactures personal computers, smartphones, tablets, and related accessories. The portfolio of Apple products includes the iPhone, MacBook, iPad, Apple Watch, and Apple TV. It also gets consumers various software applications such as iOS, macOS, watch OS, Apple Pay, Apple Care, and iCloud. Digital content is sold through the App Store, Apple Music, and News. The company’s business spreads universally in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and Africa, with headquarters in Cupertino, California. It is the most valuable publicity traded company worldwide, with US$394.3 billion in 2022 revenue.

Video watching and hands-on experiments to learn science: what can each uniquely contribute?

An experimental group and control group pretest and posttest design was used to conduct qualitative coding and quantitative analysis on two classes in grade 5. The aim was to investigate whether science education videos can be used in place of simulation experiments. The results showed that (1) in terms of scientific knowledge, the difference between science videos and hands-on experiments was not significant; (2) in terms of modeling capability, the hands-on class had better results regarding the perception and application of materials; and (3) more precise experiments had better effects on health behavior, but there was no significant difference between imprecise experiments and science videos. In the absence of laboratory equipment, science videos could therefore be an alternative solution.

Studying children's motives in mathematical problem-solving during transition from kindergarten to school: A Conceptual PlayWorld approach

Developing children's mathematical problem-solving is important to promote children's deep understanding of mathematical concepts and future academic success. Acknowledging that play-based approaches can support mathematical learning, limited research explores how imaginative play creates conditions for children's mathematical problem-solving in the kindergarten period during the transition to school. To support children's mathematical problem-solving in this period, this study drew upon the cultural-historical concept of play and motives and adapted Li and Disney's (2021) Conceptual PlayWorld in mathematics (CPW) by conducting an educational experiment. This research investigated how CPW created motivating conditions in supporting children's learning motive in mathematical problem-solving in the kindergarten period during the transition to school. Video observations of teacher-child interactions during the CPW on the mathematical concepts of informal measurement of area and partial units were analysed. This study followed the focus child William's intentions and motives, revealing that CPW created motivating conditions for a dialectical transformation between play motives and mathematical learning motives. We argued that the collective and emotionally charged CPW encouraged children's continuous exploration of the dramatised mathematics problem, thus developing mathematical learning motives. The development of mathematical learning motive also contributed to play motive to engage with the play narrative. This study enriched the empirical evidence of the CPW approach, supporting kindergarten children's mathematical problem-solving in the kindergarten period during the transition to school.

Children’s Reading of Visuals in Informational Picturebooks and Biographies

Visuals in picturebooks play an important role in supporting children’s reading comprehension and literacy development. This qualitative case study analyzes three American families’ shared reading practices at home by analyzing their online surveys for family literacy environments, reading logs for a month, mother interviews, and video observation of their shared reading at home. The analysis of the collected data categorizes children’s responses to visuals into three major themes: reflecting personal preferences and thoughts on visuals, interpreting visuals based on prior knowledge, and misreading visuals that interfere with understanding content. The discussion focuses on the roles of visuals in informational picturebooks and biographies and parents’ support of children’s reading comprehension using visuals.

Newly arrived youth and young adults meeting ‘othering-practices’: a critical analysis of a teacher practice in Norway

ABSTRACT This study utilises ‘practice architectures’ as a theoretical and analytical framework to examine the arrangements that both enable and constrain teacher practice in an adult centre for newly arrived youth and young adults in Norway. The practice was explored through the use of video-stimulated recall, video observations, and subsequent interviews with a single teacher. A hermeneutical analysis was employed to identify the arrangement that governed the practice. The analysis revealed that existing discourses surrounding gender equality, teaching materials, time and organisation, and an understanding of equality as sameness served to restrict the teacher’s practice. Consequently, the students experienced ‘othering practices’. This article emphasises the need for increased attention to the ‘taken for granted’ knowledge that influences the interaction between teachers and newly arrived students.

