Telecommunications Equipment Research Articles

Sistem Penentuan Lokasi Menara Base Transceiver Station dengan Algoritma AHP-TOPSIS

Cellular telecommunication technology has now become an inseparable part of the increasingly mobile pattern of human life, this of course has an impact on the number of uses of cellular telecommunication technology which is increasing every day. This increase has encouraged cellular telecommunications technology vendors to continuously improve the quantity and quality of their telecommunications networks by establishing telecommunications equipment such as Base Transceiver Station (BTS) towers at strategic points. This study aims to build a system for determining the location of BTS towers that can provide visualization of information on the distribution of existing BTS towers and their coverage area radius. Analysis and location determination using a combination of AHP and TOPSIS methods. The AHP method is used to determine the objectivity of the weight and importance of the BTS tower location criteria. Furthermore, the results of the comparison of criteria will be used in the TOPSIS method to assess the rating of each candidate location. The results of the study obtained that the criteria for the location of BTS towers were population density with a weight of 0.42, the distance of the existing tower was 0.2, location access was 0.31, and the installation cost was 0.08. Meanwhile, the candidate locations were measured using linguistic variables with a weight of 0.67 for very good criteria, 0.23 for good, and 0.10 for good enough. System testing was carried out on determining the location of the BTS tower in Sinjai Borong District by analyzing three candidate locations and the results obtained that the Samaenre location was the best candidate with a rating value of 0.74.

EVALUATION OF RADIO PATH PARAMETERS OF INFOCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 5G/6G

A study of the parameters of the radio path was carried out to substantiate the possibility of expanding the integrated multi-level spectrum of 5G/6G and increasing the efficiency of the station equipment of the next generation information communication systems. The paper presents the results of research into the bandwidth of the transmission channel in the THz range, taking into account the transmission power and noise of the components of modern telecommunication systems, as well as the influence of atmospheric attenuation. The idea of ​​a new spectrum, possibilities and problems of using the THz range for both communication and scanning were presented. It also describes the process of modeling and measuring new channels along high-frequency bands, for scenarios with large aperture arrays, non-terrestrial networks, and scanning in millimeter and THz bands. Improved methods for solving technical problems identified in 5G systems, such as mobility and coverage, as well as implementation problems of telecommunications equipment, are identified. In particular, to facilitate the optimal design of radio technologies in 6G systems, it is necessary to model transmission channels with higher accuracy. In addition, to improve the transmission characteristics of millimeter waves, improvements are needed in the radio signal beamforming technology, in particular in beamforming during the scanning process. It is determined that the use of the millimeter range spectrum will be significantly improved due to the improvement of technologies related to materials, radio frequency components and signal processing. Thus, it becomes possible to achieve ultra-high data transfer speed and high-precision scanning resolution. A study of the theoretical foundations of the creation of new devices, the design of electronic, photonic and hybrid receivers, large-sized antenna arrays, gratings on a common crystal or case, and new technologies for the formation of materials for the manufacture of gratings, which ensure the rapid development of communication technologies in the THz range, was carried out. time identified the need for further research in the field of designing powerful high-frequency devices, new materials for antennas and RF transistors, receiver architecture, channel modeling, grating signal processing, and energy efficiency issues. The 6G radio path has been studied, which will contain new capabilities and provide new services using new wireless technologies. It is determined that the 6G system will include many new elements, such as new spectrum, new channels, new materials, new antennas, new computing technologies and new end devices. THz spectrometry at 6G has been found to have many potential applications in health care, industry, food quality control, and the environment, as the vibrational and rotational frequencies of most molecules lie in the THz range. THz spectrometry is of considerable interest due to its ability to provide continuous real-time information through dynamic, non-invasive, passive and non-contact measurements. Of particular note is that THz spectrometry provides results comparable to professional CT or MRI machines, but with a much safer and more portable functional process.

