Telecommunications Equipment Research Articles

Fusion of Telecommunications and IT Services Boosted by Application Programming Interfaces

Our long journey on the road of telecommunications is continuously evolving. We have experienced several technological changes, modernizations, optimizations, and various mergers in the past decades. Virtualization and ‘cloudification’ of legacy telecommunication equipment has made communication networks not only more flexible, but also opened new doors. Brand new types of services have become available thanks to the ongoing fusion of the two domains of telecommunications and IT (Information Technology). This overview paper first discusses the evolution of services with an enhanced focus on mobile networks. Then, the possibilities offered by IT are shown. Finally, some examples are given of how Communication Service Providers and end users can benefit from these recent changes.

Detection of Traffic Anomalies Based on Their Frame Wavelet Transformations Processing

Relevance. The active transition to a massive digital infrastructure based on Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought telecommunications networks to the level of dominant information resources. The one-time increase in the number of existing Internet services is inextricably linked to the growing variety of network anomalies on telecommunications equipment. In turn, existing methods of detecting network threats do not allow timely assessment of network traffic, which is characterized by a large number of parameters, and the detected anomalies from external interference do not have pronounced patterns. The purpose of the study is to increase the efficiency of detecting traffic anomalies based on the results of processing its frame wavelet transform. The scientific task is to develop scientific and methodological approaches that allow effective analysis and timely detection of anomalies in network traffic. A comparative review of search methods for detecting network traffic anomalies, algorithms for detecting uncontrolled anomalies, traffic analysis methods based on local emission factor, binary trees, optical emission spectroscopy. Decision. The results of the study of the possibility of detecting anomalies in the bitstream traffic based on the results of its multiple-variable transformation in the Haar wavelet basis are considered. The choice for further processing of the coefficients of the traffic decomposition matrix along the time shift variable is justified. It is proved that multiple-scale transformations not only increase the structural differences in traffic, but also open up the possibility of localization of anomalies that caused these differences. The scientific novelty of the work is determined by the author's approach to detecting network traffic anomalies during the transition from the direct representation of a signal in the form of its discrete samples to coefficients formed from the matrices of its wavelet transformations, and, as a result, increasing its contrast with other signals with a similar structure. Theoretical significance. The necessity and sufficiency of using wavelet coefficients instead of time samples of signals in the basis of the parent wavelet from the matrix of the generated frame is proved. The relationship between the Hurst indicators and the coefficients of the cross-correlation functions has been established. Practical significance. The results obtained in the work, in the future, can be used in the construction of models for evaluating network traffic in conditions of deliberate, as well as methods for searching and synthesizing effective methods of protection against them.

State primary special standard of impulse current unit in the range from 1.0 to 1.0·105 A GET 202-2024

Metrological assurance of immunity tests to impulse currents of natural and artificial origin is an urgent task in the development and production of aviation, rocket and space equipment and telecommunication equipment. The State primary special standard of lightning discharge impulse current unit GET 202-2012 provided the unity of measurements of impulse current parameters in the amplitude range from 1 to 100 kA and the time range from hundreds of nanoseconds to units of milliseconds. In order to provide metrological support for measuring instruments for impulse currents of electrostatic discharges and switching currents (rise time of the transient response of at least 1 ns, measurement range from 1 to 200 A), GET 202-2012 underwent a modernization cycle in 2020–2023. As a result of the modernization, the State Primary Special Standard of the unit of pulse current in the range from 1.0 to 1.0·105 A GET 202-2024 was approved, the lower limit of the range of reproduction of the unit of pulse current of which was 1 A with a pulse front duration of no more than 1 ns. Thus, the problem of ensuring the uniformity of measurements of electrostatic discharges and power switching impulse currents parameters was solved. To achieve the specified characteristics, GET 202-2024 includes devices for reproducing current pulses based on semiconductor keys and reference current shunts with a short rise time. The composition, structural diagram, technical and metrological characteristics of GET 202-2024 are given. GET 202-2024 ensures the uniformity of measurements of the parameters of pulse currents of electrostatic discharges, partial lightning discharges, as well as pulse currents generated by switching processes when solving problems of electromagnetic compatibility, creating new types of materials and coatings, in geophysical and meteorological research and observations, in healthcare.

