Telegraph Company Research Articles

An Econometric Planning Model for American Telephone and Telegraph Company

In this paper an econometric model for corporate planning analysis is discussed and its operation is demonstrated by examples. The thrust of this effort has not been towards developing a new body of theory or detailed econometric examination of standard relationships in the theory. The main thrust has been towards the development of a capability for analyzing firm behavior utilizing economics in a straightforward fashion. The structure and econometrics simply allow the theory to be examined quantitatively. In a sense, this has been the theme of this development; that is, for present day corporate planning modeling, the state of applied economics and the availability of planning technology is such that comprehensive and informative models can be constructed on simple economic theory.

Where on the Moon? An Apollo Systems Engineering Problem*

Bellcomm was established early in 1962 in response to a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) request to the Bell System for technical support of the manned space flight programs at the NASA Headquarters level. It was a small company, reaching a peak of 500 people in 1969, and was jointly owned by American Telephone and Telegraph Company and Western Electric Company. The initial cadre of technical people was drawn mainly from Bell Laboratories and Western Electric, with the administrative staff drawn mainly from Western Electric and the Operating Companies.

The American Telephone & Telegraph Company Manpower Laboratory.

The article provides information on the Manpower Laboratory of American Telephone & Telegraph Co. The laboratory is designed to bring innovation and order to the development and effective utilization of the work force in the Bell System. A discussion is presented about the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of the laboratory. Details related to the selection of employees in the Manpower Lab and the flexibility of tasks it is capable of carrying out are presented. An overview of the laboratory's objectives is presented.

National Telephone Network Transmission Planning in the American Telephone and Telegraph Company

The transmission plan associated with the toll switching plan used by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company has evolved and will continue to change to take advantage of new technology in providing better transmission quality and new service capabilities. This paper describes the present network plan and quality controls that are applied. An indication is given of future trends that will affect transmission planning.

COMPARATIVE USAGE OF BOND‐WARRANT AND CONVERTIBLE BOND ISSUES*

s of Doctoral Dissertations 797 though normative analysis suggests that the bond-warrant package is the superior instrument. If investors' preference for convertible bonds is the result of a general lack of information concerning the advantages of bond-warrant packages, the recent issue of American Telephone & Telegraph Company may initiate a turnabout in investors' preferences. Issuer and investor awareness of the advantages of bond-warrant issues can be expected to contribute toward attaining more nearly perfect capital markets and to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of resource allocation. This content downloaded from 207.46.13.167 on Thu, 21 Jul 2016 06:06:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

William Oliver Baker

15 JULY 1915 * 31 OCTOBER 2005 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS EVEN IN HIS STUDENT DAYS1 it was evident that William Baker was a highly intelligent and exceptionally well-disciplined individual who, among many other notable attributes, had the ability to both advise and lead others. He was born in Chestertown, Maryland, on 15 July 1915 and in the normal course of basic education obtained a bachelor's degree in science at Washington College in Maryland. He selected chemistry at Princeton University for graduate work, focusing on polymer research with Professor Charles Smyth, the brother of the physicist Harold Smyth, who eventually won much distinction in connection with the preparation of a history of the first nuclear weapons. The chemistry department at Princeton was in the course of a very healthy upswing in the hands of a gifted English physical chemist, Hugh Stott Taylor, who later became an equally progressive dean of the graduate school. Taylor was particularly proud of two of students, namely, William Baker and E. Bright Wilson. The latter had been an undergraduate in chemistry at Princeton and had carried out graduate study and research with Linus Pauling at the California Institute of Technology. He had continued his career as a not atypical professor at Harvard University. It is to be emphasized that the systematic exploitation of polymer chemistry was still in its youthful stage at this time in the 1930s. Research in the field was wide open, and the promises for new discoveries and applications were bright. Baker had clearly chosen a dynamically moving frontier at which to carry out research and development. On leaving Princeton in 1939, Baker selected an opening as a bench chemist in polymer research at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, then nearing its peak as one of the wonders of the world. He was undoubtedly attracted by the wide diversity of activities in both the company and the laboratories. One can also assume that he had long since been spotted by the management of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company as a potentially strong leader who possessed characteristics that met the high standards of the company. It is suggested that Dr. Ralph Bowen within the managerial staff of the laboratories was the individual who first appreciated Baker's superior qualities and supported him. Baker was soon made head of the polymer division of the laboratories, where he stimulated many new activities and applications, including the search for new synthetic rubbers during World War II. By 1953 his successes had been sufficiently notable that he was appointed head of research in the physical sciences; he then moved on to become vice president for research (1955-73). The latter assignment took place during the successful development of integrated circuits and communication satellites and the start of their all-pervasive applications. Baker was in the forefront of leadership during this revolutionary phase of electronics. It was typical of the presidents of the Bell Telephone Laboratories to regard their responsibilities as extending beyond the immediate, although highly important, problems associated with the maintenance and evolution of the telephone system. Baker was no exception. He followed closely in the footsteps of his predecessors Frank Jewett, Mervin Kelly, and James Fisk. Jewett had left the presidency of the laboratories to become president of the National Academy of Sciences and personal adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt just as we were being engulfed in World War II. He brought the Academy out of a period of sloth associated with the Great Depression and moved it into the ranks of the institutions that were managing wartime research with distinction. His influence there has continued to this day. Mervin Kelly in his day had been active in almost all the principal seats of authority for science and technology in the United States. James Fisk, a near contemporary of Baker, carried on this tradition in his own way. …