Uncovering the Historical Process and Micro Mechanism of China’s Indigenous Innovation in the High-Tech Industry: A Comment on Li Yin’s China’s Drive for the Technology Frontier:Indigenous Innovation in the High-Tech Industry

China’s Drive for the Technology Frontier: Indigenous Innovation in the High-Tech Industry, a new book by Prof. Li Yin of Fudan University, has employed the framework of “social conditions of innovative enterprise” to investigate the historical process of China’s telecommunication equipment and semiconductor industry, arriving at the conclusion that strategic control, organizational integration and financial commitment contributes to firms’ indigenous innovation. From the perspective of innovative enterprise, this book dives into innovative firms and uncovers the micro mechanism of innovation processes, which is helpful for readers to understand the drive of China’s indigenous innovation and valuable for policy makers, and those scholars interested in innovation or catch-up studies.

Non-agricultural Market Access: A South Asian Perspective

Despite the fact that the WTO has helped to reduce the overall level of tariffs with increased transparency, a majority of the developing countries with the capacity to increase exports of labour intensive manufactures continue to face significant barriers in accessing foreign markets. Tariff rates applied by the developed countries for textile and clothing and leather for instance are much higher than those on other manufacturing products such as electronics, computers and telecom equipment, thus indicating a clear discrimination against exports of the developing countries. Moreover, tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff rate quotas and other non-tariff measures including antidumping duties, countervailing duties, and safeguard measures to protect against serious injury from import surges, allowed under the WTO, have become major impediments to market access for developing countries exports.

THE MAIN PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING PUBLIC SPACES IN GERMANY ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF HANNOVER

In Germany, public space and its use are thought to be full of conflicts: festivalization vs. everyday quality, advertising vs. urban design, commerce vs. culture, drivers vs. strollers, demonstrators vs. tourists, private use vs. general accessibility, spontaneous, temporary appropriation vs. permanent order, and design
 The often conflicting expectations – also of women and men or old and young people – about public space are an expression of the increasingly heterogeneous nature of urban society. In terms of design, the pendulum swings between nostalgic kitsch, cool modern design and aesthetic neglect.
 In recent years, the pressure and overload of private and public advertising, road and information signs, retail and restaurant furniture and telecommunications equipment have increased. The generally accepted indicator, the agreement about what quality of form is in public space, seems to be largely lost. 
 Too often only the city center is seen as a public space in need of planning and political attention. Main roads or district and district centers are lost from sight, let alone commercial areas. Demographic changes, a smaller, older and brighter urban population make new demands on public space, as a place where different cultures and increasingly differentiated lifestyles meet, as a place for the integration of urban society.
 So there is a need for action. It is not about uniform rules for the use and design of public spaces, nor about the illusion of ideal and consistent planning. Rather, it is about criteria of social and aesthetic quality, about what is appropriate in each city and each district, which should be developed and discussed in dialogue with residents, users and the public.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF WORLD LEADERS

The article examines the impact of structural changes in trade flows of leading countries on the state of the global economy, trends in its qualitative changes, and the consequences of this process. The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue gives understanding of the lack of research on certain elements and factors that affect the dynamics of processes occurring in modern trade against the background of global economic events and shifts, such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, etc. Therefore, to understand the general trends in the development of international trade and the world economy as a whole, special attention should be paid to the study of changes occurring in the foreign trade of key players, the leaders of global trade. An analysis of the aggregated geographic structure of world trade shows a clear separation of three regions where the centers of export and import of goods are concentrated: Asia, Europe, and North America. Three other large regions (Africa, South and Central America, Australia and New Zealand) cannot have a significant impact on the overall situation, as their combined share in world trade is only about 7.5%. The last six years have seen continuing trends of changes in the group of leaders, which are connected with the further redistribution of world markets, continue. But, if North America did not manage to achieve a positive trade balance, even during the tough foreign trade policy of D. Trump, Europe and Asia, however, maintained an excess of exports over imports, although imports grew more dynamically. Five leading countries have been identified by the indicator of total turnover in 2021. These five include China, the US, the Netherlands and Japan. They represent the three centers of world trade. Their total share in world exports is 37.4%, and in world imports - 38.0%. This gives reason to hypothesize that the general state and structure of world trade largely depend on the activities of these countries. Examining the changes that have taken place in the product structure of exports, it is possible to highlight several trends that are common to all leading countries. First of all, over the last 6 years, the specific weight of fuel and mineral supplies to the world market has increased in the structure of both global exports and all leading countries’ exports. Secondly, the growth of the specific weight of exports of chemical industry products can be attributed to the general trends of both world trade and certain leading countries. Thirdly, in contrast to the previous two upward trends, the share of trade in telecommunications equipment shows an overall downward trend. To assess the degree of synchronization of the structure of world trade and foreign trade of the leading countries, the correlation coefficients of these structures have been calculated. The most closely related to the world export structure is the US export structure, and the most closely related to the world import structure is the Germany’s import structure. This not only confirms the hypothesis about the decisive influence of these leading countries on world markets, but also provides grounds for forecasting world trends based on the study of foreign trade of individual countries. Thus, the conducted analysis showed that certain changes are taking place in the aggregated geographical structure of world trade, which are associated with the rapid expansion of the specific weight of the Asian region. North America and Europe are losing their positions both in terms of the international trade turnover and in terms of its individual components

