Telephone System Research Articles

Revolutionizing Sales with Phone Systems: Design and Implementation Best Practices

The technique of classifying a face as recognized or unknown in computer vision is known as face recognition. The procedure follows a pipeline that includes steps for data collection, detection, pre-processing, and recognition. This research focuses on with the assumption that photos have already been processed at the end of the pipeline pre-processed and gathered Face recognition software in the past has relied on the full face. Their algorithms take a face picture as input. We propose a new method in which the individual facial segments, such as the left, are sent into the recognition algorithm. The four components that make up the face are the left eye, the right eye, the nose, and the mouth. After that, the output of each algorithm is labelled, and it is categorized as belonging to right feature class. According to the findings of our research, the granularity of information gathered for each subdivision class has the potential to be utilized in order to create a higher accuracy rate than can be achieved by using the complete face technique.

Spoofing Against Spoofing: Toward Caller ID Verification in Heterogeneous Telecommunication Systems

Caller ID spoofing is a global industry problem and often acts as a critical enabler for telephone fraud. To address this problem, the Federal Communications Commission has mandated telecom providers in the U.S. to implement STIR/SHAKEN, an industry-driven solution based on digital signatures. STIR/SHAKEN relies on a public key infrastructure (PKI) to manage digital certificates, but scaling up this PKI for the global telecom industry is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Furthermore, it only works with IP-based systems (e.g., SIP), leaving the traditional non-IP systems (e.g., SS7) unprotected. So far the alternatives to the STIR/SHAKEN have not been sufficiently studied. In this article, we propose a PKI-free solution, called Caller ID Verification (CIV). CIV authenticates the caller ID based on a challenge-response process instead of digital signatures, hence requiring no PKI. It supports both IP and non-IP systems. Perhaps counter-intuitively, we show that number spoofing can be leveraged, in conjunction with Dual-tone Multi-frequency, to efficiently implement the challenge-response process, i.e., using spoofing to fight against spoofing. We implement CIV for Voice over Internet Protocol, cellular, and landline phones across heterogeneous networks (SS7/SIP) by only updating the software on the user’s phone. This is the first caller ID authentication solution with working prototypes for all three types of telephone systems in the current telecom architecture. Finally, we show how the implementation of CIV can be optimized by integrating it into telecom clouds as a service, which users may subscribe to.

Value of the stroke 1-2-0 prehospital stroke education system: the experience of a general practitioner team

BackgroundStroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, especially in developing countries. In China, there is an urgent need to educate people about stroke awareness and the importance of using emergency medical services (EMS) quickly after a stroke has occurred.ObjectiveWe sought to explore the effects of the Stroke 1-2-0 Prehospital Stroke Education System based on the experience of a general practitioner team.MethodWe prospectively enrolled 119 community general practitioners to be trained in the procedures advocated by the Stroke 1-2-0 Prehospital Stroke Education System. The training content included early detection of ischemic stroke, first aid for stroke, and intravenous thrombolysis; The effects of the training were later evaluated via a before-and-after comparison. The 119 enrolled physicians formed a Stroke 1-2-0 lecturer group and taught stroke knowledge to community residents. The group remained active for 6 months, during which the medical treatment data of stroke patients (i.e., stroke onset time, prehospital delay, whether an ambulance was called, and whether thrombolytic therapy was performed) in each of 5 jurisdictions were recorded for the month before (January 2021) and that after (August 2021) the 6-month community education program. Finally, the effects of the community education program were evaluated.ResultsThe participants’ understanding of intravenous thrombolysis in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke improved significantly after the training as compared with their earlier understanding (96% vs. 78.99%; P < .001), and their understanding of the time window for intravenous thrombolysis increased from 26.05% before to 72% (P < .001) after the training. Most of the participants (90% vs. 67.23%; P < .001) said that they would immediately call the 120 emergency number of China’s emergency phone system if they encountered individuals who appeared to be victims of acute stroke. A total of 82 stroke patients were seen before and 67 after the community education program. As for the use of the emergency call system, more patients with stroke activated that system after the program versus before (21.95% vs. 37.31%; P = .04). The 3-hour arrival rate after the program was nearly three times higher than that before the program (62.69% vs. 19.51%; P < .001). Also, regarding receiving thrombolysis after the occurrence of a stroke, the program triggered a substantial increase compared with the total earlier (19.4% vs. 6.1%; P = .013).ConclusionWe found that the Stroke 1-2-0 Prehospital Stroke Education System significantly improved community residents’ knowledge regarding stroke.