Leisure television watching exerts a causal effect on gastroesophageal reflux disease: evidence from a two-step mendelian randomization study

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that physical activity (PA) and leisure sedentary behaviors (LSB, including leisure television watching) are linked to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). However, the associations between PA/LSB and GERD remain controversial. In this study, we aimed to reveal whether these associations reflect causal relationships and reveal the potential mechanisms of these relationships using bidirectional and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.MethodsWe obtained genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for PA/LSB, four common risk factors (including cigarettes smoked per day, alcoholic drinks per week, triglycerides, total cholesterol) and GERD from published GWASs. A bidirectional MR analysis was performed to identify causal relationships between PA/LSB and GERD. Then, a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the results. Finally, a mediation analysis via two-step MR was conducted to investigate any effects explained by common risk factors in these relationships.ResultsGenetically predicted per 1-SD increase in leisure time television watching significantly increased the risk of GERD in the bidirectional MR analysis (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.14–1.56; P = 2.71 × 10− 4). Sensitivity analyses successfully verified the robustness of the causal relationship. Further mediation analysis showed that this effect was partly mediated by increasing cigarettes smoked per day, with mediated proportions of 18.37% (95% CI: 11.94-39.79%).ConclusionOur findings revealed a causal relationship between leisure television watching and an increased risk of GERD, notably, the causal effect was partially mediated by cigarettes smoked per day. These findings may inform prevention and management strategies directed toward GERD.

Show and tell: scaffolding practices in lower secondary social science classrooms

ABSTRACT Inquiry and teaching with high levels of student activity are central to social science education, and research has shown the importance of scaffolding and other expressions of supportive structures in teaching (Christensen, 2021; Mathé, 2020). Nevertheless, there have been few studies documenting how actual teaching takes place and whether a teacher’s activities support the work of their students. This article, part of QUINT—Quality in Nordic Teaching, drew on video observations from 16 lower secondary social science classrooms in Denmark and Norway. We began by using the Protocol for Language Arts Teaching Observation (PLATO; Grossman, 2019) to identify the extent of teacher scaffolding practices. From this, we analysed the scaffolding to understand what kinds can be observed in social science education, with a specific focus on inquiry-based teaching. Although we identified scaffolding in a minority of lesson segments, what we did observe was related to a number of skills and strategies, both generic and specific to social science education. We concluded by identifying the strong potential in developing scaffolding practices related to social science inquiry further, before discussing implications and opportunities based on our findings.

How can we better engage female athletes? A novel approach to health and performance education in adolescent athletes

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of a video series versus online pamphlets/blog posts on Female Athlete Triad (Triad) and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) knowledge in high school female runners.MethodsRunners...

Inequality in Physical Activity in Organized Group Settings for Children: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Adult-led organized settings for children (eg,classrooms) provide opportunities for physical activity (PA). The structure of setting time may influence inequalities (ie,unequalness) in the distribution of PA. This study examined differences in PA inequality by setting and time-segment purpose in time-segmented organized group settings for children. PA and setting meetings were assessed using accelerometer and video observation data from school, before-/after-school, and youth club groups (n = 30) for third- through sixth-grade children (n = 699) in 2 rural US communities. Meetings (n = 130) were time-segmented into smaller units (sessions; n = 835). Each session was assigned a purpose code (eg,PA). Accelerometer data were paired with the meetings and sessions, and the Gini coefficient quantified inequality in activity counts and moderate to vigorous PA minutes for each segment. Beta generalized estimating equations examined differences in PA inequality by setting and session purpose. Activity count inequality was lowest (P < .05) during youth club meetings (Gini = 0.17, 95% CI, 0.14-0.20), and inequality in moderate to vigorous PA minutes was greatest (P < .01) during school (Gini = 0.34, 95% CI, 0.30-0.38). Organized PA sessions (Gini = 0.20, 95% CI, 0.17-0.23) had lower activity count inequality (P < .0001) than academic (Gini = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.27-0.34), enrichment (Gini = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.27-0.36), and nonactive recreation (Gini = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.25-0.34) sessions. Inequality in moderate to vigorous PA minutes was lower (P < .05) in organized PA (Gini = 0.26, 95% CI, 0.20-0.32) and free play (Gini = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.19-0.39) than other sessions. PA inequality differed by setting time structure, with lower inequality during organized PA sessions. The Gini coefficient can illuminate PA inequalities in organized settings and may inform population PA improvement efforts in rural communities.