Complete Frequency-Bin Bell Basis Synthesizer

We report the experimental generation of all four frequency-bin Bell states in a single versatile setup via successive pumping of spontaneous parametric down-conversion with single and dual spectral lines. Our scheme utilizes intensity modulation to control the pump configuration and offers turn-key generation of any desired Bell state using only off-the-shelf telecommunication equipment. We employ Bayesian inference to reconstruct the density matrices of the generated Bell states, finding fidelities ≥97% for all cases. Additionally, we demonstrate the sensitivity of the frequency-bin Bell states to common-mode and differential-mode temporal delays traversed by the photons comprising the state-presenting the potential for either enhanced resolution or nonlocal sensing enabled by our complete Bell basis synthesizer.

Study of the influence of indicators of the development of the information society in terms of indicators characterizing electronic business on costs aimed at acquiring information, computer and equipment

In the context of the implementation of the main strategic goal of national development — digital transformation, the tasks of intensive implementation of information technologies in the business processes of enterprises come to the fore. To optimize this process, it is important to correctly determine the strategic direction of the enterprise development and choose a business model for digital transformation. The article deals with issues related to the assessment of the digital maturity of an enterprise. The possibility of using the indicators of the development of the information society of the Russian Federation to create a model of an integral indicator for assessing digital maturity is determined. The question of the interdependence of development indicators in the sections on the availability of financial resources and e-business is considered in detail. The studies are carried out using the method of pairwise correlation analysis based on the data of federal statistical observations on the issues of monitoring the development of the information society in the Russian Federation. In general, the impact of 29 out of 32 indicators from the "Electronic Business" section, which have a sufficient amount of statistical data, on the indicator "Volume of investments in fixed assets directed to information, computer and telecommunications equipment" was studied. Only two of them (The share of organizations that had special software for managing the purchase of goods (works, services), in the total number of surveyed organizations and the share of organizations that had special software for managing the sale of goods (works, services), in the total number of surveyed organizations) show little or no correlation. The rest demonstrate the tightness of the correlation from noticeable to very high. The identified indicators from the e-business section, which have stable relationships with the indicator "Volume of investments in fixed assets aimed at the acquisition of information, computer and telecommunications equipment", will be further included in the integral indicator for assessing the digital maturity of an enterprise, which allows for a quantitative assessment based on the model multiple regression.

The Occurrence of Mold in Telecommunication Equipment and Facilities and Its Impacts on Material Degradation

The Occurrence of Mold in Telecommunication Equipment and Facilities and Its Impacts on Material Degradation

Agile Practices and Organizational Agility in Software Ecosystems

As software products increasingly become part of larger ecosystems, research and development (R&D) units of software producers organize themselves around projects to become more responsive to the environment. Organizations participating in software ecosystems must continuously adapt and adjust their software development and maintenance processes to drive both medium-term and long-term innovation. Agile methods and practices are widely adopted to guide the collaboration within and between project teams in software development. Moreover, when successfully attained, agility can drive innovation by enabling software development organizations to cope with technological changes and exploit emerging opportunities in software ecosystems. In this article, we focus on how organizations attain agility in the maintenance and development of software products. To answer this question, we conduct a longitudinal case study of Agile Scrum implementation in the R&D unit of a major supplier of telecommunication equipment. We investigate the emerging tensions and highlight practices used to balance these tensions in the Agile Scrum implementation. We identify four capabilities and ten practices that support effective collaboration and coordination in the development and maintenance of software products. The study offers practical guidance for R&D managers to attain agility in software ecosystems.

