Telecommunications Infrastructure Research Articles

LONG OVERDUE ADDITIONS TO THE LICENSING RULES FOR INTERNET SERVICES THAT MAKE VOICE CALLS TO THE PSTN NETWORK

Появление и активное развитие интернет-сервисов в современных сетях связи предопределено как востребован­ностью таких услуг широким кругом пользователей, так и необходимостью экономного отношения к дорогостоящей телеком­муникационной инфраструктуре. Как и любое новое направление, эти технологические решения опережают их нормативное регулирование. На стадии становления такое естественное утверждение новых прогрессивных технологий дало импульс про­рывным достижениям. Однако в процессе масштабного развития отставание нормативного регулирования начинает создавать серьезные проблемы для самих технологий и для безопасности их пользователей. Отсутствие в современной нормативной базе целого ряда определений или допустимость их неоднозначной трактовки становится все менее приемлемым для эффективной работы отрасли связи. В статье анализируются возможные конкретные законодательные и нормотворческие инициативы и их последствия для поэтапного приведения нормативной базы в соответствие с новыми требованиями. The emergence and active development of Internet services in modern communication networks is predetermined both by the demand for such services by a wide range of users and by the need for an thrifty attitude to expensive telecommunications infrastructure. Like any new direction, these technological solutions are ahead of their regulatory regulation. At the nascent stage such a natural approval of new progressive technologies gave impetus to breakthrough achievements. However, in the process of large-scale development the regulatory backlog begins to create serious problems for the technologies themselves and for the safety of their users. The absence of a number of definitions in the modern regulatory framework, or the permissibility of their ambiguous interpretation, is becoming less and less acceptable for the effective operation of the communications industry. The article analyzes possible specific legislative and rule-making initiatives and their consequences for bringing the regulatory framework in line with the new requirements.

Using Dark Fiber and Distributed Acoustic Sensing to Characterize a Geothermal System in the Imperial Valley, Southern California

AbstractThe Imperial Valley, CA, is a tectonically active transtensional basin located south of the Salton Sea; the area hosts numerous geothermal fields, including significant hidden hydrothermal resources without surface manifestations. Development of inexpensive, rugged, and highly sensitive exploration techniques for undiscovered geothermal systems is critical for accelerating geothermal power deployment as well as unlocking a low‐carbon energy future. We present a case study utilizing distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) and ambient noise interferometry for geothermal reservoir imaging, utilizing unlit fiber‐optic telecommunication infrastructure (dark fiber). The study exploits two days of passive DAS data acquired in early November 2020 over a ∼28‐km section of fiber from Calipatria, CA to Imperial, CA. We apply ambient noise interferometry to retrieve coherent signals from DAS records and develop a bin stacking technique to attenuate the effects from persistent localized noise sources and to enhance retrieval of coherent surface waves. As a result, we are able to obtain high‐resolution two‐dimensional (2D) S wave velocity (Vs) structure to 3 km depth, based on joint inversion of both the fundamental and higher overtones. We observe a previously unmapped high Vs and low Vp/Vs ratio feature beneath the Brawley geothermal system, which we interpret to be a zone of hydrothermal mineralization and lower porosity. This interpretation is consistent with a host of other measurements including surface heat flow, gravity anomalies, and available borehole wireline data. These results demonstrate the potential utility of DAS deployed on dark fiber for geothermal system exploration and characterization in the appropriate geological settings.

Decentralized Renewable Resource Redistribution and Optimization for Beyond 5G Small Cell Base Stations: A Machine Learning Approach

Optimal resource provisioning and management of the next generation communication networks are crucial for attaining a seamless quality of service with reduced environmental impact. Considering the ecological assessment, urban and rural telecommunication infrastructure is moving toward deploying green cellular base stations to cater to the needs of the ever-growing traffic demands of heterogeneous networks. In such scenarios, the existing learning-based renewable resource provisioning methods lack intelligent and optimal resource management at the small cell base stations (SCBS). Therefore, in this article, we present a novel machine learning-based framework for intelligent resource provisioning mechanisms for micro-grid connected green SCBSs with a completely modified ring parametric distribution method. In addition, an algorithmic implementation is proposed for prediction-based renewable resource re-distribution with energy flow control unit mechanism for grid-connected SCBS, eliminating the need for centralized hardware. Moreover, this modeling enables the prediction mechanism to estimate the future on-demand traffic provisioning capability of SCBS. Furthermore, we present the numerical analysis of the proposed framework showcasing the systems’ ability to attain a balanced energy convergence level of all the SCBS at the end of the periodic cycle, signifying our model’s merits.