Role of Information Technology in Agriculture : A Review

Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data, often in the context of a business, education or other enterprise. This paper reviewed the India’s IT Industry and in addition studied the Impact of IT on the Indian Agriculture. To improve the quality of agricultural products and production using information technology that requires efficiency and information in all sectors of agriculture. Information technology support new methods and ideas for precision and healthy agriculture used computers in farm, climate or weather forecasting, use of method and materials and kind of crops. In this paper I tried to find how information technology is useful for making choices to setting goals, improve planning and produce better agriculture products and study the key elements and basic issues of information technology in agriculture.

Valorization of Ricinus communis outer shell biomass to biochar: Impact of thermal decomposition temperature on physicochemical properties and EMI shielding performance

The rising awareness of electromagnetic pollution has increased interest in renewable and ecologically sustainable materials for shielding electromagnetic waves. Research on carbon-based electromagnetic wave absorption materials derived from agro waste is widely explored due to their advantageous characteristics, including low density and consistent physicochemical properties. The research aims to produce biochar with maximum carbon content from Ricinus communis outer shell (RCOS) and to examine the characteristics of biochar/epoxy composites for their application in electromagnetic (EM) shielding. In this study, the composite made from RCOS-based biochar was effectively developed using slow pyrolysis at 400 °C–700 °C. The characterisations of enhanced properties of biochar were conducted by using yield analysis and proximate analysis, elemental analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrical conductivity. The biochar pyrolysis results revealed that the biochar yield, fixed carbon and maximum carbon content were 30 wt%, 50.49 wt% and 79.2 wt%, respectively, at 700 °C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that for the biochar at 700 °C, C=C and C-H functional groups were present, and the others were eliminated as volatile gases during biochar production. TG analysis demonstrated higher biochar stability with residues of 75 % for 700 °C. The biochar produced at 700 °C possesses the maximum electrical conductivity of 95 S/m due to the presence of graphitic carbon. The vector network analyser (VNA) measured a maximum shielding efficiency of 26.5 dB in the X-band frequency when adding 40 wt% biochar prepared at 700 °C to the epoxy matrix. The results suggest that the RCOS biochar/epoxy composites have promise as a novel type of absorbent materials because of their low density, lightweight structure, and extensive absorption capacities. These biochar-based lightweight composites can be used as a shielding material for electronic enclosures, telecommunication equipment, and aerospace applications.

Choosing of Telecommunications Equipment Suppliers Based on the Choquet Integral and Fuzzy Measure Variance Minimization

Telecommunications equipment suppliers play an important role in the functioning of corporations with large-scale distributed computer networks such as system integrators, Internet service providers and others. An important condition of sustainable development for these companies is effective and reasonable decision making concerning the choice of suppliers. At the same time, the amount of information to be considered in many industries for making decisions has grown several times. In accordance with the above, decision making support systems for the reliable choice of suppliers started to be developed. At the same time, the approaches to designing such systems possess some disadvantages. In order to overcome these disadvantages this article suggests an approach to decision making support for choosing telecommunication equipment suppliers based on the Choquet Integral and minimization of fuzzy measure variance. It deals with the task of criteria normalization, fuzzy measure identification, gives examples of expert estimations for criteria and also the results of supplier assessments based on which the decision is made.