A portable microfluidic photometric detection method based on enzyme linked immunoscatter enhancement

Currently, the combination of smart phones and microfluidic chips is a commonly used device for point-of-care testing (POCT) detection. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an effective way to detect specific proteins in disease. Because the detection accuracy of smartphone cameras is difficult to directly replace high-precision spectral devices, the combination of smartphones and ELISA has not been widely used. Therefore, this paper proposes a microfluidic photometric detection method based on ELISA scattering enhancement. Firstly, the scattering characteristics of IMB are mined, and the optimal value of absorbance error compensation parameter is obtained. Secondly, the absorbance error compensation model based on scattering enhancement characteristics is established to improve the image acquisition accuracy of smart phones. Finally, the microfluidic photometric detection chip is developed, and the optical path system, optical path adjustment system and POCT detection App of smart phone are designed. The optimal compensation parameters of IMB were obtained based on simulated samples, and the linearity of absorbance and concentration increased by 22.6% after compensation. In the IL-6 sample experiment, the detection results of the platform in this paper had a good linear correlation with IL-6 sample concentration, and the linear correlation coefficient was above 0.95459. At the same time, the detection limit and accuracy meet the detection requirements. Therefore, with the participation of smart phones and microfluidic chips, problems such as difficult carrying and complex operation in traditional ELISA daily detection have been solved, laying a foundation for the future promotion and application of ELISA based POCT platform.

An integrative review of adult cancer patients’ experiences of nursing telephone and virtual triage systems for symptom management

PurposeTelephone and virtual triage services are becoming increasingly common in ambulatory oncology settings. Few studies have evaluated their implementation from the perspective of service users. This study aims to evaluate the experiences of engaging with nurse-delivered telephone and virtual triage systems for symptom management among people undergoing cancer treatment. MethodsAn integrative review was undertaken. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Academic Search Complete and Scopus were systematically searched. Twelve publications met the inclusion criteria, and data related to cancer patients’ perceptions of the triage process were extracted and analysed. ResultsTelephone-based (n=7), app-based (n=5) and video-based teleconferencing (n=2) triage systems were evaluated positively overall, enhancing ease of health system navigation, avoidance of emergency department for consultation, and the information, reassurance and support provided to support self-management of symptoms. However, several factors influenced the users’ engagement with triage services, including confidence to articulate symptoms, limited opening hours, waiting times for initial triage or follow-up and digital literacy. Collectively, these factors contributed to delayed reporting or under-reporting of symptoms, undermining the potential impact of services. Studies included variable reporting of intervention characteristics, including the qualification of nurses delivering and leading services. ConclusionsFuture evaluations of triage services must give greater consideration to the characterisation of interventions to ensure transferability, including nursing roles and qualifications. To ensure effective intervention and optimal supportive care for symptom management, patients must be prepared to engage triage services early. Future evaluations must ensure the impact of digital literacy on engagement with, and experience of, virtual triage is investigated.

Predicting a Fall Based on Gait Anomaly Detection: A Comparative Study of Wrist-Worn Three-Axis and Mobile Phone-Based Accelerometer Sensors.