The role of information technologies in education

In the article we find out the possibilities of using information technologies to modernize the educational process in higher education institutions. The article reveals the content of information technologies, describes the possibilities of their application, and shows their role in higher education institutions for the modernization of education. It is noted the functions inherent in the system of information provision of monitoring and quality control of education. The article distinguished the components of information technologies (hardware and software; applied information; the end user of information and the components of the national information system (modern telecommunications infrastructure; distributed computer network; system of national information resources); system-methodological. Information technologies are classified according to several features: the method of process in the information system; the step of treatment of organization tasks; the classes of hi-tech actions carried out; the kind of user interface). Priority directions in the field of informatization of education (introduction of multimedia technology, use of multimedia products in higher education institutions) have been identified. Aspects of information inequality are described (physical access, financial access, cognitive access, access to significant information, and political access). The significance of distance education for today is shown, and its principles are considered.

Soil Energy Harvester for Batteryless Wireless Sensor Network Node using Redox Method

The Wireless Sensor Network technologies has great advantage that provide us with cheap solution to deal with telecommunication infrastructure problem that don’t exist in extreme and isolated area. However, the biggest problem exist within wireless sensor network was WSN node limited power. In this paper we try to provide battery less power sources for Wireless Sensor Network Node using Redox method. Using 9 combinations of electrodes circuits, it can provide 6.53 volt and turn on Arduino Mini Pro microcontroller. However, the second it turns on Arduino Mini Pro the voltage drops to 1.73 Volts. Hence this energy harvester can provide power to the Arduino Mini Pro microcontroller with unstable power supply.

From Coherent Systems Technology to Advanced Fiber Sensing for Smart Network Monitoring

Coherent technology developed in the past decade for transmission over core optical networks has leveraged the fiber capacity with the introduction of polarization diversity I/Q modulation along with advanced signal processing. Meanwhile, Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) over telecom infrastructure has recently gained interest, and its introduction in deployed optical networks for in-depth supervision becomes a desirable feature for telecom operators. This paper intends to show that the combination of coherent solutions and digital processing techniques implemented today in current transceiver systems can strongly benefit DAS technology: key performance parameters as sensitivity threshold and sensing range, and coexistence with data traffic can be significantly improved compared with the figures achieved by initially introduced conventional solutions.

Experimental study on fire performance of optical cables used in utility tunnel: Influence of cable spacing and heat flux

AbstractOptical cable is an important part of modern telecommunications infrastructure. In this study, cone calorimeter experiments are conducted on the optical cables which are widely being applied in utility tunnels in China. The coupling effect of the spacing between optical cables (8, 10, 12, 15 mm) and the heat flux (30, 40, 50 kW/m2) on fire performance of optical cables is studied. It is highlighted that the optical cables conform to the ignition time model of the thermally thin material. The ignition time of the optical cables decreases when increasing the heat flux. When the heat flux is 30 kW/m2, the ignition time of the optical cable with different spacing varies greatly. When the heat flux is greater than 30 kW/m2, the difference in the ignition time between the optical cable samples with different spacing is small. Furthermore, the average mass loss rate of the optical cables increases when increasing either the heat flux or the spacing between optical cables. The heat release rate of the optical cables also increases when increasing either the heat flux or the spacing between optical cables. The curves of the heat release rate versus time show two peaks, the second one being significantly smaller.

Correlated twin-photon generation in a silicon nitride loaded thin film PPLN waveguide.

Photon-pair sources based on thin film lithium niobate on insulator technology have a great potential for integrated optical quantum information processing. We report on such a source of correlated twin-photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down conversion in a silicon nitride (SiN) rib loaded thin film periodically poled lithium niobate (LN) waveguide. The generated correlated photon pairs have a wavelength centred at 1560 nm compatible with present telecom infrastructure, a large bandwidth (21 THz) and a brightness of ∼2.5 × 105 pairs/s/mW/GHz. Using the Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect, we have also shown heralded single photon emission, achieving an autocorrelation g H(2)(0)≃0.04.