Strategic cooperation of high tech companies of China and Russia

The sanctions imposed on the Russian economics in 2022 by a number of countries created an external shock for many industries in Russia with the strongest impact on the enterprises of high tech industries. At the same time, there is an emerging potential for cooperation between Russian and Chinese manufacturers which is forming new strategies of development of Russian high tech enterprises. In order to evaluate the prospects and trends of development of Chinese high tech industry in this context, the authors applied methods of economic analysis including the correlation analysis. Factors, determining potential of cooperation between Russia and China in this sphere, were systematized on the basis of the methodology of strategizing by Professor Vladimir L. Kvint.It has been stated that Chinese manufacturers are able to replace either partially or completely European and American suppliers in a number of high tech industries: innovative components and equipment for engineering, semiconductors and chips, telecommunications equipment and components. It has been discovered that the number of registered patents and the number of researchers involved in RD in China have a significant correlation with the growth of export of high tech products of China. Further growth will be able to ensure the expansion of technology and knowledge exports from China to Russia.Thus, it can be stated for sure that there are perspective industries and fields of Russia-China cooperation in high tech industry. The sphere of cooperation which can become the basis for the strategy of development of Russian high tech manufacturers is scientific and patent cooperation with Chinese organizations. The authors have also discovered limitations in this cooperation: there is a threat of imposing international sanctions on Chinese manufacturers; Chinese enterprises are working at a high level of workload in the context of the global economic recovery after the coronavirus pandemic; decrease of competitiveness of Russian high tech industry has a negative impact on the expected benefits from the cooperation between the countries. These strategic threats can be overcome with the help of a well-grounded foreign economic strategy developed by Russian and Chinese authorities.

Inventory of Electronic Waste (E-Waste) and Residues in Junkshops: A Step Towards Residual Waste Management

The improper management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) constitutes a critical global environmental challenge, with a significant proportion of e-waste ending up in landfills, posing substantial ecological and health risks. In the Philippines, particularly in areas like Marilao and Bulacan, many individuals rely on the recycling of e-waste for their livelihoods, primarily through junkshops and informal recycling networks. Despite providing economic benefits, these practices often result in substantial residual waste, exacerbating landfill overflow and environmental degradation. This study aims to establish a detailed e-waste inventory and propose practical strategies for improving residual waste management. This research used a mixed-method approach to collect data via surveys, interviews, and direct observations at selected junkshops in Marilao. The findings enabled a comprehensive categorization of e-waste based on economic value, highlighting "temperature exchange equipment" as the most economically valuable category while identifying "small IT and telecommunication equipment" as the least. Among the significant residual wastes identified were base/black plastics, styrofoam, and glass, which are commonly mishandled. The study proposes several management strategies, including partnerships with local governmental bodies and recycling companies to enhance recycling processes, improving dismantling techniques to reduce waste, and implementing rigorous waste segregation practices to prevent contamination and improve recycling rates. This expansion is critical for a more comprehensive understanding and monitoring of e-waste management practices, facilitating the development of more effective and sustainable waste management solutions. By adopting these strategies, junkshops and informal recyclers can optimize e-waste management, reducing environmental impact while maintaining economic viability.

Window of opportunity: how sanctions aff ected the work of domestic manufacturers of telecommunication solutions

Despite the overall growth, the Russian IT market experiences signifi cant import dependence, including in the telecommunications equipment segment. Against this background, there is a noticeable interest of companies from various sectors of the economy in the products of domestic vendors. The material analyzes the situation in the industry and discusses new business opportunities.

Economic statecraft by design and by default: The political economy of the 5G-Huawei bans in the United States, United Kingdom and Germany

The ban of Huawei by the United States and European governments from their 5G infrastructure has been described in recent literature as economic statecraft. However, it remains under researched that in these ban decisions the domestic political and economic constellations differed. To address this gap, this study adopts an agency perspective and compares 5G Huawei policies in the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom. While in the United States the ban was unanimously supported by state actors and telecommunication companies and equipment manufacturers, in the United Kingdom and Germany telecommunication companies and (initially also) governments were opposing the ban. There, we also observe interests from governing parliamentarians across political parties representing cyber security interests prevail in the domestic policy making processes over political and economic actors representing economic interests. In line with recent works on the domestic politics of economic statecraft and adopting the method of structured, focused comparison our inductive, theory developing case study reveals that economic statecraft is a dyadic concept between ‘by default’ and ‘by design’. We show that economic statecraft occurs ‘by default’ in the manner that states’ and businesses’ interests align, it happens ‘by design’ in the manner that states’ and businesses’ interests diverge. We contribute to previous literature that theory building on economic statecraft should start before the notions of power and policy preferences by a closer inspection of the domestic interest constellations.