The Need for Social Embeddedness: Human Belonging Goes Beyond Dyadic Bonds

We propose that much of modern human behavior can be understood as the outcome of a primitive and implicit desire for social embeddedness (i.e., a desire to belong to a larger, societal-level collective). Research from our lab suggests that people watch television, follow celebrities, and go to concerts and sporting events, at least in part, to fill this need. Connections to other research and implications for understanding human behavior are discussed.

Ambulatory dispersal of Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki Wainstein (Acari: Phytoseiidae) along Solanceae stem.

Tomato crops are attacked by several pests, including mites. While the main predatory mites are not effective enough to control mite pests, recent studies have shown encouraging results with the European endemic phytoseiid Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki. The first objective of the study was to assess the ability of this species to disperse along the tomato stem, considering six genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum, S. peruvianum and S. cheesmaniae with contrasted trichome numbers and types of stem trichomes, accuratetly characterised in a previous study. The second objective was to determine how predator morphological traits can explain dispersal along the tomato stem. For this, ambulatory dispersal ability of females (stem crossing rate success, hesitation and escape behavior, mobility periods) was tested in lab conditions on the eight Solanum genotypes, at four period of time after the predator introduction (10, 25, 55 and 100min), with a video observation of 5min at each period. The females were then mounted on slides and body length and width (at the fore hind, middle and back parts) measured. No effect of the tomato genotypes was observed on the dispersal ability of the predator. However, specimens that succeeded in crossing the stem, had a higher percentage of mobility time (79.36%) than those that failed (43.60%). Furthermore, body width at midbody (DSW2) and dorsal shield length (DSL) were negatively correlated with dispersal ability. The mean DSL and DSW2 of the females that succeed to cross were 342.3 and 160.9μm, respectively vs. 345.6 and 164.9μm, for females that did not succeed. This suggests that the more slender and relatively small the specimens, the more are mobile and able to successfully cross the stem. The number of glandular trichomes type (GT) VI and to a lesser extent GT I and IV, and non-glandular trichomes (NGT) II&III appear to limit dispersal. The GT VI seems to have a repellent effect. On the opposite, the number of NGT V were positively correlated with high mobility and stem crossing rates. Assuming that the main barrier to biological control efficiency is dispersal along tomato stems, these preliminary results should have implications for biological control success. The proportion of mites with 'optimal dimensions' appears to be low and further studies should be undertaken to better assess the proportion of mites with such ideal dimensions in different populations and also to determine whether these morphological traits are associated with different feeding abilities and/or abiotic conditions.

Emotion socialization in early childhood education and care – How preschool teachers support children's emotion regulation

Children’s emotional experiences during early childhood education and care (ECEC) are important for children’s emotional development and the socialization of this development by teachers. One central goal of emotion socialization is that it should help children acquire reflective regulation of their emotions, resulting in socially acceptable and age-appropriate experience and behavior. The current study is based on emotionally challenging situations of children in ECEC and aims at investigating, first, associations of teachers’ emotion coaching and co-regulation with children’s self-regulation, and, second, how teachers’ emotion coaching and co-regulation are linked with characteristics of the specific emotion episode and the involved child. Based on extensive video observations in the preschool setting (N = 19 groups), this study analyzed episodes with teacher interventions (N = 48 teachers) following a negative emotion expression by one or two children (N = 213 children aged 2–6 years old). Multilevel results show, first, that teachers’ initial emotion coaching and co-regulation through meta-cognitive prompts were associated with children’s independent self-regulation. Second, teachers’ emotion coaching and co-regulation were systematically associated with characteristics of the emotion episode, especially emotion quality and intensity. The findings support the assumption that emotion coaching and co-regulation are especially valuable tools to support self-regulation. However, emotion coaching and the different co-regulation levels and strategies do not turn out to be universal strategies that are used indiscriminately, but teachers use them depending on individual child and situational characteristics.

