Television Viewing Research Articles

Comparative Physiological Impact of Television Viewing and Video Gaming in Young Adults: Cardiopulmonary and Metabolic Responses

IntroductionThis study examines cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses in young adults during two sedentary activities: watching television and playing seated video games. Sedentary behavior (SB), defined as activities with ≤1.5 METs performed while seated, is associated with increased cardiovascular risks and mortality. While television viewing correlates with adverse health outcomes, video gaming in adolescence is linked to fewer cardiovascular risks. However, their impacts on young adults remain unclear. MethodsTwelve male kinesiology students (mean age: 22.6 ± 2.1 years) from the Universidad de Santiago de Chile participated in a cross-sectional study. Two 80-minute sessions—television viewing and video gaming—were structured into Pre-Activity (10 min), Activity (60 min), and Post-Activity (10 min) phases. Oxygen consumption (VO₂), carbon dioxide production (VCO₂), heart rate (HR), and breathing parameters were measured. Energy expenditure (EE) and metabolic equivalents (METs) were calculated from expired gas samples. ResultsVideo gaming elicited significantly higher HR and breathing rates (p < 0.01), as well as greater VO₂, VCO₂, EE, and METs (p < 0.05) compared to television viewing, indicating higher metabolic and cardiovascular demand. However, the energy expenditure during gaming remained within the sedentary range, failing to exceed basal metabolic rates. ConclusionVideo gaming is more metabolically demanding than television viewing but does not qualify as light physical activity. These findings emphasize the need for public health strategies that differentiate between sedentary behaviors and promote more vigorous activities to mitigate sedentary lifestyle risks.

A Study of Representation and Portrayal of Women in Selected Nigerian Arabic Plays

Research has shown that women are not well portrayed and un-equally represented as men in African Literature. This paper investigates how far this claim is true in relation to the Nigerian Arabic plays. The research is analytic and descriptive in nature. The study analyses the representation of women and describes their portrayal in six (6) randomly selected Nigerian Arabic plays namely; Ustadhun Ragma Anfih (A Teacher in Defiance of Him), Fi-Mash-had at-Tilifisyun (At the Television Viewing centre), Al-Dhakhirat(The Relic), Baqaaun Muqaddar (Destined to survive), As-sayyid Al-muhadir (Mr. Lecturer) and Al-Hasad (The Harvest).The result of the analyses of the characterization ,with the aid of ratio and simple percentage, reveals that women are poorly represented in all the selected plays and the examination of the roles assigned to women in the selected texts shows that women are portrayed as illiterate, evil, liars, sex toys and disobedient.This paper recommends that authors of the Nigerian Arabic plays should assign more positive roles to women in their writings to reveal some of the positive roles played by women in the society and equally put more female characters in the characterization.

Are the Relationships of Physical Activity and Television Viewing Time With Mortality Robust to Confounding? A Study, Utilizing E-Values, From the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study.

Physical activity and sedentary behavior are associated with health outcomes. However, evidence may be affected by confounding bias. This study aimed to examine the relationships of physical activity and television (TV) viewing time with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a cohort of Australian adults, and determine the robustness of these relationships to residual and unmeasured confounding. Data from 27,317 Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study participants (mean age = 66) were used. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and categorized as insufficient, sufficient, or more than sufficient. TV viewing time was categorized as low, moderate, or high. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to evaluate associations of interest. E-values were calculated to assess the strength of unmeasured confounders required to negate the observed results. For highest versus lowest physical activity category, the hazard ratio was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.81) for all-cause mortality; E-values ranged between 1.79 and 2.44. Results were similar for cardiovascular mortality; however, hazard ratios were lower (0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.51-1.01) and E-values much smaller (1.00-2.12) for cancer mortality. For highest versus lowest TV viewing time category, the hazard ratio was 1.08 (1.01-1.15) for all-cause mortality; E-values ranged between 1.00 and 1.37. Results were similar for cardiovascular and cancer mortality. Physical activity and TV viewing time were associated with mortality. The robustness to unmeasured/residual confounding was moderate for physical activity (all-cause and cardiovascular mortality), but weaker for physical activity (cancer mortality) and TV viewing time in this study of Australian adults.