Prototipe Sistem Pemantauan Tegangan Drop pada Sel Baterai 110 Vdc berbasis Aplikasi Telegram

Batteries are electrochemical devices as a source of DC voltage that is quite reliable and has high stability, so that the 110 Vdc Battery has a very important role at the substation (GI) to operate the driving motors at the voltage breaker (PMT), disconecting switch (PMS), supply PLC and telecommunication equipment in the SCADA system, as well as protection relays. If the 110 Vdc battery does not work properly, it can result in a major interference with the GI. So to help optimize battery maintenance, it needs an indication tool so that the battery can last a long time and can prevent damage to the battery prematurely. In this study, a voltage drop monitoring and detection system will be designed on 110 Vdc battery cells. The data will be forwarded to the database via the NodeMCU device to be sent to the Telegram application on the smartphone. The test was carried out by compiling 80 battery cells with a voltage of 1.5 volts in series to produce a voltage of 110 Vdc. Test results of the accuracy level of voltage readings achieved an average accuracy of 99.58% with an average difference of 0.42% while the test results of sending voltage data for each group were successfully carried out with excellent response and were able to display data / information on voltage values and conditions in telegram applications.

Nonlocal subpicosecond delay metrology using spectral quantum interference

Precise knowledge of position and timing information is critical to support elementary protocols such as entanglement swapping on quantum networks. While approaches have been devised to use quantum light for such metrology, they largely rely on time-of-flight (ToF) measurements with single-photon detectors and, therefore, are limited to picosecond-scale resolution owing to detector jitter. In this work, we demonstrate an approach to distributed sensing that leverages phase modulation to map changes in the spectral phase to coincidence probability, thereby overcoming the limits imposed by single-photon detection. By extracting information about the joint biphoton phase, we measure a generalized delay—the difference in signal–idler arrival, relative to local radio frequency (RF) phase modulation. For nonlocal ranging measurements, we achieve (2σ) precision of±0.04psand for measurements of the relative RF phase, (2σ) precision of±0.7∘. We complement this fine timing information with ToF data from single-photon time-tagging to demonstrate absolute measurement of time delay. By relying on off-the-shelf telecommunications equipment and standard quantum resources, this approach has the potential to reduce overhead in practical quantum networks.

E-waste: A new challenge for waste management in India

WEEE (waste from electrical and digital device's) comes beneath a special class of waste which is the end result of industrialization and ever-growing demand of digital merchandise in daily lifestyles. With growing usage waste manufacturing is likewise increasing. Now, the scenario is alarming as a big quantity of waste is generated via India in addition to other international locations. The situation in India is a whole lot worse because approximately 80 % of the e-waste generated inside the US is exported to India, China and Pakistan beneath the call of charity. Only 3 % of general WEEE-waste generated is recycled nicely in India. The relaxation of it's far dealt with by people who paintings with naked fingers, without mask under unhygienic conditions, informally recycling tons of e-waste for approximately 12-14 hours a Day. It causes each environmental as well as health issues. E-waste recycling (i.e. 3 R’s) is a concept hardly in lifestyles in India. As of now most of e-waste generated is getting dumped in rivers or dumping yards both of getting nicely recycled or reused after treatment which in end result have negative results on environment in addition to fitness issues. So basically, paper describes the contemporary situation of e-waste control in India and different parts of globe. It also describes the case take a look at of trend of e-waste in India with other countries. In remaining ten years, it's far found that e –waste is growing daily and the major mills of these e-waste are computer systems, mobile, telephone gadget extensively utilized by the authorities, public region agencies and personal sectors, generate nearly about 75% of e-waste and on other hand with the contribution of man or woman family being most effective 16%. According to ASSOCHAM compound Annual growth price of electronic waste is 30%. Computer equipment's make contributions about 70% of total e-waste generated in India and telecommunication equipment's debts for nearly 12%. State smart Maharashtra ranked first observed by means of Tamil Nadu and UP in ewaste pollution and amongst all cities Mumbai ranks first in producing e-waste observed with the aid of Delhi and Bangalore. No. Of legal guidelines are framed but none is able to stop this casual recycling. In this paper, countrywide and worldwide e-waste situation is discussed in conjunction with hazards as a result of e-waste and bit approximately its recycling.