Determinants of comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention among women of reproductive age 15-49 years in Nigeria.

Comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention has been reported as a necessary factor for ending the HIV epidemic. Women of reproductive age identified as a vulnerable group to HIV infection require this knowledge to prevent contracting HIV infection. Therefore, this study aimed to identify those factors that impact these women's comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention. This study used secondary data from the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. A weighted sample of women of reproductive age with complete data on the determinants and comprehensive knowledge of HIV was included in each analysis. The Chi-square test of Independence was used to determine the association between the determinants and the dependent variable. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to predict the effects of the determinants on the comprehensive knowledge of women of reproductive age. Variables with a p-value of ≤ .01 were considered statistically significant determinants of comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention. The findings showed that women of reproductive age with no or lower level of education, living in rural areas, poor wealth index, do not listen or listen less frequently to radio, and watch television less frequently were more likely to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention at Alpha = .01. The number of women with comprehensive knowledge of HIV was low compared with those with no comprehensive knowledge. This is a concern that needs to be addressed. Further studies using primary data to validate the findings of this study that individuals with no or lower level of education, living in rural areas, poorer or middle wealth index, do not listen or listen less frequently to radio and do not watch or watch less frequently television were more likely to have comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission and prevention are recommended.

GREEN PRODUCT PLACEMENT IN TV SERIES: AN EVALUATION ON CONSUMER ATTITUDE AND PURCHASE INTENTION

Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to measure the effect of green product placement strategy on consumer attitude and consumer purchase intention. In addition, the study examined whether attitudes towards green product placement and intention to purchase green products vary according to demographic variables. Material and Method: This study was conducted in Istanbul, Turkey and the main population of the research consists of consumers who are 18 years old and over and watch television series. The sample size was determined to be 402 participants since it would not be possible to reach all participants in the universe in generalizing the analysis result. The data obtained was analyzed with PLS and SPSS programs. In order to test hypotheses; frequency analysis, validity analysis, reliability analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Findings: As a result of the research, it was concluded that the reality and response to advertising dimensions had a statistically positive effect on the intention to purchase green products. In addition, it was concluded that the consumer attitude variable towards green product placement and the intention to purchase green products differ according to gender. Result: In order to develop a positive attitude towards green products and increase the purchasing tendency towards such products, it would be appropriate for practitioners to focus on realism in product placement strategies, avoid creating a perception of commercial advertising, and increase environmental awareness. Generalization of the subject study would be possible in future studies if comparisons of green product placements in different communication channels are taken in consideration

Properties of outer solar system pebbles during planetesimal formation from meteor observations