Falls by the elderly pose considerable health hazards, leading not only to physical harm but a number of other related problems. A timely alert about a deteriorating gait, as an indication of an impending fall, can assist in fall prevention. In this investigation, a comprehensive comparative analysis was conducted between a commercially available mobile phone system and two wristband systems: one commercially available and another representing a novel approach. Each system was equipped with a singular three-axis accelerometer. The walk suggestive of a potential fall was induced by special glasses worn by the participants. The same standard machine-learning techniques were employed for the classification with all three systems based on a single three-axis accelerometer, yielding a best average accuracy of 86%, a specificity of 88%, and a sensitivity of 86% via the support vector machine (SVM) method using a wristband. A smartphone, on the other hand, achieved a best average accuracy of 73% also with an SVM using only a three-axis accelerometer sensor. The significance analysis of the mean accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity between the innovative wristband and the smartphone yielded a p-value of 0.000. Furthermore, the study applied unsupervised and semi-supervised learning methods, incorporating principal component analysis and t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding. To sum up, both wristbands demonstrated the usability of wearable sensors in the early detection and mitigation of falls in the elderly, outperforming the smartphone.

Estimation of renewable energy systems for mobile network based on real measurements using HOMER software in Egypt

With the increasing of global awareness of the importance of reducing polluting emissions and maintaining a clean and healthy environment. So, the tendency to generate electric energy from new and renewable sources has become an urgent need to achieve this goal. In this paper an optimal economic cost analysis using hybrid renewable energy sources to generate the electricity needed for long-term evolution mobile phone systems was estimated. The proposed electric system accounts for the reduction of polluting emissions to the environment. The electrical profile of the optimal approaches or the hybrid technology and traditional methods which contain solar photovoltaic’, batteries, wind turbines, diesel generator were estimated and provides the electrical power for a Long-Term Evolution mobile network (LTE) as the load at a remote located area. A real time optimal cost analysis of each proposed network is done based on the real load profile, wind speed and solar radiation was placid on from 6 October city in Egypt. Statistical analysis was performed by varying the systems through comparison to determine the optimal approaches based on the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electrical Renewables software (HOMER).

METHODOLOGY FOR PLANNING THE LOCATION OF SWITCHING NODES OF IP-TELEPHONY NETWORKS

The relevance of the topic is due to the high pace of development and implementation of new systems and processes in information structures and the lack of a methodology for determining the effectiveness of using new infocommunication technologies in them. Currently, there are no unified scientifically based methods for assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of using IP telephony technology. This is due to insufficient experience in the operation of telecommunication systems based on IP telephony technology and their significant difference from traditional telephone systems. It is indicated that for optimal planning of the location of switching nodes of IP-telephony networks, a methodology has been developed, consisting of the development of a mathematical basis for constructing the projected IP-telephony network, algorithmic implementation and estimation of the complexity of the implementation of this algorithm, which can be used in the design of real IP-telephony networks. The algorithmic implementation of the developed technique uses three arrays from among the nodes of the network, i.e. the first array contains labels with two values, the second array contains the distances - the current shortest distances from the specified vertex to the corresponding vertex, and the third array contains the vertex numbers. In turn, the algorithmic implementation depends on how the source vertex is found, how the set of unmarked vertices is stored, and how labels are updated. Keywords: Telecommunications network, IP-telephony technology, packet switching of flows, planning of the location of switching nodes, algorithmic implementation of the planning methodology, subscriber network, parameters of information systems, network parameters.

Enhancing Speech Signal Quality through Noise Reduction for Improved Communication

Abstract: Speech is a fundamental and reliable mode of human communication, conveying not only linguistic content but also essential cues about the speaker, including language, emotion, gender, and identity. However, in contemporary telephone and audio-based communication systems, speech signals are highly susceptible to the deleterious effects of ambient and Gaussian noise. To detach this noise from the signal, many Digital Audio Filters can be employed, including the Audio Weighting Filter, low-pass and High-pass filter, Band Pass Filter, and Band Stop Filter. This paper implements and compares various digital filters for audio signal enhancement using MATLAB Simulink and compares the outcome to identify the best filter for this specific purpose.