Identifikasi Limbah Elektronik dan Keluhan Subyektif Kesehatan pada Pengepul di Kecamatan Pamulang, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia

Electronic waste (e-waste) contains various hazardous materials and affects human health, especially collectors, is increasing worldwide and in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the types of e-waste collected and the potential health problems for collectors in Pamulang district. This is a descriptive study with cross-sectional approach. The accessible population was collectors encountered during the study. The sample size in this study was 10 respondents obtained by non-random method, by accident followed by snowballing. The instruments used are validated and reliable questionnaires, observation sheet, and GPS that reveal study objectives. The analysis was performed by using a frequency distribution to explain e-waste and subjective health problems. E-waste found (in units) were 286 lamps, 53 temperature exchange equipment such as air conditioner, 98 screens, monitors, and equipment containing screens having a surface greater than 100 cm2 such as television, 202 small IT and telecommunications equipment such as smartphones, 194 small equipment such as rice cookers, and 79 large equipment such as washing machines. Collectors receive 5 kgs - 8 tons e-waste weekly. Subjective health problems experienced include low back pain and metal fume fever symptoms, such as lethargy, muscle aches, sweating, and headaches. It can be concluded that the e-waste found in collectors dominated by the lamp category, and subjective health problems that are often found in collectors are symptoms of metal fume fever. Collectors who experience it can rest and treat symptoms that arise. Further research is needed to ascertain the link between health problems and e-waste.

Formation of adaptive subscriptions to the Internet of things data broker

Intoduction: the possibility of interaction with the physical world through the network infrastructures of spatially distributed nodes of Internet of Things, despite the undeniable advantages of the technology, produce significant loads on information consumers. In this regard, the current interest is the creation of methods that provide the reduction of transmitted data due to the adaptive synchronization of monitoring systems with the time of real processes. One effective way to solve this problem is to use the discrete Fourier transform to determine the sampling period of the observations. Purpose: to develop an approach to the formation of adaptive data broker subscriptions based on the study of the cyclicity of observations of Internet of Things devices. Methods: the discrete Fourier transform method was applied and, based on the calculated parameters of the harmonic series, a conclusion about the frequency characteristics of the data was made. The main peaks describing the periodicity of the data are selected, the fluctuation points are determined and, according to the Kotelnikov theorem (Nyquist-Kotelnikov-Shannon Sampling Theorem), a sampling frequency that provides a sufficient intensity of observations is chosen. Results: within the corporate network of the Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center, an infrastructure of devices and applications of the Internet of Things has been deployed to monitor temperature, humidity and PM2.5 in specialized technological rooms with telecommunications equipment. The analysis showed that for different rooms the data are periodic, but their harmonic profiles do not coincide. The choice of harmonic values, the fluctuation amplitude of which determines the dynamics of changes in the observed data, should be carried out periodically for each observed device. This approach is implemented in the broker software, which distributes data in subscriptions from each of the devices in accordance with the frequency of their changes. Practical relevance: the analysis of the frequency characteristics of the data determines the broker settings, which distributes the information flows, which is one of the aspects of reliability of the IoT infrastructure.
 In addition, observing data changes will allow us to identify malfunctions in the operation of cooling systems, which can lead to the failure of complex, expensive equipment with increased heat irradiation.

THE EFFECTS OF R&D AND ITS DIFFERENT TYPES ON FIRM PRODUCTIVITY: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

This paper employs the Olley and Pakes [(1996). The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry. Econometrica, 64(6), 1263–1297.] method and the generalised propensity score (GPS) methodology to estimate the effects of R&D and its different types, including research activity and development activity, on productivity. Our research sample is an unbalanced panel data consisting of 1808 Chinese listed manufacturing firms from the period 2006–2015. Our analysis reveals how R&D and its different types impact firm productivity: (1) there exists an S-shaped relationship between firm R&D intensity and productivity, which implies the existence of the threshold and diminishing marginal return of R&D for productivity growth. Due to the unbalanced composition of R&D in China, after R&D intensity reaches a critical level (around 50%) a negative marginal effect of R&D presents; (2) an increase of research intensity can improve firm productivity. However, research intensity reaches a saturation point (around 65%) beyond which firm productivity plateaus; (3) there exists an inverted U-shaped relationship between firm development intensity and productivity. The marginal effect of development on firm productivity is negative when development intensity is over 28%. Our empirical evidence implies that firms need to optimise the composition of R&D expenditure in order to realise sustained productivity growth.