Woke women of the 90s return: Toxic white feminism and the Murphy Brown and Roseanne reboots

AbstractTwo feminist icons of the 1990s returned to network television in 2018: Murphy Brown and Roseanne Conner. Neither rebooted character survived the reboot's first season. Despite their attempts to demonstrate that they were “woke,” the acting styles and strong personas of these two icons were, this paper argues, not appealing to a younger generation of television viewers and feminists and, simultaneously, too progressive for the older and more conventional audiences of the networks on which they aired. Moreover, both leading characters demonstrated the narrowmindedness associated with a toxic white feminism that overlooks issues of class and race.

Association Between Television Viewing and Sensory Reactivity in Childhood: The Cross-Sectional InProS Study

BackgroundCurrent evidence suggests a potential detrimental effect of increased television viewing on children's health, including sensory processing issues. Therefore, this study examined the association between television viewing time and atypical sensory reactivity (SR) in children aged from three to seven years. MethodsWe evaluated data from the InProS cross-sectional study (n = 545). Daily television viewing was categorized into tertiles: ≤1.5, 1.5 to 2.5, and ≥2.5 hours. SR was evaluated using the Short Sensory Profile (SSP). Children with atypical SR were those with a global SSP score below 155, 30 for tactile sensitivity, 15 for taste/olfactory sensitivity, 13 for movement sensitivity, 27 for under-responsive/seeks sensation, 23 for auditory filtering, 26 for low energy/weak, and 19 for visual/auditory sensitivity. We used multiple Poisson regression models with robust variance to explore associations. ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, children who watched television 1.5 to 2.5 and ≥2.5 hours/day showed a higher prevalence of atypical global SR (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03 to 2.30; PR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.19 to 2.76, respectively) and auditory filtering (PR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.96; PR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.83, respectively), compared with children who watched ≤1.5 hours/day. In addition, watching television ≥2.5 hours/day, compared with watching ≤1.5 hours/day, was associated with having atypical SR in movement sensitivity (PR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.83), under-responsive/seeks sensation (PR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.02 to1.69), and low energy/weak (PR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.01 to 4.06). ConclusionsThe findings showed that television viewing ≥1.5 hours/day was associated with a higher prevalence of atypical SR in childhood. However, further longitudinal studies are required to confirm these results.

Production of cultural and educational programs and cultural industries: on the issue of approaches to television analysis

INTRODUCTION. Television activity is devalued due to the loss of its exclusivity in the creation of video content and dissemination of video information. However, television has creative and technical resources, professionals, a school for producing programs aimed not only at supporting the consumer society and political manipulations, but also at developing fundamental meanings and strengthening values – culture, memory, national heritage. The gap that has occurred between the perception of television and its advantages and experience in creating content is a problem affecting the development of the media industry and television journalism. At the same time, the production of television special projects based on cultural events is related to the direction of cultural industries that is relevant for Russia, which allows us to rethink the meaning of television. The purpose of the study is to compare the creative characteristics of special TV projects with the properties of cultural industries and record the identified correspondences.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The empirical basis of the study is special projects of the regional TV channel “Saint Petersburg”, which are representations of cultural events based on live broadcast technology and using expressive means of television. The study used the case study method, as well as a comparative analysis of approaches to creating television projects and criteria of cultural industries.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. A comparison of modern special television projects with the theory of creative industries revealed similarities in such positions as: a) high risks; b) the opposition of creativity and commerce; c) high production costs and low distribution costs; d) attitude to semipublic goods, etc.CONCLUSION. The models of such television projects correspond to the characteristics of cultural industries, which develops a theoretical view of television and actualizes its possibilities in the context of media transformation.

Television and the Mainstreaming of Political Attitudes: A 40-Year Comparison

ABSTRACT Mainstreaming is the attitudinal similarity of heavy television viewers in demographic groups whose light viewers hold divergent views. Comparing data from the General Social Surveys from 1975–1980 with more recently available years (2016–2021), we examine whether there are continuing mainstreaming patterns across selected political attitudes, despite the emergence of a balkanized media environment. While social trends such as polarization and liberalization provide a backdrop against which mainstreaming must be understood today, our comparative analyses show that television still provides a meaningful cultural center of gravity toward which viewers’ political attitudes continue to drift.

