Telecommunication Towers Research Articles

A comprehensive review on deploying robotics application in telecom network tower's field maintenance: Challenges with current practices and feasibility analysis for robotics implementation

AbstractThis survey article highlights the difficulties in the field maintenance of telecommunication towers. It critically analyses the main features of the deployment of robots to maintain telecommunication towers. The growing demand for mobile connectivity poses the need for more towers, and the subsequent problem of network maintenance becomes more critical. Most tower maintenance is required work at height; therefore, height‐related risks are more frequent. A rigorous review is conducted, and the growth of the telecommunications network and key on‐site maintenance challenges are analyzed. Despite numerous challenges, these towers are maintained manually by riggers (certified climbers) worldwide. It raises the question, Is it possible to implement automation by robots for the maintenance of telecommunications towers? The feasibility analysis to deploy the robots is conducted systematically. To access the tower through a robot, detailed information on the type of towers, the climbing arrangements available on the existing towers, and the necessary operations to be carried out at the height is collected. A critical analysis of the climbing robots currently available in the literature, their grasping technology, and control algorithms is performed. The opinion of experts in the telecommunication industry is very helpful in identifying the requirements of robotic systems. The design attributes especially needed for the climbing robot, and the execution of the maintenance in height are highlighted. Due justification is given for deploying robots for field maintenance of telecom towers. The recommended methodology for designing an automation system helps research in the field of maintenance of telecom towers through robots, which could bring a remarkable solution to the telecom sector.

Analysis of the Influence of the MK Consultant's Role on the Performance of Telecommunication Tower Project Implementation

Construction Management is an alternative management technique pattern/system in the construction industry development process that combines the stages of the development process into one unit/integration. the effect of implementing a construction management system in the process tower construction Telecommunications can optimize management and control both in terms of cost, time and quality in achieving the goals/targets that have been determined. This writing analyze how far the role, influence of the implementation of the construction management system in the Telecommunication Tower construction process and provide descriptions of the benefits and optimization obtained in its application in terms of cost, quality and time aspects. Project management (planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling) has a very large effect on the success of cost performance, quality performance and time performance on the implementation of telecommunications projects with a determination value of 80.3% cost performance affects staffing, directing and planning. Based on the quantitative analysis, the variables that have a major influence on the quality performance used are staffing, directing; and) controlling.

Improving Mobile Location Prediction Using the Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm

The importance of locating a mobile phone has increased significantly during last decade for security and commercial reasons. Locating the mobile phone leads to locating people. This is done by using the most common propagation models in the mobile phone network design to calculate the distance between the mobile phone and the base station, in addition to using positioning algorithms to predict the location of the mobile station. In this work, three telecommunication towers that provide mobile phone service for Zain Iraq were selected, located within the Mahmudiya area in Baghdad as a case study, and a test drive was conducted to measure the signal strength received from these base stations at more than 10 points located within the coverage area of these base stations. The Okumura-HATA model, and the UMTS propagation model were used to calculate the distances. The Gray-Wolf algorithm was used to improve mobile phone position prediction.

The use of cellular telecommunication towers as nesting sites by pied crows (Corvus albus) in an urban mosaic landscape

Corvids are known for their urban exploitation, often using artificial infrastructure to roost and nest. In many areas of its distribution range, the pied crow (Corvus albus) is often common in areas of anthropogenic land use, often breeding and foraging near human settlements. In this study, we monitored pied crow use of cellular telecommunication towers as nesting sites in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, during three breeding seasons. We found that of the 36 towers situated across the urban mosaic landscape, pied crows used 17 (47.2%) as nesting sites while 19 were not used. Many towers were used in subsequent years as nesting sites. Overall, 41 pied crow nests on towers in urban mosaic landscapes were counted by the end of the study. Towers had a mean (± SE) distance of 1595.2 ± 151.0 m between them and were located mainly in the suburbs of Edendale and Northdale. As shown by the hotspot analysis and spatial distribution of used and unused towers, it was unclear why some towers were not being used as nesting sites. We assessed the relationship between pied crow nesting sites and land cover features. We found that tower nesting was best explained by cropland (wi = 0.58), forest (wi = 0.94), grassland (wi = 0.66), schools (wi = 0.56) and relief (wi = 0.56). The continued persistence of pied crows in urban mosaic landscapes with natural and /or managed green spaces, the availability of anthropogenic infrastructure and food in these, and their behavioural plasticity will likely increase their numbers in such landscapes.