Lexonomic Analysis of Rate Regulation

Government and business were more closely related in the 18th century than today. For example, during the colonial period in America state legislatures frequently established prices for many items including.bread and other necessities.' However, the system was challenged in 1776 when Adam Smith published his great work, The Wealth of Nations, and initiated an intellectual ferment that became part of the developing industrial and technological revolution. Under Smith's conceptual model of the free enterprise system, the interest-and the wealth of the nation as a whole-was better served by an economic structure where each enterprise set prices in response to the impersonal forces of the market rather than government edict. This concept was so powerful and well adapted to the needs of the time that it gained wide acceptance in the following century and provided part of the intellectual framework for the Constitution. Moreover, operation of the American economy of the 19th century closely approximated Smith's conceptualization of the free enterprise system. During the latter part of the 19th century, the growing power of large business aggregations created political demands for return to some measure of governmental control of pricing. In 1876, only a century after publication of Adam Smith's work, the Supreme Court held that a state legislature could constitutionally establish maximum prices to be charged by grain elevators since the elevators were engaged in a business affected with a public interest.2 A decade later Congress established the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroad rates and services. In the 1920s and 1930s similar agencies were established or endowed with power to regulate rates and other activities of telegraph and telephone companies, power companies, interstate pipelines, and common

The Introduction of the Loading Coil: George A. Campbell and Michael I. Pupin

The introduction of loading coils into telephone circuits was probably the most important single technical innovation in telephony during the forty-year period between the time of Bell's original inventions and the introduction of electronic amplifiers. By 1900 longdistance telephony had reached what seemed to be a practical limit in a 1,200-mile circuit between Boston and Chicago. The loading innovation, in effect, doubled the practical distance and also led to substantial reductions in the construction costs of underground cable circuits used in urban areas. Exploitation of the loading coil saved the American Telephone and Telegraph Company an estimated one hundred million dollars during the first quarter of the 20th century.1 Despite its great economic importance and the fact that it has been frequently cited to illustrate the impact of science on technology, the early history of the loading coil has been subject to considerable misunderstanding. This is due not only to the somewhat esoteric nature of the innovation but also to a persistent myth regarding the role of Michael I. Pupin in its introduction. The coil-loaded telephone circuit may seem deceptively simple, since it consists of inductance coils connected in series with the

Detection of Subclinical Diabetes in Industry using Glucocorticoid Provocation

Dr. Alexander is Medical Director, General Administration and Bell of Nevada, Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company, San Francisco, Calif.

A new breed: The engineering training director

Human Resource ManagementVolume 4, Issue 3 p. 1-6 Article A new breed: The engineering training director Martin M. Broadwell, Martin M. Broadwell Martin M. Broadwell is supervisor of engineering training for Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, Atlanta. He has also worked for Southern Bell as a design engineer and technical writer. He has written training programs and produced several award-winning training films and film- strips. He holds a bachelor of Science degree from George Peabody College for Teachers and is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, The American Association for the Advancement af Science, and the American Society for Engineering Education.Search for more papers by this author Martin M. Broadwell, Martin M. Broadwell Martin M. Broadwell is supervisor of engineering training for Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company, Atlanta. He has also worked for Southern Bell as a design engineer and technical writer. He has written training programs and produced several award-winning training films and film- strips. He holds a bachelor of Science degree from George Peabody College for Teachers and is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, The American Association for the Advancement af Science, and the American Society for Engineering Education.Search for more papers by this author First published: Autumn (Fall) 1965 https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930040302Citations: 1 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume4, Issue3Autumn (Fall) 1965Pages 1-6 RelatedInformation

THE TELEPHONE AND PUBLIC HEALTH.

1Medical Director, New York, N.Y. 2From the Engineering Department, American Telephone & Telegraph Company, New York, N.Y.

ATTITUDES OF TEEN-AGERS TOWARD ALL-NUMBER CALLING.