Contributions to Power Grid System Analysis Based on Clustering Techniques.

The topic addressed in this article is part of the current concerns of modernizing power systems by promoting and implementing the concept of smart grid(s). The concepts of smart metering, a smart home, and an electric car are developing simultaneously with the idea of a smart city by developing high-performance electrical equipment and systems, telecommunications technologies, and computing and infrastructure based on artificial intelligence algorithms. The article presents contributions regarding the modeling of consumer classification and load profiling in electrical power networks and the efficiency of clustering techniques in their profiling as well as the simulation of the load of medium-voltage/low-voltage network distribution transformers to electricity meters.

Inventory Management with EOQ Model for Telecommunication Tower Accessories (Study Case at BMTec)

BMTec is a telecommunication infrastructure manufacturer based in West Java, Indonesia. They produce tower accessories made of steel materials with various fabrication processes. The ineffectiveness of their current inventory management system has driven them to stockpile raw materials, resulting in reduced material quality in the form of corrosion and obsolescence. This brings up the question regarding how to improve the inventory management in the company, then drives the research to compare the effectiveness of BMTec’s current inventory management with the new-preferred inventory model. Before analyzing the mentioned issue, the primary data is gathered, accompanied by semi-structured interviews for the additional empirical data. An ABC classification is used to distinguish the essential items, which results in the telecommunication tower harmonica fence as the most crucial product in BMTec. Demand forecasting is applied based on the pattern of historical demand data. The Holt-Winters method was chosen due to the ability to adjust the seasonality and trend factor, although the forecasting inaccuracy reached 4.7 (MAD) and 78.4% (MAPE). By comparing the inventory costs over the current company’s method and EOQ model, analysis shows that with the EOQ model, BMTec could save their inventory cost 2022 up to 68%. The discussion in this paper begins with the background of the research’s underlying issues, followed by a literature review to update the scientific development for related studies. The third section conveys how the flow of this research is conducted, then discusses the findings or results from the analysis of collected data and chosen methods.

Collaborative smart energy metering system inspired by blockchain technology

PurposeThe current and modern electrical distribution networks, named smart grids (SGs), use advanced technologies to accomplish all the technical and nontechnical challenges naturally demanded by energy applications. Energy metering collecting is one of these challenges ranging from the most basic (i.e., visual assessment) to the expensive advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) using intelligent meters networks. The AMIs’ data acquisition and system monitoring environment require enhancing some routine tasks. This paper aims to propose a methodology that uses a distributed and sustainable approach to manage wide-range metering networks, focused on using current public or private telecommunication infrastructure, optimizing the implementation and operation, increasing reliability and decreasing costs.Design/methodology/approachInspired by blockchain technology, a collaborative metering system architecture is conceived, managing massive data sets collected from the grid. The use of cryptography handles data integrity and security issues.FindingsA robust proof-of-concept simulation results are presented concerning the resilience and performance of the proposed distributed remote metering system.Originality/valueThe methodology proposed in this work is an innovative AMI solution related to SGs. Regardless of the implementation, operation and maintenance of AMIs, the proposed solution is unique, using legacy and new technologies together in a reliable way.

Energy-Aware Design of UAV-Mounted RIS Networks for IoT Data Collection

Data collection in massive Internet of Things networks requires novel and flexible methods. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are foreseen as a means to collect data rapidly even in remote areas without static telecommunication infrastructure. In this direction, UAV-mounted reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) aid in reducing the hardware requirements and signal processing complexity at the UAV side, while increasing the network’s energy efficiency and coverage. Hence, in this paper, we propose the utilization of a UAV-mounted RIS for data collection and study the coverage probability in such networks. Additionally, we propose a novel medium access control protocol based on slotted ALOHA and Code Combining to handle the communication of multiple sensors. To account for the crucial energy issue in UAVs, we devise an energy model that considers both the UAV and the RIS weight, as well as the environmental conditions and the UAV’s velocity. Finally, we characterize the performance of the proposed data collection scheme by analyzing the average throughput and the average collected data per flight, while providing useful insights for the design of such networks.