Towards greener telecommunication towers: A framework for “LEED for telecom towers”

As climate change becomes an urgent issue that must be tackled immediately, several disciplines are making efforts to mitigate its effects. One of the disciplines that must be addressed to mitigate the negative impacts it has on the environment is the installation of telecommunication towers. An ever-increasing number of telecommunication towers may have negative impacts on the environment because of the use of diesel, not environmentally friendly materials or the waves emitted to the surrounding environment. Literature review showed different sustainable approaches that were proposed for use in telecommunication towers. However, there is a gap in having a comprehensive approach for making the overall factors of the telecommunication towers more sustainable. Green rating systems are used as guidelines for making buildings more sustainable. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is the most widely used green rating system in the world; however, it doesn’t have any guidelines for applying sustainable measures in telecommunication towers. Therefore, this paper proposes a green rating system that is based on LEED’s main categories, to limit the negative impacts telecommunication towers have on the environment. Then, 21 questionnaires were distributed among engineers from various backgrounds in Egypt as a case study to come up with proposed weights for categories and subcategories. The questionnaire analysis is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process. It is concluded that the sustainable site category has the highest weight, as the optimum selection of site would help in improving the overall factors that affect the environmental behavior of the tower.

Evaluasi Kebijakan tentang Penyelenggaraan Menara Telekomunikasi terhadap Penyedia Menara Telekomunikasi

Along with the growth of cellular phone subscribers in Indonesia, cellular network operators continue to strive to build infrastructure to establish broader service coverage areas, thus, increasing the quality of service. Regional Rules & Regulations in DKI Jakarta are intended to regulate the BTS towers within an area. However, they become a barrier for Telecommunications operators to meet the needs of good networks/signals. Changes in the zoning of telecommunication towers can meet the needs of operators and increase customer satisfaction. This study uses qualitative method analysis with an interview. The results show that policy evaluation regarding the implementation of telecommunication towers has yet to meet the needs of telecommunication tower providers (Tower Providers) and has been shown to cause areas that operator signal networks cannot cover. This situation impacts the satisfaction of particular customers and can threaten the business continuity of the operator. Conclusion of the Policy of the Governor of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta Number 14 of 2014, concerning the Implementation of Telecommunication Towers for Telecommunication Tower Providers, the annexse to the zoning of telecommunication towers needs to be reviewed because it has not been able to meet the needs of telecommunication tower providers and can pose a threat to business continuity.

Dry Parallel Seismic: A Novel Method for Determining Thickness of Buried Concrete Pad Foundations

The structural capacity of concrete foundations supporting, for example, telecommunications and electrical transmission towers depends, among other things, upon the thickness of the concrete foundation. Current methodology for investigating the thickness of concrete foundations nondestructively has largely been focused upon deep foundations, such as caissons, and in situations where the top of the foundation is exposed. For example, the parallel seismic (PS) method is a borehole method that uses the arrival times of waves imparted in a foundation at a sensor next to a buried foundation to detect the thickness of the foundation but is typically used for deep caisson type foundations. However, in many instances, these foundations are pad and pier type footings that can be buried deep below ground and can be relatively thin, for example, less than 45 cm in thickness. The objective of the present work is to present a nondestructive method for determining the thickness of concrete pads with no direct access. The dry PS method was developed to determine the thickness of thin, buried concrete foundations. The method was first used to verify the as-built thickness, as mentioned in the engineering drawings of a guyed tower dead-man block. Second, it was used to determine the thickness of the pad foundations of five telecommunication towers with pad and pier concrete foundations in South Asia. These towers had foundation thicknesses ranging from 16 to 36 cm, as verified through excavation. Analysis of the data collected during dry PS testing resulted in a mean absolute error (MAE) of 18 mm, which equates to approximately 6% error. Thus, this paper demonstrates that the dry PS method overcomes the limitations of the current methodology and is capable of accurately determining the thickness of buried concrete foundations.

Inventory Management with EOQ Model for Telecommunication Tower Accessories (Study Case at BMTec)

BMTec is a telecommunication infrastructure manufacturer based in West Java, Indonesia. They produce tower accessories made of steel materials with various fabrication processes. The ineffectiveness of their current inventory management system has driven them to stockpile raw materials, resulting in reduced material quality in the form of corrosion and obsolescence. This brings up the question regarding how to improve the inventory management in the company, then drives the research to compare the effectiveness of BMTec’s current inventory management with the new-preferred inventory model. Before analyzing the mentioned issue, the primary data is gathered, accompanied by semi-structured interviews for the additional empirical data. An ABC classification is used to distinguish the essential items, which results in the telecommunication tower harmonica fence as the most crucial product in BMTec. Demand forecasting is applied based on the pattern of historical demand data. The Holt-Winters method was chosen due to the ability to adjust the seasonality and trend factor, although the forecasting inaccuracy reached 4.7 (MAD) and 78.4% (MAPE). By comparing the inventory costs over the current company’s method and EOQ model, analysis shows that with the EOQ model, BMTec could save their inventory cost 2022 up to 68%. The discussion in this paper begins with the background of the research’s underlying issues, followed by a literature review to update the scientific development for related studies. The third section conveys how the flow of this research is conducted, then discusses the findings or results from the analysis of collected data and chosen methods.