The effect of advertising television broadcast migration on the attitude of television users

Background: This research was motivated by ratifying the Job Creation Law, which was related to implementing television broadcasts in Indonesia, which were initially analogue to digital. This transition has implications for the progress of the digital television broadcast industry in overcoming inefficiencies in the analogue TV broadcasts that have been used so far. Purpose: This study aims to assess how advertising affects viewers’ cognitive, emotional, and conative attitudes as it transitions from analogue to digital TV broadcasts in the media. Method: The research method uses descriptive methods with a quantitative approach. Data collection techniques include distributing questionnaires and conducting literature studies. This research involved 100 respondents who were obtained using the probability sampling technique in the random sampling category. Results: The study’s findings indicate that the use of advertisements to promote the switch from analogue to digital TV broadcasts has a significant impact on the attitudes of television viewers in the Garut Regency with regard to cognition, affect, and conative thinking. These attitudes are demonstrated by the audience’s acceptance of new information or knowledge (cognitive), their feelings of trust following exposure to these advertisements (affective), and their desire to switch to digital TV broadcasts right away (conative). Conclusion: Indicators of advertising exposure through frequency, duration, and attention have a strong influence in influencing audiences, especially cognitive, affective, and conative aspects, where the information provided can provide new perceptions and knowledge for people who constantly see advertising broadcasts transitioning to digital TV broadcasts on television. Implications: The results of this research can provide understanding and insight regarding the transition to digital TV broadcasting and how important information is so that one day, television users who read the results of this research can pay attention to the advertisements shown on television to understand and implement the information they receive.

Television Viewing Frequency and Mode of Delivery Preferences among Primiparous Women in Nairobi, Kenya

Purpose: This study aims to establish television viewing frequency and mode of delivery preferences among primiparous women in Nairobi Kenya, aiming at developing informed strategies to minimize health risks and costs, promoting safer childbirth choices in a media-driven urban environment. Methodology: The study utilized a sequential mixed-methods approach, which involved 300 purposefully selected primiparous women from eleven sub-counties in Nairobi during routine child immunization schedules. Among the participants, 150 had vaginal deliveries, while the remaining underwent elective caesarean deliveries. Data collection was carried out through interviewer-administered questionnaires, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews. Quantitative analysis involved the use of mean-weight scores, Chi-square tests, and Cramer's V using SPSS version 28.0.1.1(15). Thematic analysis was employed for qualitative data using Nvivo 14 to comprehensively understand the research topic. The findings were presented through both numerical analysis and narrative exploration. Findings: Respondents who underwent elective caesarean deliveries had higher mean TV viewing frequencies on both weekdays and weekends, compared to those who had vaginal deliveries. Both for weekdays and weekends had significant associations with moderate effect sizes. The null hypothesis was rejected due to the significant correlation and linear regression explaining 81.3% of the variability. Each additional weekday TV-watching hour increased the odds in preferring a particular mode of delivery by 40%, and on weekends, by 39%. Qualitative analysis confirmed that viewing frequency is influenced by factors such flexible schedules, cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and content preferences. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study uses cultivation and medicalization theory to establish that television viewing frequency shapes perceptions and subsequent childbirth preferences among urban women, adding to existing body of knowledge on media effects theories. To promote informed childbirth choices, recommendations include encouraging women to critically evaluate media information and seek reliable sources. Additionally, integrating media literacy into antenatal care, implementing targeted campaigns, and researching other media forms beyond television are essential.

How Much Television Viewing is Too Much for Brain Health?

How Much Television Viewing is Too Much for Brain Health?

Multimodality in the television advertisement of Raha premium maize meal

In language and communication, multimodality refers to using various modes of signification to convey meaning. These modes transcend language to engage with audiences at multiple sensory levels. Over time, communication has evolved to reflect a paradigm shift towards a multimodal perspective. This leads to a complex interplay between different modes of shaping interpretations and constructing meaning in discourse, which has attracted little research. This paper explores the concept of multimodality as used in the television advertisement discourse of Raha premium maize meal, using the Multimodal Discourse Analysis Theory. The objective is to investigate how viewers interpret and perceive different modes of signification employed in the advertisement. A descriptive research design with a qualitative approach is used in the collection and analysis of data. The findings reveal that each mode of signification has a unique role, some of which television viewers hardly denote their meaning. Further, politics, religion, and culture influence the perception of some modes of signification used in the advertisement. We recommend that the advertisements be tailored with modes of signification that resonate with the expectations of television viewers. The findings of this paper are intended to enrich linguistic theory concerning the analysis of the representation of meaning in a text and perceptions of modes of signification used.