Analysis of Financial Ratios to Measure Financial Performance in Internet and Telecommunication Infrastructure Provider Companies in 2019-2021

This study aims to analyze the financial performance achievements of Internet and Telecommunication Infrastructure Providers in 2019-2021 using a financial ratio calculation tool listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. This research is a research design using a quantitative approach. The type of datausedis secondary data, while the data source is obtained through the website www.idx.co.id. In this study, purposive sampling was conducted as many as 5 Internet and Telecommunication Infrastructure Providers for the Year 2019-2021 listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The data analysis technique used in this study is financial performance, while the independent variables in this study are the ratio of liquidity, activity, solvency and profitability. The results of the analysis show that viewed from 3 years and from the ratio of liquidity, activity, solvency and profitability consisting of (Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, Inventory Turn Over, Total Asset Turn Over, Debt To Asset Ratio, Debt To Equity Ratio , Net Profit Margin , Return On Assets and Return On Equity). In the liquidity ratio and the best company activity ratio is PT Indosat Tbk, while the best Solvency and Profitability ratio is PT. Gihon Telecommunications Tbk.

Analysis of Financial Ratios to Measure Financial Performance in Internet and Telecommunication Infrastructure Provider Companies in 2019-2021

Analysis of Financial Ratios to Measure Financial Performance in Internet and Telecommunication Infrastructure Provider Companies in 2019-2021

E-Government Development—A Key Factor in Government Administration Effectiveness in the European Union

The phenomenon of digitisation of the public sector is an irreversible process that affects both the way public institutions are organised and the communication relationships between people and institutions. The COVID-19 pandemic represented a challenge and a strong impetus in accelerating the digitisation process of public administration at the global level such that it is currently difficult to make a clear distinction between governance and e-governance. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the intensification of the digitisation process of public services in increasing the efficiency of governments at the level of the member states of the European Union, based on a cluster analysis. A robust least squares regression method was used to estimate the effects of the three dimensions of the e-government development index (EGDI) on government effectiveness. The results of the analysis highlighted the fact that the skills of the population in using online services determine the increase in a double percentage of government efficiency in intensively digitised states compared to states where the digitisation of public services is less developed. The development of the telecommunications infrastructure also has a significant positive impact on the efficiency of the government. However, online services offered by public authorities have proven to negatively influence government efficiency in both clusters.

What motivates Chinese multinational firms to invest in Asia? Poor institutions versus rich infrastructures of a host country

What explains the phenomenal rise in China's outward foreign direct investment to the regional economies of Southeast and East Asia? In order to answer the question, we examine the relative efficacy of two contrasting approaches for explaining the upsurge in outward foreign direct investment – namely, the place-based approach of economic geography vis-à-vis the pollution haven hypothesis. We use China's outward foreign direct investment in a sample of 12 Southeast and East Asian countries, over the period 2003–2018, to arrive at the following results. First, as suggested by economic geography, regional infrastructures - such as mobile phone telecommunication, fixed broadband, and electricity infrastructure - played a crucial role in encouraging Chinese multinational firms to invest in Asian countries, while telephone telecommunication had a quadratic effect. Secondly, institutions' effects are complex. For instance, political stability in host countries promoted China's outward foreign direct investment in the Asian region before 2009 became a deterrent in the post-2009 era, while other indicators of quality of institutions (e.g., voice and accountability and regulatory quality) acted as barriers for the Chinese overseas foreign direct investment (OFDI) throughout the whole period. Thirdly, we find that the pollution haven hypothesis is untenable for the chosen countries. Fourthly, a significant pull factor for the Chinese OFDI is environmental quality of host countries.

Development and assessment of a resilient telecoms system

Emergency telecommunication infrastructure is essential for residents and emergency responders during natural disasters to coordinate life-saving and life-preserving efforts. Ensuring resilience of the emergency telecommunication infrastructure is of critical importance for regions with an increased likelihood of natural disasters. We developed an integrated modeling framework for assessing emergency telecommunication systems. The framework used performance models to assess coverage and surge capabilities for a given system architecture. The performance models assess the telecom system value using a multiple objective decision analysis value model with stake-holder and technology performance measures. After constructing a life cycle cost model for emergency telecommunication systems, we conducted an illustrative value versus cost trade-off analysis using three alternative decision frames. The decision analysis framework allows for exploration of the system design tradespace so that decision-makers can select the best emergency telecom architecture using a defensible and transparent, performance-driven methodology.