Inventory Management with EOQ Model for Telecommunication Tower Accessories (Study Case at BMTec)

Inventory Management with EOQ Model for Telecommunication Tower Accessories (Study Case at BMTec)

Planning Wireless Backhaul Links by Testing Line of Sight and Fresnel Zone Clearance

Microwave backhaul links are often used as wireless connections between telecommunication towers, in places where deploying optical fibers is impossible or too expensive. The relatively high frequency of microwaves increases their ability to transfer information at a high rate, but it also makes them susceptible to spatial obstructions and interference. Hence, when deploying wireless links, there are two conflicting considerations. First, the antennas height, selected from the available slots on each tower, should be as low as possible. Second, there should be a line of sight (LoS) between the antennas, and a buffer around the LoS defined by the first Fresnel zone should be clear of obstacles. To compute antenna heights, a planning system for wireless links has to maintain an elevation model, efficiently discover obstacles between towers, and execute Fresnel-zone clearance tests over a 3D model of the deployment area. In this article we present a system and algorithms for computing the height of antennas, by testing LoS and clearance of Fresnel zones. The system handles the following requirements: (1) the need to cover large areas, e.g., all of the USA, (2) big distance between towers, e.g., 100 kilometers, and (3) computing batches of thousands of pairs within a few minutes. We introduce three novel algorithms for efficient computation of antenna heights, we show how to effectively model and manage the large-scale geospatial data needed for the planning, and we present the results of tests over real-world settings.

Comparative study of wind and ice loads on telecommunication towers in hilly terrain

Comparative study of wind and ice loads on telecommunication towers in hilly terrain

Analysis of the influence of Management Planning, Organizing, Actuating and Controlling on the Time Performance of Construction Implementation Tower Telecommunications

The discovery of the phenomenon of delaysin the Bakti Kominfo telecommunications tower construction project is a major problem that is currently being widely discussed by the public, just as researchers have found to occur in projects already run by PT. ABC consists of 51 village locations divided into regions (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Maluku). After conducting further analysis of the Detail Summary Sitelist PT. ABC with the construction of telecommunications towers in 51 village locations. As for the results of the sitelist analysis that has completed the construction stage with the final result achieved, it can be seen that there are 13 village locations that were built faster with a maximum duration of 26 days than the target given by the client. Furthermore, the results of the sitelist analysis that have completed the construction stage with the final result Delayed can be seen, there are 38 village locations that have development delays with a maximum duration of -199 days from the target given by the client. There are average performance or productivity results of PT. ABC completed the construction of the target determined by the client in 60 days with average construction productivity results ranging from -50days. It can be concluded that the performance productivity and implementation of management carried out by the PT Resource Team. ABC is still not optimal and is considered late in completing the construction of the BTS tower. By conducting this research it is intended to find out the delay factors that most influence time performance, with elements of implementing POAC (Planning, Organizing, Actuating and Controlling) management in a systematic and measurable manner

Health effects of fifth-generation technologies

The advancement of telecommunication technology is vital for our wireless connectivity and networking across the world, but not at the expense of the lives of other organisms because their extinction follows us. This review article highlighted the various communication systems and technologies implemented and their implications. The relevant keywords used for this review, including fifth generation (5G), electromagnetic radiation (EMR), telephone tower, 5G impacts on lives, 5G impacts on human health, animals, and birds, were used for inclusive search on trustworthy citation databases listed in Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 1993 to 2022. The findings revealed that the radiations range between radio frequency and electromagnetic frequency is causing detrimental effects on different species including their fertility and fetus development. Experts reported that birds use the earth's EMR to navigate in their flight, but when they are exposed to weak or microwave radiation from the telecommunication towers, they deviate from their path, confused, and even die from telephone tower collisions. The new movement in protecting the bird population from EMR is creating an awareness of "air as a habitat" for birds, and research reports show that it is experimentally proven, that such radiations affect the birds' lives in many ways. Authors believe that these critical surveillance data would create awareness among the readers and researchers about the consequences to human health due to the extensive use of new generation telecommunication and networking technologies. The World Health Organization mentioned the harmful effects of EMR in their report. It shows that a diffuse collection of symptoms such as headaches, anxiety, suicide and depression, nausea, fatigue, and loss of libido may be caused due to low levels of exposure to EMR at home.