Analisis Makna Konotasi Negatif Pada Iklan 'Permen Milkita' Pada Awal Tahun 2000-An

Television advertising is a form of promotion of products, services or brands delivered via television channels. They are usually short videos shown between regular programs. The main purpose of advertising on television is to influence viewers to buy the product or use the service being advertised. Television advertising often uses a variety of marketing techniques, including narration, music, attractive visuals, and celebrities, to attract viewers' attention and increase the appeal of the product or service being promoted. Advertising is an inseparable part of television media. Human life today cannot be separated from the influence of television. Various information can be obtained quickly. To meet the entertainment needs of humans or television viewers, television always inserts advertising shows. Besides having commercial purposes, advertising also has information value contained in it. Advertisers, both private and government, try to introduce and encourage people to do what the advertisers hope for. Advertising via television has various advantages compared to other types of media which include wide reach, selectivity and flexibility, focus of attention, creativity and effect, prestige, and a certain time (Andrianto, 2018).

Joint modeling of correlated binary outcomes using multivariate logistic regression: contraception and HIV knowledge in Sri Lanka

Reproductive health significantly contributes to the overall well-being and social welfare of women. Within the spectrum of modern and traditional contraceptive methods in use, condoms have been strongly advocated by numerous HIV programs as a primary means of preventing HIV infection in Sri Lanka. Given the intrinsic relationship between contraceptive utilization and HIV awareness, our study aims to concurrently analyze the patterns of contraceptive usage and HIV knowledge, while accounting for their potential correlation. In this study, we introduced the application of the Gumbel type II distribution to effectively capture the interdependence of these joint probabilities, accounting for various covariates. The outcome of simulation studies demonstrated the superior performance of the integrated joint model, in comparison to the separate univariate models. Our findings highlighted several noteworthy risk factors associated with both contraceptive usage and HIV prevention knowledge. These included variables such as residence, level of education, wealth quintile, husband's education level, number of children, engagement with the newspapers, television viewership, and mobile phone usage. The Result indicates a positive association between the adoption of contraception and the awareness of HIV prevention measures, suggesting that individuals who actively embrace contraception are more likely to possess knowledge about preventing HIV transmission.

Television Viewing and Brain Health

Television Viewing and Brain Health

Does it Make a Difference?: Television’s Misrepresentation of the Working-Class as Cultivation Effects

ABSTRACT Previous research has concluded that the working-class is largely invisible on television. When the working-class is displayed; however, common frames highlight moral shortcomings and lack of responsibility. This study asks what difference such representations make. The study relies on cultivation analysis and a survey of the adult Swedish population to understand the extent to which heavy television viewers provide “television answers” in their descriptions of and attitudes toward the working-class. While some results are inconsistent, heavy television viewers seem more prone to view social inequalities as the result of working-class people's failure to take responsibility for their own well-being.

Reassessing customer discrimination in local market National Basketball Association television viewership

ABSTRACT This study revisits the question of whether evidence of race-based customer discrimination exists in local market television viewership. We assess how consumers in 27 of the largest U.S. media markets respond to the racial composition of playing talent using modern local market television viewership data from the National Basketball Association. An advantage of using viewership data from this context is the ability to control for the perceived and actual quality of the product, allowing for the ability to isolate the effects of player race. We first uncover statistically significant increases in viewership when Non-White players occupy more roster spots and receive more playing time relative to White players. Individual player race models produce similar results and indicate consumers respond favourably to Black and Hispanic players. The results oppose previous research in the same setting and suggest viewership preferences related to race have changed substantially over time.

