Telecommunication Lines Research Articles

From Extremely Water-Repellent Coatings to Passive Icing Protection—Principles, Limitations and Innovative Application Aspects

The severe environmental conditions in winter seasons and/or cold climate regions cause many inconveniences in our routine daily-life, related to blocked road infrastructure, interrupted overhead telecommunication, internet and high-voltage power lines or cancelled flights due to excessive ice and snow accumulation. With the tremendous and nature-inspired development of physical, chemical and engineering sciences in the last few decades, novel strategies for passively combating the atmospheric and condensation icing have been put forward. The primary objective of this review is to reveal comprehensively the major physical mechanisms regulating the ice accretion on solid surfaces and summarize the most important scientific breakthroughs in the field of functional icephobic coatings. Following this framework, the present article introduces the most relevant concepts used to understand the incipiency of ice nuclei at solid surfaces and the pathways of water freezing, considers the criteria that a given material has to meet in order to be labelled as icephobic and clarifies the modus operandi of superhydrophobic (extremely water-repellent) coatings for passive icing protection. Finally, the limitations of existing superhydrophobic/icephobic materials, various possibilities for their unconventional practical applicability in cryobiology and some novel hybrid anti-icing systems are discussed in detail.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫЕ ЦЕНТРЫ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РОСТА В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОМ РАЗВИТИИ РОССИИ: СООТВЕТСТВУЮТ ЛИ ЦИФРОВОМУ БУДУЩЕМУ?

The list of promising centers of economic growth is analyzed according to the “Strategy for the spatial development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025”. The aim of the study was to test the correspondence between the centers of economic growth represented in the strategy and the growth poles of the future digital economy based on artificial intelligence. The theoretical basis of the study was the concept of “growth poles” by F. Perroux with subsequent extensions. To identify the growth poles of the digital economy, the author’s database on telecommunication lines of the Russian Federation and Rosstat data on the population of cities as of January 1, 2019 were used. The author’s algorithm for identifying digital urban agglomerations was used as the research method. It is proposed to identify the leading, driven and potential growth poles of the digital economy. According to the initial hypothesis of the study, all centers of economic growth presented in the strategy are promising, since they fully correspond to the growth poles of the digital economy. An alternative hypothesis of the study was the lack of correspondence between the growth centers in terms of strategy and the identified growth poles of the digital economy. Analysis of the signal delay value in fiber-optic communication lines between 1115 Russian cities made it possible to identify 43 digital urban agglomerations. They represented clusters of cities with ultra-low signal delay from agglomeration centers. These centers were seen as the leading growth poles for Russia’s digital economy. Comparing them with 95 centers of economic growth in terms of strategy made it possible to reject the initial hypothesis as erroneous and accept an alternative hypothesis. This allowed us to come to the conclusion that not all the growth centers listed in the strategy are promising for the development of the digital economy. The driven and potential growth poles of the digital economy are listed. The set of all kinds of growth poles also do not correspond to the set of growth centers by strategy. The ten most problematic centers of economic growth are analyzed. The research results can be used to develop a new strategy for the spatial development of Russia. Seven directions for further research are proposed

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН І РОЗВИТОК СВІТОВОЇ ТРАНСПОРТНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ТА РИНКУ ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙ

This article examines the current state and features of the world transport system and the world telecommunications market. The publications of economists who studied the world transport system and the telecommunications market are considered. The role of the transport industry and telecommunications in the world economy is determined. The influence of transport infrastructure and telecommunications on the development of international economic relations at the global level is studied. The world leaders in the length of transport routes and the main telecommunication lines are determined. An incentive for the development of global transport infrastructure, which has the greatest impact on the global transport market, has been identified. The volumes of the world transport market and telecommunication market are analyzed. The factors on which the structure of the transport system and the demand for integrated transport services depend are highlighted. The main indicators of the transport system are analyzed. The structure of world freight and passenger turnover is formed. The characteristics of the primary network, which is the basis of the telecommunications infrastructure, are given. The geographical structure of the world market of transport services and the telecommunications market is considered, the leaders in each market are determined. The distribution of transport and communication services by country was considered. The leading center for the provision of transport services and the largest representation in the telecommunications sector have been identified. The connection between the transport system and telecommunications was considered. The problems that exist in the transport industry and the telecommunications sector are pointed out. The shortcomings of the transport industry and ways to overcome them are highlighted. The influence of the development of the transport industry and the telecommunications sector on the efficiency of the economy in different countries is determined. Trends and prospects for further development of the transport system and the telecommunications market are studied.