Evaluating the Interdependencies of Infrastructure Critical Systems during Earthquake Event: A Case Study for Padang City

Our modern society is becoming increasingly reliant on transportation networks, as well as the interdependent infrastructures and technologies that interact with them. The increasing complexity and interconnectedness of infrastructure networks make them susceptible to impact not only directly from external shocks but also indirectly from the failure of dependent infrastructures. This research study was conducted in Padang city, one of the most disaster-prone areas in Indonesia. Based on the literature review, it is no doubt that research study on seismic risk assessment is insufficient and outdated. In fact, a study about the interdependency between Critical Infrastructures (CIs) is yet to be done in this region. In this study, there are two approaches used for data gathering which is by surveying existing CIs using Google Earth and by an online questionnaire survey via Google Form. Based on the qualitative survey, a functionality rating method is done to obtain the level of outage/loss functionality which is an indicator for the damage occurred to the structure and infrastructure. Following that, a seismic risk analysis was conducted to assess the interdependency between investigated CIs and facilities. Respondents’ judgement from the questionnaire were used to identify the base criticality of each critical infrastructure. Based on the qualitative survey, the level of loss in functionality for the substation and the telecommunication tower is rated as “High”, but the loss in functionality for the water supply system is rated as “Moderate”. Moreover, the findings used from the respondents’ judgements were used to establish the initial level of criticality for each vital infrastructure. According to the findings, hospitals, power substations, and communication towers all have a criticality level of “5-Vital”, while police stations and fire stations both have a “3-medium” criticality rating. Eventually, the results of this assessment of interdependence are displayed in a criticality map, which shows how the interdependency relationship affects the initial criticality of a certain upstream infrastructure. Understanding the potential consequences of infrastructure failure, especially in regard to dependent infrastructures, can help emergency response teams formulate more targeted strategies for managing risks. As a consequence of this, the resilience of the wider community is improved, which contributes toward the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11: Sustainable cities and communities particularly in reducing disasters and people in vulnerable situation.

Pengembangan Sistem Informasi Geografis Pemetaan Tower Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Berbasis WEB

AbstractGeographic Information System (GIS) is an effective medium to identify the location of cellular operator telecommunication towers in finding locations that are not covered by cellular operator telecommunication tower signals and supports the placement of new cellular operator telecommunication towers. Based on this, the problems that arise are difficulties in obtaining information on the location of telecommunication towers for cellular operators, differences in distances that can be traveled, the difficulty of the BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Development and Control Supervisory Board knowing how many telecommunication towers from each provider in Bandar Lampung. and the absence of a system to identify the location of cellular operator telecommunication towers in Bandar Lampung digitally. Based on this, the researcher proposes a Geographic information system for mapping tower bases transceiver stations (BTS). From the results of the research that has been done, the Geographic Information System (GIS) can identify the tower location points. With this system, it is hoped that this system can be used as a reference for the BTS Development and Control Supervisory Agency in identifying the location of cellular operator telecommunication towers in Bandar Lampung as well as being a reference for the BTS (Base Transceiver Station) Development and Control Supervisor in the construction and placement of new cellular operator telecommunication towers in Bandar Lampung. Bandar Lampung.

Artist's Statement

The cover for this issue is centered on Guarani territory, in Jaraguá Peak. This work was part of a collaborative effort, indebted to many, as part of the Master of Environmental Design thesis project at Yale School of Architecture, by Laura Pappalardo (a juruá—the term for non-Indigenous, white, in Guarani Mbya—and visitor in Guarani territory, in the region today known as São Paulo). The project was produced on the traditional lands of the Mohegan, Mashantucket Pequot, Eastern Pequot, Schaghticoke, Golden Hill Paugussett, Niantic, and the Quinnipiac and other Algonquian-speaking peoples, in what is now the state of Connecticut, United States. This work honors the past, present, and future relationships between these nations and their lands.Sectional maps reveal ground change not perceptible in “top-down” maps. Sectional maps unravel how infrastructural impacts keep unfolding over long periods of time and appear in different scales exposing the history of deforestation, ground perforation, and extraction caused by roads, telecommunication towers, and power line construction. Each infrastructural layer served as an instrument for land dispossession and fragmentation, disrupting both human and other-than-human environments.This analysis is incomplete and carries limitations. Maps carry limits of translation, and are not completely accurate. This work questions ideas of “data impartiality” or “data accuracy.” Instead of aiming for accuracy and fixture, this sectional map, which illustrates the cover for this issue, foregrounds contradictory, uncertain, and ever-shifting ground relations.