The Development of Telecom Equipment

The telecom equipment industry is one of the most competitive industries globally. It is characterized by a few big corporations that dominate the industry. The industry is also among the industries that have been leveraging Data Analytics, especially Big Data Analytics. One of the big players in this industry is Huawei. Huawei is a Chinese multinational company that is involved in the sale of production and sale of telecommunication equipment, smart devices, and various consumer electronics. This shows how Huawei applies Data Analytics to manage its human resource, accounting, and finance, product design and development, supply chain and logistics, sales and marketing, and support services. The report also makes predictions of what the future of Analytics will look like for this industry. It is predicted that data volume for companies will continue to grow, creating space issues. It is also projected that the use of machine learning will accelerate, and advanced analytics applications will be needed.

Experimental entanglement generation for quantum key distribution beyond 1 Gbit/s

Top-performance sources of photonic entanglement are an indispensable resource for many applications in quantum communication, most notably quantum key distribution. However, up to now, no source has been shown to simultaneously exhibit the high pair-creation rate, broad bandwidth, excellent state fidelity, and low intrinsic loss necessary for gigabit secure key rates. In this work, we present for the first time a source of polarization-entangled photon pairs at telecommunication wavelengths that covers all these needs of real-world quantum-cryptographic applications, thus enabling unprecedented quantum-secure key rates of more than 1 Gbit/s. Our source is designed to optimally exploit state-of-the-art telecommunication equipment and detection systems. Any technological improvement of the latter would result in an even higher rate without modification of the source. We discuss the used wavelength-multiplexing approach, including its potential for multi-user quantum networks and its fundamental limitations. Our source paves the way for high-speed quantum encryption approaching present-day internet bandwidth.

Design And Development of a Remote Monitoring Agent For Energy Service Companies In The Telecommunication Industry

Background: Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) for telecommunication sites operate by providing reliable power supply at 100% uptime and billing the mobile operators accommodated on their sites for power usage. To achieve this, there is a need for them to accurately meter the power consumed by connected telecommunication equipment. Method: This work focused on the design and implementation of a remote monitoring agent (RMA) that will pool both power and environmental data from a telecommunication site. The data pool can be presented as real-time data on the RMA’s webpage, it can be downloaded as historical data, and it can be sent to a remote cloud server at regular intervals. The RMA collects both power and environmental data over an RS485 Modbus network and I2C bus respectively. An alternating current (AC) energy meter and a direct current (DC) energy meter were used to harvest the energy data while the environmental data were harvested using a developed Input/Output controller board based on an Atmega328P microcontroller. Raspberry pi was used as the master controller and Node.js was used to build the application running on the master controller. Result: The result showed how both power and environmental data can be harvested from a telecommunication site and locally presented on the web dashboard for real-time monitoring of the site power system. The data could be saved locally on the RMA and downloaded for future use. Conclusion: The implementation of this work provided a prototype of the remote monitoring agent (RMA) that can be deployed by Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) in the telecommunication industry to monitor the usage of the power systems on a cell site.

A Secure Authentication Scheme for Teleservices Using Multi-Server Architecture

The telecommunications industry covers various sectors and services such as broadband, telecom equipment, telecom infrastructure, telephone service providers, mobile virtual network operators, 5G, and the white space spectrum. Smart Cards may be chosen as one of the best mechanisms for authorized access to these services in the telecom sector. Recently, Jin Kwak proposed a scheme based on dynamic identity for authentication purposes, mentioning that the scheme does not suffer from security breaches and attacks. This paper illustrates Jin Kwak’s technique and finds that it violates the purpose contrary to his claim. Due to a design issue in his scheme, an adversary may guess the password in a polynomial time and impersonate a legal user. Furthermore, other attacks, including replay attack, are also possible, as the time stamp was not protected in this scheme. We propose an improved version of this scheme, and it is free from various attacks, including password guessing by hiding the identity of the user and replay attacks by using the time stamp securely. The results mentioned in performance and efficiency comparison show a faster scheme than many existing schemes.