Perancangan Infrastruktur VoIP Menggunakan Trixbox Open Source dengan Lapisan Keamanan VPN Antar Klien

PT Batam Bintan Telekomunikasi has several employees scattered across various rooms, and effective communication among them is crucial. Previously, the company relied on a Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX) phone system, which proved suboptimal as each room had only one PABX line while accommodating eight employees. Consequently, there was a need to optimize the communication system for PT Batam Bintan Telecommunication employees. The communication system was enhanced by implementing Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as a replacement for the PABX system. VoIP was deployed using a Trixbox server, SIP phones, Zoiper, and MicroSIP applications for making calls on client computers, with VPN (Virtual Private Network) ensuring security between clients. Each employee was provided with a VoIP account registered on the Trixbox server, complete with a telephone number and password. Based on the research findings, the implementation of VoIP on computers within PT Batam Bintan Telekomunikasi's environment, connected through the Trixbox server, significantly facilitated communication among employees, ultimately supporting their performance. This VoIP solution is expected to replace the previous communication system utilized at PT Batam Bintan Telekomunikasi, thus leveraging internet resources to enhance communication efficiency.

Implementation of a 4G/5G Base Station Using the srsRAN Software and the USRP Software Radio Module

This article presents the potential applications and scenarios for the implementation of a software-defined radio (SDR) module operating as a base station in 4G/5G networks. The paper presents test configurations of the srsRAN software environment in conjunction with various types of programmable radio modules. Then, the key performance metrics of the mobile telephony system and potential problems that may be encountered while implementing hardware and software layers are presented.

A Link-Layer Virtual Networking Solution for Cloud-Native Network Function Virtualisation Ecosystems: L2S-M

Microservices have become promising candidates for the deployment of network and vertical functions in the fifth generation of mobile networks. However, microservice platforms like Kubernetes use a flat networking approach towards the connectivity of virtualised workloads, which prevents the deployment of network functions on isolated network segments (for example, the components of an IP Telephony system or a content distribution network). This paper presents L2S-M, a solution that enables the connectivity of Kubernetes microservices over isolated link-layer virtual networks, regardless of the compute nodes where workloads are actually deployed. L2S-M uses software-defined networking (SDN) to fulfil this purpose. Furthermore, the L2S-M design is flexible to support the connectivity of Kubernetes workloads across different Kubernetes clusters. We validate the functional behaviour of our solution in a moderately complex Smart Campus scenario, where L2S-M is used to deploy a content distribution network, showing its potential for the deployment of network services in distributed and heterogeneous environments.

Considerations of an efficiency-intelligent geo-localised mobile application for personalised SME market predictions

The few applications used by Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs’) businesses lack efficiency and the appropriate intelligence to save them from price instability, inventory carrying costs, excess inventory, wrong decision making, inaccurate monitoring of stock levels, etc. through predictive analytics. The study explored various Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning (AI/ML) models and data structure array types that could be used with the day-to-day local weather conditions of low and high temperatures to predict market parameters and aid SMEs with predictive data to use for combating wrong decision-making, inaccurate business monitoring and excess inventory, etc. Among the ML models explored included sequential minimal optimisation, iterative reweighted least-squares, Fan-Chen-Lin support vector regression, linear regression newton method and multivariate linear regression Ordinary least squares for a multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. The models were compiled using visual C# and Accord.Net libraries. Multivariate linear regression Ordinary least squares models recorded the least predictive accuracy loss, for the test quantity prediction test samples, and varying acceptable square loss values, for usage in geo-localised mobile intelligent systems for SME predictions due to their favourable scores. The jagged array overall performed better than the multi-dimensional array on some time and space complexity tests. This work is contributing to the body of knowledge by evaluatively suggesting better data structures and ML models for building intelligent systems in Xamarin forms using C# and small data for the model training for applications in mobile phone systems that will aid SMEs’ in adjusting spending and sales targets.