Mapping Grounds for Infrastructural Reparations in Jaraguá Peak

Abstract For the Guarani Mbya, ka'aguy (Atlantic Forest) is sacred. Yet, only 12 percent of the Atlantic Forest's original coverage remains. A portion of that is in Jaraguá Peak. Two hundred years ago, São Paulo was ka'aguy. São Paulo's urban growth and the expansion of infrastructural networks (roads, power lines, dams) have disrupted Guarani infrastructures (the presence of Atlantic Forest, the continuity of paths between Guarani villages, access to clean water). Nonetheless, Guarani communities in São Paulo remake Guarani geographies every day, resisting Atlantic Forest encroachment and circumventing colonial networks. Guarani communities in the north and south of São Paulo hold a crucial infrastructural and environmental role for the entire city, increasing São Paulo's environmental security by recovering degraded soils and recuperating Atlantic Forest areas. This project maps the history of infrastructural dispossession in Jaraguá Peak. It represents the history of each infrastructural layer (roads, telecommunication towers, power lines) in sectional maps that expose long-term changes on the ground.

Practical deflection analysis of tubular telecommunication towers subjected to a temperature gradient

The subject of the paper are tubular telecommunication towers, commonly used by mobile telephony operators to build relay stations placed at relatively short distances from each other. The advantage of this type of facilities is their simple structure and small surface area they occupy. It has been observed that during operation, as a result of solar radiation, the towers experience excessive deflection, resulting in disturbances in the operation of transmitting and receiving systems mounted on the towers. The issue of a reliable and relatively precise assessment of the phenomenon of uneven heating of the body surface due to sunlight is not a trivial issue. From a practical view-point, the greatest difficulty is to estimate the temperature to which the surface of a structure exposed to sunlight heats up. Even the attempts at numerical modeling of the phenomenon do not accurately reflect its essence. The paper presents a proposal of a simplified analytical computational model that allows for a practical and uncomplicated estimation of the thermal loads to which such structures are subjected as a result of insolation. The considerations were supplemented with examples from engineering practice, showing the differences in deflection of structures protected by zinc and paint coatings.

Metode K-Means dalam Visualisasi Berbasis Google Map terhadap Klasterisasi Koordinat BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

The supervision of the Telecommunication Tower or Base Transceiver Station (BTS) in Kerinci Regency is carried out by the Kerinci Regency Communication and Information Office. Supervision is carried out by monitoring and monitoring all BTS locations in Kerinci Regency. The problem faced by the Supervisory Team is the grouping of BTS based on the proximity of the distance between BTS based on the number of supervisory teams. This study aims to make it easier for the BTS Supervisory Team to carry out supervision by clustering coordinate points based on the proximity of the distance between BTS based on the number of supervisory teams with visualization based on google map. BTS coordinate data is used as a reference point for grouping. The data used in this study is the BTS coordinate point data in 2021, sourced from the E-Government Service Division of the Communication and Information Office of Kerinci Regency. The dataset consists of 78 BTS coordinate points. Data processing in this study uses the clustering method using the K-Means algorithm. The results in this study obtained 3 BTS Clusters, namely Cluster 1 (L2) Near Distance (JD), Cluster 2 (L1) Medium Distance (JM), Cluster 3 (L3) Long Distance (JJ). The results of visualization of the BTS cluster based on google map provide convenience for the BTS supervisory team in conducting surveillance based on the cluster

Risk assessment of rehabilitation strategies for steel lattice telecommunication towers of Greece under extreme wind hazard

The risk and losses associated with the wind-induced failure of existing steel lattice telecommunication towers are assessed for a number of upgrade/replace/redesign schemes. Specifically, a performance-based wind engineering framework is employed for assessing a typical tower topology used by EU telecommunication network operators over four different cases: a conventional design, its corroded version after 60 years, a strengthened version of the corroded tower by applying fibre-reinforced polymer plates, and a redesign with high-strength steel. Multiple potential sites of installation were considered throughout coastal and mainland Greece, comprising two different groups of design wind speed. Mischaracterization of the site-specific wind distribution is by far the most important risk factor, with corrosion coming right behind. Still, selecting a rehabilitation approach does not depend only on site and tower characteristics, but also on the projected direct and indirect losses. By considering service to different populations, even after 60 years of corrosion, the “Do Nothing” approach may still be competitive when serving few residents and for short projected lifetime, while an upgrade is considered optimal for larger towns, or wherever higher revenue is on the line.