Minimization of Input Ripple Current for Soft-Switching Buck-Boost Converter

Among all dc-dc converters, the present trend of utilities is buck-boost converter which is capable enough to operate under on/off control so as to step-up and stepping-down the fixed input voltage by varying its duty-ratio of the switch. This converter possesses hard-switched one that means the switching device operate on non-zero voltage or non-zero current and leads to significant increase in switching loss. This issue leads to use of soft-switching of device. As far as the soft- switching of buck-boost converter is concerned, very few papers appear in literature. But in most of these cases, hardly the attention has been given to look into the aspect of ripple content at the input current level. Higher the ripple content at the input not only affect the electrical equipment (i.,e such as adding core losses to transformer in line thus reduction in efficiency), but also causes electromagnetic interference with nearby telecommunication lines and measuring equipment etc. Though there is an option to include the low-pass filter at input, but that creates a hindrance in providing the oscillation along dc link because of input filter in parallel with secondary components across the switch and load. In this research work, the parallel operation of soft-switching buck-boost converter is proposed by modifying the circuit [15] and the circuit is operated with its optimum level so as to minimize the requirement of components. The components of this converter are properly designed to enable soft-switching for the switch. The simulation of the proposed circuit is carried out by MATLAB (Simulink) to validate performance.

Finite Element Analysis Method for Electromagnetic Induction to Telecommunication Line by MAGLEV Train

Abstract When a magnetic levitation rail carrying a superconducting coil moves at high speed, an electromagnetic induction voltage is generated in the surrounding telecommunication line due to Fara...

Tree Pruning in Electrical Network: Topic and Fundamentals in Machines and Robots

This paper presents a current literature and techno¬logical revision of tools and equipment for tree pruning or forest cutting in the electricity and telecommunications lines, showing a research methodology based on consultation of patents and databases of national projects, selecting the more representative.In the end, it proposes a panorama of the market and identifies possible innovations and suggestions for news and better machines for the area.

Цифровая экономика Сибири: территориальные платформы для кластеров

Objective: to identify the infocommunication connectivity of Siberian regions in order to delimitate the territorial digital platforms as the basis for forming territorial clusters of the future digital economy.Methods: content analysis, calculation of information flow delay between cities, comparative analysis, network analysis. Results: the connectivity of ten Siberian regions was estimated by the value of information flow delay between the administrative centers of these regions. Delay calculations were carried out according to the author’s database of telecommunication lines between all cities. Only fiber-optic communication lines were taken into account. It is shown that with the existing fiber-optic network of Siberia allows allocating five territorial digital platforms that unite six digital urban agglomerations. In case of straightening the communication lines between the agglomerations’ cores, it is possible to form four platforms uniting all eight Siberian digital agglomerations. Then, in future, 47% of the Siberian Federal district cities may appear to be out of the digital economy.Scientific novelty: the trend of the Russian publication activity in the field of economic connectivity is determined; it is proposed to assess the infocommunication connectivity of regional administrative centers by the delay of information flow between them; the curvature of the infocommunication space of Siberia as a kind of economic space is measured; the idea of the territorial digital platform is formulated; interregional and regional digital platforms of Siberia are identified. Practical significance: the author compiled a list of Siberian cities, the ultra-small information flow delay between which allows forming territorial clusters of the future digital economy.

Предложения по предупреждению чрезвычайных ситуаций, вызванных распространением антропогенных загрязнений в водной среде

В данной работе рассматриваются предложения предупреждения чрезвычайных ситуаций, вызванных попаданием и распространением антропогенных загрязнений в водной среде, посредством модернизации лабораторной установки с последующим построением систем оперативного контроля сбрасываемых технологических вод.
 Для достижения поставленной цели необходимо решить следующие задачи. Первоначально рассмотреть возможность модернизации лабораторной установки по обнаружению антропогенных примесей в реальных корабельных условиях на научно-исследовательском судне в интересах предупреждения чрезвычайных ситуаций, вызванных попаданием и распространением антропогенных загрязнений в водной среде. Затем дать описание предлагаемого обнаружителя антропогенных загрязнений в водной среде и рассмотреть его использование в качестве одиночного зонда и основного элемента системы мониторинга водной среды. После чего предложить вариант оперативного контроля сбрасываемых технологических вод.
 Система оперативного контроля сбрасываемых технологических вод включает набор акустических измерительных устройств, установленных в точках водозабора и водосброса, которые подключены по линиям телекоммуникаций к переносному компьютеру, где осуществляется регистрация измерений скорости звука, соответствующих чистой воде, воде содержащей примеси выше и ниже предельно допустимых концентраций.