The burgeoning popularity of the telephone creates many engineering problems for companies providing this service. Improvements in equipment designed to increase technical proficiency may at times not be consonant with preferences of, and easy use by, customers. The substitution of numbers for letcers on the telephone dial (known as AllNumber Calling, or ANC) is one such development currently being promoted by the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, primarily because it will make possible extensive expansion of exchange offices. Thc findings of several experiments conducted to determine user proficiency and acceptance of this procedure have, as shown by Karlin (1958), not been definitive. Severin and Rigby (1963), in a laboratory experiment using a simulated telephone situation, found that in two-thirds of their cases the familiar 3-4 pattern of all-numbers was dialed correctly. However, the likelihood of widespread adverse reaction to ANC is evidenced by newspaper reports and by the fact that it has become important enough to be made the butt of cartoons, comic strips, and song parodies. Teen-agers are a sub-group of our culture generally conceded to be notoriously avid telephone users. Hence, their attitudes about ANC would be importanr. In this study, 99 undergraduates responded to a questionnaire, which was prefaced with a statement taken from a standard telephone directory describing ANC, and which then asked them to indicate whether they had already had experience with ANC, whether they liked it, and what psychological principles in the area of perception and attention might apply to the use of ANC, either as an advantage or disadvantage. Of the 99 Ss, 50 said they had had experience with ANC, while 49 had not, but the responses of the two groups were so similar, that they are combined for presentation here. An overwhelming 77 disliked ANC, 16 liked it, and 6 were indifferenr. The principal reason for disliking it (68) was the difficulty of managing long series of numbers. The only pertinent psychological principle offered under advantages of ANC was grouping, by which the students explained that they meant the numbers could be handled more easily if presented in the familiar 3-4 pattern of digits. Under disadvantages they cited of attention. Here they pointed out that telephone numbers which consist of seven digits plus three additional digits for an area code are beyond the average human span of arten tion. Ic is inreresting to note that approximately two-fifths of the total group thought that rhe telephone company could not be persuaded to change its plans for promotion of ANC, and that people simply must wait until the company itself sees that the procedure is causing difficulty for customers.

The Southern Telegraph Company, 1861-1865: A Chapter in the History of Wartime Communication

The Southern Telegraph Company, 1861-1865: A Chapter in the History of Wartime Communication

A Review of: “ENGINEERING ECONOMY” (Second Edition) American Telephone and Telegraph Company (Engineering Department) 1963 273 p. $7.10∗

A Review of: “<i>ENGINEERING ECONOMY</i>” (Second Edition) American Telephone and Telegraph Company (Engineering Department) 1963 273 p. $7.10∗

Education for an Advanced Degree a Graduate Assistance Program

The graduate assistance program of The Magnavox Company is covered in detail. Curriculum and methods of financing are described, and the statistics to date are detailed. In addition, the cooperative activities between industries in the state of Indiana and Purdue University are reported with respect to the statewide graduate program for engineers in industry. The Magnavox program is possibly unique in its combination of on-campus and off-campus studies, and in its partnership with a second company, the International Telephone and Telegraph Company. The description of the program may serve as a guide for organizing similar regional activities elsewhere in the country.

Recent developments in the work of the federal telegraph company

The present paper is a reprint from Proceedings of the IRE, vol.1, no.1, p. 37-51 (1913 January). The paper discusses communication equipment developments and operations. Transmitters and antennas are considered in particular.

Plug-in span pad and artificial line units for use on n and on carrier

THE LOS ANGELES AREA has had a tremendous population increase in a very short period of time. With the additional population, industry and housing projects increased. There has also been a greater decentralization than ever before. Consequently, this has put great demands on the telephone companies to supply initial service and to cope with changing types of service demanded by major customers. The growth of population and the greater use of the telephone by customers required more traffic circuits between offices, while the decentralization of industry demands more private line circuits carrying speech and data. Short-haul carrier systems of the N- or ON-type introduced into the Bell System have been employed to provide some relief. This paper describes a development, introduced by the Los Angeles Engineering Department of the Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company, affording the N and ON equipment greater flexibility. This has now been adopted throughout the entire Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Company.