Построение онтологии для систематизации характеристик сети Интернета вещей

A formalization of the Internet of Things network model designed for monitoring technological premises with tele-communications equipment at the Federal Research Center "Krasnoyarsk Scientific Center SB RAS" is presented. The network includes measuring devices, a telecommunications environment, data collection servers, and application soft-ware. For information interaction, a “publisher-subscriber” scheme and a lightweight protocol with a low load on com-munication channels are used. An ontology has been created that describes the network architecture and the properties of devices that collect, transmit, store, and process data. The ontology contains classes representing the concepts of the subject area, relationships, data properties, ranges of their changes, and critical values that limit the attributes of ontol-ogy elements. Ontology objects have their own digital representation in databases, including measurement results ob-tained by Internet of Things network sensors, precedents of anomalous data, and their statistical and frequency char-acteristics. This formalization made it possible to identify implicit dependencies between objects, connect them with the characteristics of processes observed by Internet of Things network devices, and solve practical tasks. The problem of selecting characteristics that influence changes in information interaction patterns is considered. A survey of experts was carried out, and a Kano model was built to prioritize the characteristics that influence decision-making on the or-ganization of an information interaction scheme in the Internet of Things network.

Can the China–Europe Railway Express reduce carbon dioxide emissions? New mechanism of the manufacturing industry substitution effect

The China–Europe Railway Express (CRE) has attracted and fostered low-carbon, export-oriented manufacturing industry sectors; thus, it could reduce carbon dioxide emissions through the manufacturing industry substitution effect. To verify this new mechanism, this study focuses on a specific case, namely, Chongqing’s electronic and telecommunications equipment (ETE) manufacturing industry, as this sector is a low-carbon industry promoted by the CRE. This study proposes a novel detour estimation strategy for causal identification of the environmental externality of the CRE on carbon dioxide emissions. The results show that the CRE could contribute to an increase of 567.06 billion yuan in ETE exports from Chongqing to Europe and a consequent reduction of 17.10 million tons of carbon dioxide between 2011 and 2021. This study provides new insights into the environmental externality of the CRE and the mechanism of the manufacturing industry substitution effect, contributing to the understanding of the relationship between transportation and carbon dioxide emissions.

Three-dimensional simulation and artificial neural network optimization of a flat plate heat pipe for the cooling of telecommunication equipment

To address the significantly increased heat dissipation requirements of 5G base stations, a flat plate heat pipe (FPHP) of 500 × 200 × 3 mm3 comprising of 19 independent channels was developed. To solve the problem of simulation distortion due to the high superheat of the initial boiling of the working fluid in the ultra-long channel of 490 × 5 × 1.5 mm3, this paper adopts the Lee model considering the superheat, and simulates based on the Volume of fluid method, and the simulation results are compared with the experiments, and the average relative error is less than 5 %. The FPHP was explored at 100–500 W heat power and filling ratio of 30 %-70 %, depending on the application scenarios of the base station. By partitioning the 19 channels and calculating the thermal resistance of the FPHP based, an Artificial neural network (ANN) model with 10 hidden layer nodes is established based on 675 data sets. The results showed that the mean square error and correlation coefficient were 1.30 × 10-5 and 0.9990. The ANN prediction results are validated, the mean relative error is 5.4 %, demonstrating that the ANN model can be an effective tool to optimize the FPHP for the telecommunication equipment.