Reducing Damages to Underground Infrastructure: Performance Evaluation of One-Call Notification Program

Reducing damages to underground utilities is one of the primary goals of construction stakeholders. The societal and economic impacts of such damages are substantial. To minimize potential damages to underground utilities, one-call notification programs have been created to coordinate efforts that aim to locate utilities before excavating. One-call centers are distributed throughout the United States and have been collecting damages data for years. However, few, if any, studies have evaluated the overall process of one-call centers and whether their services are adequately designed and efficiently delivered to utility owners and excavators. Thus, the present study aims to fill this gap in practice by investigating underground utility damages and evaluating the overall process. To achieve the aim of the study, two methods of data collection were adopted. Damage data from the state of North Carolina in 2017 were obtained to examine trends and frequencies of damages. In addition, a survey was developed and used to evaluate the overall process of one-call centers and identify deficiencies. Among other findings, the results suggest that damages to telecommunication and television (Tele/TV) lines are more frequent than other types of damages and that, overall, Tele/TV contractors are the primary contributors to most damages. The study also reveals that locate time is the most deficient component in the locating process. Findings from the present study are expected to help construction stakeholders and state agencies improve the locating process and management of underground utilities.

Geodesic Iteration Number of g-contour of a Fuzzy Graph

Purpose: In this paper, we intent to introduce the concept of g-contour nodes in fuzzy graphs and demonstrate an application of g-contour nodes in Land line telecommunication Network. Design/approach: The concept of g-contour nodes in Fuzzy graphs is explained and is supported by several examples. The geodesic iteration number of g-contour nodes in fuzzy graphs is obtained. An application of geodesic iteration number of g-contour nodes for determining the central persons in the land-line telecommunication network (LTN) is demonstrated, by means of which churning in the land-line telecommunication system can be reduced by providing a step-wise method for canvassing each and every customer in the network. Findings: It is proved that every extreme node of G is a g-contour node of G but not conversely. The g-contour of g-self-centred fuzzy graphs and of fuzzy trees is found to be a geodesic cover. The geodesic iteration number of the g-contour of a fuzzy graph is obtained. The geodesic iteration number of complete fuzzy graphs and of fuzzy trees is proved to coincide with the geodesic iteration number of their g-contours.

A model for the adoption and effective utilization of ICTs in commercial agriculture in Zimbabwe

The turn of the 21st century saw Zimbabwe embarking on the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) which promoted new commercial farmers in the agricultural sector in the country. These new commercial farmers in post-FTLRP utilise basic ICTs like mobile phones which have less significance in revitalizing their farming activities. This study seeks to establish reasons behind the low level of ICT adoption and underutilisation by new commercial farmers in Zimbabwe. Using the critical realism philosophical paradigm, the study proposes a model for the adoption as well as effective utilisation of ICTs in commercial agriculture in the country. It is further argued that the adoption of ICTs in commercial agriculture remains a challenge in Zimbabwe especially in the post land reform era where farmers concentrate on using basic farming equipment such as pivots, telecommunication lines and water pipes previously put in place by former owners most of which are now vandalized. It is hoped that the new farmers in order to adopt new technology in farming should be trained through workshop and seminars on the use of ICTs for effective commercial agriculture. The Government of Zimbabwe is further challenged to review the land ownership policy especially on timely processing of ownership documents.

RESyS: Towards a Rule-Based Recommender System based on Semantic Reasoning

The ability to be available and stay connected always for work or social issues has become a reality and a necessity for today’s Information Society. Harnessing the potential of Semantic Technologies-based reasoning for intelligent redirection of voice calls and recommender systems has been gauged as a promising field to enhance the current voice phone calling experience. Such experience might be fostered by a disruption based on rule-based recommendation and inference leveraging current state of the art technology in smartphone apps or fixed line telecommunications standards to its full potential. In this paper, we present RESyS , a software platform hinging on Semantic Technologies and rule-based recommendations which has been tested both on a research and an industry proof-of-concept business pilot, validating its major goals.

Measuring the connectivity of cities in Asian Russia for the implementation of breakthrough information and communication technologies

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Науки о Земле» — научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, обобщающий результаты исследований в области геологии, гидрогеологии и геохимии, петрологии и экологии, ландшафтного планирования и геоморфологии, экономической и социальной географии.