JOBS AFTER RETIREMENT: THE ADVANTAGES OF A PENSIONER*

Journal of the American Geriatrics SocietyVolume 10, Issue 2 p. 165-166 JOBS AFTER RETIREMENT: THE ADVANTAGES OF A PENSIONER* H. H. SCHROEDER, H. H. SCHROEDER American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, N. Y. Assistant Vice President.Search for more papers by this author H. H. SCHROEDER, H. H. SCHROEDER American Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York, N. Y. Assistant Vice President.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1962 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1962.tb00271.x † Part of a Panel Discussion entitled “From Retirement to a Second Career,” presented at the 18th Annual Meeting of the American Geriatrics Society, New York, N. Y., June 22–24, 1961. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume10, Issue2February 1962Pages 165-166 RelatedInformation

Frederic Wood Jones (1879-1954): An Optimistic Biologist

FREDERIC WOOD JONES (1879-1954) AN OPTIMISTIC BIOLOGIST MICHAEL KELLY, M.D.* Frederic Wood Jones's prophetic genius permanently impressed his students and young graduates. Some ofthem (including me) he inspired for life. I have often wondered about the source ofhis magic. Last year while rereading Wilfred Trotter's Collected Papers (1) I came upon this sentence: "[John Hunter] was so resolutely modern in his attitudetowards the problems of life, and he accepted so wholeheartedly the working hypothesis oftheir solubility, that we are apt to forget the state ofknowledge of his time"—1728 to 1793. Then in a moment the truth came; the magnetism of Wood Jones came from an optimism inherited from Hunter—that firm belief that the problems of life could be solved. It was not an ineffective optimism holding vaguely that everything would come right of itself. The faith of Wood Jones was born of constructive thinking; it sprang from an immenseknowledge, rationally ordered,which ranged through past, present, and future and illuminated all living tilings. There are hundreds ofreferences to Hunter in his writings. In a lecture in Brisbane in 1931 (2) he said: The sphere ofJohn Hunter's activities was so boundless that anatomy was only one of the subjectsleavened byhis magictouch; nevertheless, he wrote large across the tombstone of pure descriptive anatomy "Structure is only the ultimate expression of function." Hunter left the anatomist with new ambitions, new ideals and new powers. . . . WoodJones had been a favored student ofSir Arthur Keith, a disciple ofeminent Darwinian Thomas Huxley. But he could not believe that the unity ofnature arose from chance groupings. His independent mind could not accept ready-made the opinions ofothers. He had been taught about nature red in tooth and claw as different species fought to survive. But * Institute ofRheumatology, 410 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Australia. 1 59 when he looked unprejudiced at nature, he saw an amazing harmony; everywhere structure was related to function. Soon he disagreed with orthodox biologists who were looking for makeshifts and chance adaptations as evidence of nature's clumsiness. Wood Jones believed that man differed so from anthropoids that he could not have descended from them; that in many ways man's skeleton is the more primitive. Man musthave had millions ofyears ofevolutionary independence to develop a skeleton so different from all others. Aberrant primate Tarsius, he said in 1919 (3), bore all criteria ofa common ancestor ofman and anthropoids. He did not change his mind (4). Corals and Ancient Bones; Primacy ofFunction IfWoodJoneshad stayedwithKeith,hewouldprobably haveremained a Darwinian. Not wanting early success, however, he went to see some ofthe unvisited parts of the world. During a year on the Cocos Islands in the Indian Ocean as medical officer to a telegraph company, he used his powers of observation and meditation, and ten articles about coral and fish appeared (5). Soon afterward he published Coral and Atolls (6), an extraordinary study of coral growth from a young medical graduate with no training in zoology. In 1907 and 1908 he was in Nubia with Grafton Elliot Smith on anthropo-archeological studies for the Egyptian Government. The massive reports were a great deal more readable than their like elsewhere (7). To the British MedicalJournal he sent from Africa a report on fractures in ancient human bones (8). Le Gros Clark remembers Wood Jones's contribution to the liveliness of a meeting of the Anatomical Society in 1913 "by the pertness and originality of the comments which he offered to discussions on a great variety of subjects. Obviously, he was a man of an unusually alert and inquiring mind, with a remarkable width ofknowledge on matters anatomical and anthropological" (9). To Clark, WoodJones's early writings were exciting, presenting new interpretations and novel points of view. In 1916 Arboreal Man (10) showed that he was diverging from accepted opinions on man's evolution. He had already seen a great anatomical gulfdividing man from the anthropoids; the human phylum must have separated from other animals a few million years ago. Wood Jones later wrote a great deal to show that structure is the 160 Michael Kelly · Frederic WoodJones Perspectives in Biology and Medicine · Winter iaCu expression of function; that the part...

Wage Rate Increases versus Telephone Rate Increases

been repeatedly cited by the telephone industry, including the operating subsidiaries of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, as a major justification for the many telephone rate increases which it has sought and won. This contention, at least as respects the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and its 1946-to-1959 experience, appears to have little validity when subjected to even mild scrutiny. The Bell Telephone System's official figures, as filed with the Federal Communications Commission, disclose the facts and are the basis of the ensuing tables and accompanying observations. The fact that wage rates have been increased again and again is beyond all dispute. The annual reports filed with the Federal Communications Commis-