Observations of proto-planetary disks, as well as theoretical modeling, suggest that in the late stages of accretion leading up to the formation of planetesimals, particles grew to pebbles the size of 1-mm to tens of cm, depending on the location and ambient conditions in the disk. That is the same size range that dominates the present-day comet and primitive asteroid mass loss. Meteoroids that size cause visible meteors on Earth. Here, we hypothesize that the size distribution and the physical and chemical properties of young meteoroid streams still contain information about the conditions in the solar nebula during these late stages of accretion towards planetesimal formation. If so, they constrain where long-period (Oort Cloud) comets, Jupiter-family (Scattered Disk Kuiper Belt) comets, and primitive asteroids (Asteroid Belt) formed. From video and visual observations of 47 young meteor showers, we find that freshly ejected meteoroids from long-period comets tend to have low bulk density and are distributed with equal surface area per log-mass interval (magnitude distribution index χ ∼ 1.85), suggesting gentle accretion conditions. Jupiter-family comets, on the other hand, mostly produce meteoroids twice as dense and distributed with a steeper χ ∼ 2.15 or even χ ∼ 2.5, which implies that those pebbles grew from particles fragmenting in a collisional cascade or by catastrophic collisions, respectively. Some primitive asteroids show χ > 2.5, with most mass in small particles, indicating an even more aggressive fragmentation by processes other than mutual collisions. Both comet populations contain an admixture of compact materials that are sometimes sodium-poor, but Jupiter-family comets show a higher percentage (∼8% on average) than long-period comet showers (∼4%) and a wider range of percentages among comets. While there are exceptions in both groups, the implication is that most long-period comets formed under gentle particle growth conditions, possibly near the 30 AU edge of the Trans Neptunian Disk, while most Jupiter family comets formed closer to the Sun where pebbles reached or passed the fragmentation barrier, and primitive asteroids formed in the region where the cores of the giant planets formed. This is possible if the Scattered Disk represents all objects scattered by Neptune during its migration, while the present-day outer Oort cloud formed only during and after the time of the planet instability, well after the Sun had moved away from sibling stars.

Preservice Special Educators’ Relational Competence in Virtual Simulations with Avatars

Research shows that relational competence is essential in teacher education, including special education teacher training. It also shows that virtual simulations using avatars are useful for developing teacher competencies. However, there is a research gap regarding how virtual simulations can be utilized to develop relational competences. The present study has two purposes: (1) to explore preservice special educators’ (PSEs) relational competence in an avatar context, and (2) to delineate research-based guidelines for using avatars to enhance relational competence. The data comprise video observations of virtual simulations and interviews with PSEs. The results show that PSEs perceive relational competence as a pedagogical approach and, mainly, as an organization of interaction. Furthermore, relational competence is manifested by different degrees of communication attunement. The guidelines suggest that teacher educators should direct PSEs toward the pedagogical approach and a high degree of attunement. Overall, avatar simulations are useful for training teachers in relational competence.

Classification of African ground pangolin behaviour based on accelerometer readouts: validation of bio-logging methods

BackgroundUnderstanding how free-ranging animals behave can help in the design of optimal management strategies to both conserve species and enable individuals to express natural behaviours, maximising welfare. Animal-borne accelerometers passively collect data on body acceleration which can be interpreted to quantify behaviour. Accelerometers are increasingly used in behavioural research, however validation of accelerometer readouts to enable classification of discrete behaviours is required for each species. Pangolins are a heavily trafficked clade of mammals, all of which are considered vulnerable to extinction. They are also under-researched, with little known about their behaviour in the wild. In this study, we present the first validation of behavioural classification based on accelerometer readouts for a pangolin species; the ground pangolin (Smutsia temminckii).ResultsWe present a standardised protocol for attaching accelerometers to pangolins to minimise the impact of devices on welfare. We match the readouts from accelerometers to behaviours defined through video observations. Using a random forest classification, we defined five discrete behaviours (walking, digging, feeding, investigating ground, and stationary, accuracy of 85%) and three activity levels (low, medium, and high, accuracy of 94%) from accelerometer readouts. We determine optimal sampling frequency and window length (50 Hz and five seconds for discrete behaviour, 10 Hz and seven seconds for activity level). We then deploy accelerometers and classify the behaviour of three free-ranging pangolins for between two and four days. We find considerable variation in peak daily activity between free-ranging pangolins with different individuals displaying nocturnal and crepuscular behaviour. We also find that pangolins spend the majority of their time (between 62 and 71%) at rest.ConclusionThe methods we present will enable the quantification of ground pangolin behaviour in the wild to improve our understanding of the species’ ecology and help inform conservation efforts. This will also help to improve our fundamental understanding of animal behaviour and ecology.