СУЧАСНИЙ СТАН, ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ СПІВРОБІТНИЦТВА УКРАЇНИ З КРАЇНАМИ-УЧАСНИЦЯМИ АСЕАН

The purpose of the article is to analyze the main areas of foreign economic cooperation of Ukraine with ASEAN member countries and to determine the future prospects of their interaction. The article examines the trade and economic relations of Ukraine with ASEAN member countries during 2014-2022. An analysis of the volume of trade in goods between the parties is presented, which indicates a gradual increase in trade turnover from 2015 to 2021 and its further reduction in 2022 due to the start of a full-scale war The main categories of export and import of goods between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries in 2022 have been determined, which include grain crops, vegetable fats and oils, telecommunications equipment, metal products, etc. The geographical structure of trade operations was analyzed and the most popular export and import destinations for Ukraine, such as Malaysia and Vietnam, were determined. It is proven that, despite the gradual increase in trade volumes, the level of investment activity between the parties remains low, which is determined by a number of negative factors, including the war with Russia, corruption and the uncertainty of the legal environment in Ukraine. Positive factors that increase the investment attractiveness of Ukraine for the countries of Southeast Asia are considered, in particular, the geopolitical position and the presence of a highly qualified workforce. Based on the data of the National Bank of Ukraine, it was determined that the largest number of investments in Ukraine comes from Singapore, in particular, in enterprises in the fields of industry, trade and agriculture. The existence of significant potential for the development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries has been proven. Ways of intensifying bilateral cooperation were proposed, such as the implementation of joint projects in the field of information technology and infrastructure, increasing the volume of Ukrainian exports and the creation of special economic zones. The need to sign trade agreements and expand business ties for the further development of cooperation between Ukraine and ASEAN member countries is highlighted.

Unlocking Trade Potential: A Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model Analysis of India-Africa Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Goods Trade

This study examines the relatively unexplored domain of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) trade between India and the African Union (AU), applying the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model (SFGM) to measure the untapped potential and discern factors that impede trade. It points out India’s burgeoning role in global ICT trade, with the AU being an increasingly valuable market due to its digital growth and young population. The research identifies India’s significant comparative advantage in exporting telecommunication equipment, with a Revealed Comparative Advantage of 3.54, strategically enhancing its position in the global marketplace. The research notes the high trade complementarity index of 0.984 in 2021, indicating a strong synergy between India’s export capabilities and the AU’s demand, suggesting a beneficial trade relationship. It acknowledges the shift in Africa’s ICT import partners, highlighting China’s rising influence and the need for India to solidify its market share in Africa strategically. The SFGM’s application to evaluate trade efficiency, considering factors such as GDP, exchange rate, distance, tariff rate, and language, provides insightful conclusions. Positive impacts of GDP, exchange rate, and shared language on bilateral ICT trade are found to be significant. The findings emphasise the importance of strengthening trade ties for economic development and digital transformation in Africa.

Power-aware high-capacity elastic optical networks

The power consumption of telecommunication equipment has been identified as a relevant contributor to global energy consumption. In fact, new-generation optical transponders employ power-intensive electronic application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for digital signal processing (DSP). DSP design has traditionally prioritized meeting transmission requirements over power consumption optimization. In general, the evolutions of transmission techniques and network design have always been mainly driven by traffic increase; in this context, in order to operate network resources more efficiently, margin reduction has been investigated in the past few years. Indeed, traditionally, high physical layer margins are used to ensure reliability over an extended period, resulting in overprovisioning the optical connections for both physical layer conditions and capacity. On the other hand, super-channels have emerged as a suitable solution for accommodating the continuous traffic growth. However, power consumption has not been deeply considered in the optimization of super-channel transmission. This paper first investigates the power efficiency of super-channels operated with designed and reduced margins. Low-margin operation is enabled by adapting sub-carrier spacing and filter bandwidth. Power-aware super-channel optimization is then experimentally demonstrated leveraging a 600 Gbit/s transponder in the SDN-controlled elastic optical network (EON). The results have identified a trade-off between power consumption and spectrum efficiency. Furthermore, the ongoing bandwidth demand has motivated the investigation of multi-band (MB) transmission for scaling the capacity of the existing infrastructures. However, novel networking devices (e.g., optical amplifiers operating beyond the C- and L-bands) will affect the overall power consumption. In this context, experimental power analysis of a thulium doped fiber amplifier (TDFA) is performed based on the traffic load and corresponding configuration. The results show that TDFA power consumption varies with configuration and increases with output power.