VISUAL IDENTITY DESIGN IN ANIMATION PRODUCTIONS: EXAMPLE OF THE BATMAN SERIES (1992-1995)

Animated series for television have a long history. The first animation experiments began with short cartoons produced for the cinema in the 1920s and 1930s. However, it took a little longer for animation to become widespread and popular in the television environment. The 1950s and 1960s were the periods when animation became widespread on the television platform as television entered homes. During this period, Walt Disney, Warner Bros. Studios such as Hanna-Barbera and Hanna-Barbera began to present various animated series to television audiences; Especially the series produced by the Hanna-Barbera studio attracted great attention from television viewers, and many classic productions appeared during this period. It is also seen that the first visual identity designs for animation series were produced during this process. Visual identity has the power to leave a lasting impact on popular culture and is thought to play a key role in the success of animated series. From this perspective, research constitutes an important issue. Within the scope of the limitations of the study, only milestone animation series produced in the United States were discussed, and the aim was to analyze samples and convey expert opinions within the framework of the descriptive analysis method. Batman: The Animated Series (1992-1995), which constitutes the sample of the research, was examined in terms of visual identity elements such as logo, typography, episode covers, and color palette. It has been concluded that visual identity elements are also important in the branding process of animation series, in addition to technical details such as story, scenario, fiction and graphics; In addition, it is aimed to create a Turkish resource for relevant stakeholders.

Consuming entertainment as Roamers: A study of generation Z’s television viewership in the digital era

Background: Before the digital era, television was spotlighted for people who enjoyed audio-visual shows. However, in the digital era, television viewers in Indonesia have decreased. The ease of access to infrastructure, the Internet, and mobile technology devices makes viewers, especially Generation Z (Gen-Z), prefer shows that can be enjoyed flexibly anytime and anywhere. Purpose: This paper discusses the trend of television viewers for Gen-Z amid the “onslaught” of streaming platforms. Methods: This study uses a survey method on Gen-Z, interpreted descriptively and qualitatively. Results: Based on the data obtained, this research illustrates that Gen-Z viewers can be said to be roamers or viewers who enjoy broadcast shows that move between streaming platforms. The study results show that the digital era has changed Gen-Z viewers’ behavior according to their technological devices and subscription streaming platforms. Conclusion: This research indirectly shows that the digital era and the presence of streaming platforms have made viewers increasingly fragmented, so television is not famous for Gen-Z to enjoy audio-visual shows, especially entertainment. Implications: The theoretical implication is that this roaming behavior may be a typical characteristic of Gen-Z. Future research could explore whether this behavior excludes Gen-Z or represents a broader trend among the emerging generation.

Panic during Covid-19 Pandemic: An Analysis of Media Coverage in India

The COVID-19 pandemic came as a nightmare across the Globe. In time of crisis, people rely on Mass Media for information and updates on the present situation. News related to death rates and the shortage of proper medical infrastructure caused panic and anxiety. The infodemic created mental health concerns. The role of television became crucial as a source of information leaving behind the newspapers and magazines, which people refrained because of contactless preference of information. The BARC India report confirmed that a substantial jump in television viewership was seen during the Pandemic and the average time spent per day per viewer increased. After the onset of the coronavirus, India underwent a strict lockdown, which led people to be confined to their houses and television screens. This is a review-based paper to explore the Media coverage and the panic caused by the news coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic. Different news articles, journals, and studies related to Media coverage affecting people during COVID-19 were reviewed. The research is descriptive in nature and the data is secondary. In this study, prior research is combined to obtain a full overview of the research conducted in this area.

Inequalities in Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Television Viewing According to Age Among a Brazilian Adult Population.

The present study aims to estimate leisure-time physical activity and television (TV) viewing curves according to age stratified by sex, area of residence, and socioeconomic position. Using data from the Brazilian National Health Survey, we estimated the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and TV viewing according to continuous age. The estimates were calculated using fractional polynomials and stratified by sex, wealth, skin color, and area of residence. The sample included 87,376 adults (aged 18y or over). In general, leisure-time physical activity decreased according to age while TV viewing increased. Regarding behavior of curves according to stratifiers, for leisure-time physical activity the disadvantaged groups maintained a pattern of low physical activity across all age groups or presented the decrease earlier when compared to groups in social advantage. On the other hand, for TV viewing, women presented an increase in prevalence before men, and individuals living in the urban area and the wealthiest group were those with a higher increase according to age. Our findings may help researchers and policymakers further explore inequalities in physical activity across life in different settings, as well as develop sensitive cultural actions to support more vulnerable people to adopt public health recommendations.