A comparative analysis of voluntary in-vehicle distractions of drivers' visual attention

Distractions to the driving process, whether inside or outside of the vehicle, are becoming an increasing problem, especially distractions that are voluntary in nature which are avoidable but seem to be prevalent on our streets. A research gap was identified in the lack of comparability of in-vehicle distraction influences on drivers' visual attention. The paper presents research on the effects of in-vehicle distractions on drivers' visual attention, which was performed with 23 participants in a real environment (test track) during normal traffic conditions. The drivers were subjected to 15 in-vehicle distractions, including mobile phone use (handheld and hands-free), finding items inside the vehicle, and controlling and managing various in-vehicle systems. All distractions caused a significant reduction in visual attention to driving-related areas, including tasks such as setting the climate control or radio frequency, which are generally not perceived as disruptions. In fact, setting the climate control, navigational system, and radio frequency diverted visual attention for more than 40 % of the whole task duration. All tasks caused a reduction in the variability of gaze direction onto the windshield, indicating an occurrence of vision tunnelling, which was again very prominent even with tasks that are usually not perceived as very distracting, such as adjusting the side mirrors. The results, therefore, show that in-vehicle tasks that are voluntary in nature may significantly affect drivers' visual attention, and this is not limited to mobile phone and entertainment system use.

What effects did home working have on 999 clinician practice from one UK ambulance service during the Covid-19 pandemic?

PurposeVirtual care is any interaction between a patient and clinician or clinicians, occurring remotely using information technologies. Like many international services, United Kingdom (UK) ambulance services use paramedics and nurses to undertake telephone assessments of patients calling the 999 emergency service line. Using their clinical knowledge, experience, and, at times, computer decision support software, these clinicians assess patients from a range of clinical acuities to confirm the need for an emergency response or identify and support those patients who can be cared for with remote treatment advice and referral. The Covid-19 pandemic saw UK ambulance services change and adapt their operating models to meet social distancing requirements, increase clinical staff numbers and mitigate staff becoming unavailable for work due to self-isolation. One such strategy was moving clinicians from Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) to working at home. Staff utilised digital phone systems, remote computer-aided dispatch modules, remote clinical decision support software and video platforms, which allowed close to full functionality compared to inside typical EOCs. There is a dearth of literature exploring the comparative practice of clinicians from home rather than from EOCs. Therefore, this study reports the findings of a qualitative analysis of these effects from the clinician's perspective. The authors hope that the findings from this study will inform the operating, education and leadership practices of those delivering such services.Design/methodology/approachA convenience sample of telephone nurses and paramedics from one UK ambulance service in which home working had been implemented were contacted. 15 clinicians with recent home working experience responded to the invite out of a possible 31 (48%). All participants had previously practised remote assessment from within an EOC. Semi-structured interviews took place via video conferencing software and were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed. An inductive approach was taken to generating codes and both researchers separately reading the transcripts before re-reading them, assigning initial themes and determining frequency.FindingsFour main themes were identified with further associated sub-themes: (1) performance, (2) support, (3) distractions and interruptions and (4) confidence in decision-making.Originality/valueThere are very few studies exploring the practice of remote clinicians in emergency EOCs. This study identified that home working clinicians felt their productivity had increased, making them more satisfied in their practice. However, there were mixed feelings over the level of support they perceived they now received, despite the mechanisms of support being largely the same. Supervisors found it especially challenging to provide support to practitioners; and employers might need to clarify the support mechanisms they provide to homeworkers. The elimination of distractions and interruptions was seen as a largely positive result of homeworking; however, these interruptions were not seen as inappropriate, thus, identifying a need for role clarity and task coordination rather than interruption elimination. Finally, clinicians felt that they become more confident when working from home, researching more, trusting themselves more and relying less on others to reach safe outcomes. However, there were missed opportunities to learn from listening to others' clinical practice.