Healthcare Workers' Perspectives of mHealth Adoption Factors in the Developing World: Scoping Review.

mHealth applications provide health practitioners with platforms that enable disease management, facilitate drug adherence, facilitate drug adherence, speed up diagnosis, monitor outbreaks, take and transfer medical images, and provide advice. Many developing economies are investing more in mobile telecommunication infrastructure than in road transport and electric power generation. Despite this, mHealth has not seen widespread adoption by healthcare workers in the developing world. This study reports a scoping review of factors that impact the adoption of mHealth by healthcare workers in the developing world, and based on these findings, a framework is developed for enhancing mHealth adoption by healthcare workers in the developing world. A structured literature search was performed using PubMed and Scopus, supplemented by hand searching. The searches were restricted to articles in English during the period January 2009 to December 2019 and relevant to the developing world that addressed: mobile phone use by healthcare workers and identified factors impacting the adoption of mHealth implementations. All authors reviewed selected papers, with final inclusion by consensus. Data abstraction was performed by all authors. The results were used to develop the conceptual framework using inductive iterative content analysis. Of 919 articles, 181 met the inclusion criteria and, following a review of full papers, 85 reported factors that impact (promote or impede) healthcare worker adoption of mHealth applications. These factors were categorised into 18 themes and, after continued iterative review and discussion were reduced to 7 primary categories (engagement/funding, infrastructure, training/technical support, healthcare workers' mobile-cost/ownership, system utility, motivation/staffing, patients' mobile-cost/ownership), with 17 sub-categories. These were used to design the proposed framework. Successful adoption of mHealth by healthcare workers in the developing world will depend on addressing the factors identified in the proposed framework. They must be assessed in each specific setting prior to mHealth implementation. Application of the proposed framework will help shape future policy and practice of mHealth implementation in the developing world and increase adoption by health workers.

From Cold War Geopolitics to the Crisis of Global Capitalism: The History of Chinese Wireless Network Infrastructures (1987–2020)

AbstractThis paper explores the genesis and growth of the current Chinese wireless network infrastructures by pulling together the historical threads of two telecommunications infrastructures: first, the development of the first-tier inter-provincial optical backbone, the “Eight Vertical and Eight Horizontal Fibre-optic Grid,” in the late 1980s and 1990s; and second, the deployment of two broadband-access cellular networks, the third-generation (3G) cellular networks in 2008 and the fourth-generation (4G) networks from 2013 to now, which constitute the wireless network's edges. I insert the development of Chinese wireless networks since the 1980s into the interconnected global technological environment, contextualizing the infrastructure deployment in the history of Sino-American technological cooperation and competition, traversing the final decade of the Cold War era (the 1980s), the dual global expansion of economic neoliberalism and informational technology since the 1990s and the crisis of global capitalism since 2008. This historical inquiry reconciles two historical (meta-)narratives that are not always compatible with each other – the Chinese narratives grounded on the overarching concept of Chinese post-socialism, and the narratives in Western discourses that often evoke Cold War/post-Cold War dialectics. This paper examines the global distribution of wireless network infrastructures on the basis of commercialization, technology transfers and trades of techno-commodities across borders, challenging the reduced depiction of the Chinese wireless network as an extension, or an exception, to the West-centred techno-capitalist system.

Digitalization and informal MSME: Digital financial inclusion for MSME development in the formal economy

This study examines digital financial inclusion and uses Fintech for informal micro small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) to overcome the financing gap. The researchers used primarily qualitative methods, namely a qualitative analysis strategy verification through inductive analysis. The results show that Indonesia's fintech landscape makes MSME a driver of the digital economy so that they can overcome the financing gap in the informal sector. The challenges faced by Fintech in encouraging MSME business efficiency in the form of unbalanced agency distribution, data security, data access problems, low digital financial literacy, low connectivity, and interoperability can be overcome by taking advantage of existing opportunities. These opportunities include the role of MFIs and cooperatives in promoting financial inclusion and the development of telecommunications infrastructure networks in Indonesia. The novelty of this research is the comprehensive evaluation of achieved progress in digital financial inclusion for MSMEs in Indonesia and the developed recommendation for regulations by relevant authorities to encourage the business efficiency of MSMEs through facilitating digital financial inclusion.