Dynamic strain determination using fibre-optic cables allows imaging of seismological and structural features

Natural hazard prediction and efficient crust exploration require dense seismic observations both in time and space. Seismological techniques provide ground-motion data, whose accuracy depends on sensor characteristics and spatial distribution. Here we demonstrate that dynamic strain determination is possible with conventional fibre-optic cables deployed for telecommunication. Extending recently distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) studies, we present high resolution spatially un-aliased broadband strain data. We recorded seismic signals from natural and man-made sources with 4-m spacing along a 15-km-long fibre-optic cable layout on Reykjanes Peninsula, SW-Iceland. We identify with unprecedented resolution structural features such as normal faults and volcanic dykes in the Reykjanes Oblique Rift, allowing us to infer new dynamic fault processes. Conventional seismometer recordings, acquired simultaneously, validate the spectral amplitude DAS response between 0.1 and 100 Hz bandwidth. We suggest that the networks of fibre-optic telecommunication lines worldwide could be used as seismometers opening a new window for Earth hazard assessment and exploration.

Analysis of Negative Differential Resistance and Energy Consumption at Transient Surge Response against Winter Lightning for MOVs, ABDs, and TSSs

Abstract surge protective components (SPCs) such as metal oxide varistors (MOVs), avalanche breakdown diodes (ABDs), and thyristor surge suppressors (TSSs) have been widely used in low-voltage power distribution systems, in main AC power lines inside of appliances, electrical, and electronic systems, or signaling and telecommunication lines in ICT equipment to protect them against lightning surges. The maximum transient clamping voltage and surge-handling capability are important parameters to determine the ability of the SPCs. They are determined by the negative differential resistance, which depends on the steepness and wave-tail of the applied lightning surge waveform, especially characterized by winter lightning. The transient surge responses of SPCs were analyzed, and the mechanisms of negative differential resistance were clarified. Negative differential resistance was caused by the lead wire inductance in MOVs, the positive temperature coefficient of breakdown voltage in ABDs, the dependence on temperature of the Auger recombination, and the carrier mobility in TSSs. Clamping voltage and surge-handling capability designs considering inductance in the lead wire and the dependence on temperature during self-heating are important to apply to SPCs so that they can withstand high energy winter lightning with a long wave tail.

AUTOMATION OF UNDERGROUND CABLE LAYING EQUIPMENT USING PLC AND HMI

Underground cable laying is an alternative for overhead cable laying of telecommunication and power transmission lines. It is becoming very popular in recent times because of some of its advantages over overhead cable laying. This type of cable laying is mostly practiced in developed countries because it is more expensive than overhead cable laying. Underground cable laying is more suitable when land is not available, and it also increases the aesthetics. This paper implements the automation on a manually operated cable pulling winch machine using programmable logic controller (PLC). Winch machines are useful in underground cable laying. The main aim of the project is to replace all the mechanical functions with electrical controls which are operated through a touch screen (HMI). The idea is that the machine should shift between parallel and series circuit automatically based on the pressure sensed instead of manually operating the solenoid valve. Traditional means of throttling the engine using lever and wire is replaced with a linear actuator. Sensors such as proximity, pressure and load sensor are used to provide the input to the system. The HMI used will display the speed, length and tension of the rope being winded. Ladder logic is used to program the PLC.

Влияние трансграничных оптоволоконных переходов на информационно-коммуникационную связность городов России

The Russian cities are connected by many telecommunication lines. The information flow between any two cities can be sent via multiple routes, including those running through the networks of other countries. Cross-border transitions are created to connect the Russian lines with the international networks. The effect of these transitions on the connectivity of the cities has not been analysed earlier, either for Russia or for any other country. Using my own database on the Russian telecommunication lines, the Rosstat data on the cities’ population, and the results of the scanning of the Internet topology, I attempt to assess the effect of these transitions on the connectivity of the Russian cities. The assessment is carried out at the physical, economic, and digital levels of connectivity. For each level, I calculate the proportion of cities and their residents interacting directly with international telecommunication networks. Of the three categories of physical connectivity, the system of the Russian cities is associated with the worst option — the exogenous connectivity. This is explained by the impossibility of connecting the Kaliningrad region with mainland Russia without using international networks. An analysis of the traffic redistribution between the core cities of the autonomous systems shows that closed flows and internal economic connectivity are predominant in Russia. The calculation of information flow delays between all the Russian cities and the cores of the national and international digital agglomerations makes it possible to establish what cities are affected by the international cores. I conclude that the cross-border transitions have little effect on the information and communication connectivity of the Russian cities.