Improving communications in PPE: a solution for ‘landline’ telephone communication

BackgroundEmergency care staff wearing elastomeric respiratory personal protective equipment (PPE) report difficulties in communicating by telephone. We developed and tested an affordable technological solution aimed at improving telephone call intelligibility...

Securing Data for Business Telephones

The Communications website, https://cacm.acm.org, features more than a dozen bloggers in the BLOG@CACM community. In each issue of Communications , we'll publish selected posts or excerpts. twitter Follow us on Twitter at http://twitter.com/blogCACM https://cacm.acm.org/blogs/blog-cacm Cybersecurity consultant Alex Tray looks at potential security issues, and solutions, for business telephone systems.

A Smart Ambulance With Information System and Decision-Making Process for Enhancing Rescue Efficiency

The system presented in this article is part of a research project to enhance the rescue efficiency of an ambulance or a rescue car using information technology and the decision-making process. It aims to support emergency medical services (EMSs) by improving the communication between staff at the incident location and competence centers such as hospitals. The increasing number of missions, especially, car accidents, in Thailand has created huge problems for the public health care system. Higher cost efficiency and treatment quality could be achieved by sharing both tactical and medical data. Medically relevant data, such as medical signals, auscultation, and video material, are transferred from the emergency site to the competence center via the telematic support system. Also, traveling distance relative to traffic management can improve patient survival during transfer using global positioning system (GPS) tracking. In this article, the tracking of incident locations and the monitoring of the patient’s biomedical signals are achieved using portable GPS and medical devices. Smart glasses are employed in the video conferencing system. Application software, including the decision tree algorithm, has been developed to be used with cloud computing to manage video material, GPS, medical devices, and decision making for transferring a patient in this prototype system. The telematic support system in this research project can utilize both Wi-Fi and cell phone systems. The crucial requirements and the proposed hardware and software system architecture of the system for EMS are summarized.

Large-Area Monitoring of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Levels from Mobile Phone Base Stations and Broadcast Transmission Towers by Car-Mounted Measurements around Tokyo

Car-mounted measurements of radiofrequency electromagnetic exposure levels were carried out in a large area around Tokyo. Prior to the electric field (E-field) measurements using a car, the effect of the car body was evaluated in an anechoic chamber. The measurements between May 2021 and February 2022 were carried out within a radius of 100 km centering on Nihonbashi, Tokyo, with a measurement distance of about 13,800 km. The measurement results were averaged in the reference area mesh (1 km2). It was found that the E-field strengths of FM/TV frequency bands are lower than that of mobile phone base stations. It was also found that the E-field strength of only the 5G frequency band is approximately 20–30 dB lower than that of all mobile phone systems. However, note that it is possible to depend on the data traffic of 5G. The E-field strength of all bands is higher in Tokyo than in other prefectures. Additionally, repeated measurements were carried out to investigate the reproducibility of the measured E-field. The standard deviation is less than 3 dB along the same route, and a similar tendency of E-field strength by the car to the time-averaged results of spot measurements in the past was confirmed. Finally, the relationship of E-field strength with population density was investigated. It was found that the E-field strength from mobile phone base stations has a positive relationship with population density.

Use of a novel smartphone-based application tool for enrolment and randomisation in pre-hospital clinical trials

The effective recruitment and randomisation of patients in pre-hospital clinical trials presents unique challenges. Owing to the time critical nature of many pre-hospital emergencies and limited resourcing, the use of traditional methods of randomisation that may include centralised telephone or web-based systems are often not practicable or feasible. Previous technological limitations have necessitated that pre-hospital trialists strike a compromise between implementing pragmatic, deliverable study designs, with robust enrolment and randomisation methodologies. In this commentary piece, we present a novel smartphone-based solution that has the potential to align pre-hospital clinical trial recruitment processes to that of best-in-practice in-hospital and ambulatory care based studies.