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INFLUENCE ON STEEL PIPELINES FROM THE ELEMENTS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM

A b s t r a c t: Power transmission lines often share same corridors with steel pipelines for oil and gas. When phase to ground fault occurs, high voltages may appear on the pipelines due to different mechanisms of mutual coupling. These voltages propagate at long distances from the fault location, and may pose a serious threat for the safety of the personnel and integrity of the pipeline. To provide adequate protection, calculation of the mutual coupling is required during the design stage of systems. Induced voltages are strongly influenced by the disposition of the both systems, their configuration and characteristics, elements that mutually interact etc. In this paper, we analyze induced voltages on practical pipeline system. Parametric analysis will show how far interventions on both systems can influence the induced voltages. Key words: electromagnetic influence; gas; oil; pipelines; safety REFERENCES: [1] Guide on the Influence of High Voltage AC Power Systems on Metallic Pipelines. Paris, CIGRE Working Group 36. 02, 1995. [2] Directives Concerning the Protection of Telecommunication Lines аgainst Harmful Effects from Electric Power and Electrified Railway Systems. Volume II: Calculating Induced Voltages and Currents in Practical Cases, Geneva, CCITT, 1989. [3] Guide for Assessment of Transferred EPR on Telecommunication Systems Due to Faults in A.C. Power Systems. Paris, CIGRE Working Group C4. 207, 2014. [4] Sunde. E. D.: Earth Conduction Effects in Transmission Systems. New York: Dover, 1968. [5] Wait, J. R.: Theory of Wave Propagation along a Thin Wire Parallel to an Interface. Radio Science. Vol. 7. pp. 675–679 (1972). [6] Directives Concerning the Protection of Telecommunication Lines against Harmful Effects from Electric Power and Electrified Railway Systems, Volume III, Capacitive, Inductive and Conductive Coupling: Physical theory and calculation methods, Geneva, CCITT, 1989. [7] Grcev, L., Dawalibi, F.: An Electromagnetic Model for Transients in Grounding Systems. IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery. Vol. 5. pp. 1733–1781 (1990). [8] Smith, A. A.: Coupling of External Electromagnetic Fields to Transmission Lines. New York: Wiley, 1977. [9] МКС EN 50443:2012 – Effects of Electromagnetic Interference on Pipelines Caused by High Voltage A.C. Electric Traction Systems and/or High Voltage A.C. Power Supply Systems, Brussels: CENELEC, 2011. [10] NACE SP0177-2014 – Mitigation of Alternating Current and Lightning Effects on Metallic Structures and Corroion Control Systems. Houston, Texas: NACE International, 2014. [11] Mangionem, S.: Compact Model of a Combined Overhead-Cable Line for Ground Fault Application Transfer Analysis, Proc. of the 5 th WHEAS Int. Conf. on Power Systems and Electromagnetic Compatibility. August 23–25, 2005, pp. 251–256.

Remote Instrumental Monitoring of Interchamber Pillar Stability

In the exploitation of water-soluble ore deposits, of particular importance is the preservation of the impermeability of the waterproofing layers. This is achieved by using a heading-and-stall method with a rigid pillar which excludes sharp deformation of impermeable layers.To control the deformation processes, a network of ground reference points is installed on the earth's surface. The main problem with this approach is the limited number of reference point lines, caused by the high cost of installing the equipment and the occupation of the surface area.In these conditions, underground measurements are very important.To identify the main pattern of deformation processes in pillars and choose the most informative indicators, mine studies including deformation measurements using contour and deep reference points were carried out. These measurements were carried out in various mining and geological conditions.The measurement results showed that the most informative parameter for pillar stability estimation is its transversal strain.A new system based on a magnetostrictive sensor, recorder and transmitter to realize continuous remote monitoring of pillars deformation is suggested in the article. The system makes it possible to measure axial displacement in a 76mm borehole with an accuracy of 0.01mm and transmit the results on a land surface using a standard mine telecommunication line or save it in the internal memory in case of autonomic working.This system can be used for displacement control in mining and underground construction.

Study of Lightning Risk Evaluation of Distribution Systems

SUMMARYRecently, concept of the lightning risk management has been proposed for the minimization of damages caused by lightning. In distribution systems (power distribution lines, low‐voltage distribution lines, telecommunication lines, and customer appliances), lightning protection measures based on the lightning risk management are effective since the number of facilities is enormous. In this paper, for the establishment of lightning risk management method of distribution systems, we expressed the lightning risk assessment method of distribution systems and examined the influence of arrangement of customer house on the lightning risk values of power distribution lines and customer appliances.