Enhancement of temperature stability for magnesium niobite system by direct doping with titanium dioxide

Heterovalent ion doping has been playing a remarkably significant role in the microwave dielectric performances of columbite A2+Nb2O6 (A2+ = Zn, Ca, or transition metal). Here, the Q×f value of MgNb2O6 ceramics can be effectively enhanced from 32,893 GHz to 117,659 GHz by doping with 1 mol% (TiW)5+. Based on the high Q value of Mg(Nb0.98Ti0.01W0.01)2O6, TiO2 was selected to further adjust the τf value of the matrix material prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. The results show that the Mg(Nb0.98Ti0.01W0.01)2O6 ceramics undergo three phase zones with increasing TiO2 content: columbite (MgNb2O6) solid solution, a mixture of columbite and rutile (Ti0.5Mg0.167Nb0.333O2), and Ti0.5Mg0.167Nb0.333O2 solid solution. This variation in phase formation has an essential effect on the microwave dielectric behavior of Mg(Nb0.98Ti0.01W0.01)2O6@xTiO2 (0.03 ≤ x ≤ 0.25) ceramics. It is important to note that at x = 0.17, the specimen has excellent microwave dielectric performances, with εr = 34.79, Q×f = 24,103 GHz, and the τf of the specimen may be adjust to zero. It is anticipated that these materials will be utilised in contemporary microwave and telecommunication equipment.

The Use of Teledentistry for Patient Care among Dentists in Nigeria

Objectives: To determine the proportion of Nigerian dentists presently utilising Teledentistry, factors affecting its use, means of communication and devices used and their opinions on it acceptability, effectiveness and suitability in dental practice.
 Methods: A Survey Monkey online poll was used to collect data on participants’ demographics, their use of Teledentistry, perceived benefits and challenges of Teledentistry, as well as opinions on its acceptability, effectiveness, and suitability. The chi-square test was used to determine statistically significant differences between groups.
 Results: Out of 119 participants, 62.2% do not currently utilize Teledentistry. Less than half (42.6%) with internet access at work and 12.5% with internet access only at home utilize Teledentistry (P=0.016). Cell phones and personal computers are the only devices used but 60% of participants in public health care used cell phones (P= 0.425). The majority (94.9%) of the study participants agreed that Teledentistry can be used to connect patients with specialist care that may not be readily available but only 47.1% agreed to the use of Teledentistry for specialized care of patients. Eighty-four per cent agreed that the cost of telecommunications equipment for Teledentistry can be a cause for concern and 66.4% agreed that privacy is still a concern in Teledentistry.
 Conclusion: The use of Teledentistry among Nigerian dentists is currently low and access to the Internet during work hours may increase Teledentistry utilisation. Cell phones and personal computers are commonly used in both public and private dental centers. Although many Nigerian dentists consider Teledentistry effective, there are a few concerns about its acceptability and suitability for use in their dental practice
 

Practical high-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol over deployed multicore fiber

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication scheme for sharing symmetric cryptographic keys based on the laws of quantum physics, and is considered a key player in the realm of cyber-security. A critical challenge for QKD systems comes from the fact that the ever-increasing rates at which digital data are transmitted require more and more performing sources of quantum keys, primarily in terms of secret key generation rate. High-dimensional QKD based on path encoding has been proposed as a candidate approach to address this challenge. However, while proof-of-principle demonstrations based on lab experiments have been reported in the literature, demonstrations in realistic environments are still missing. Here we report the generation of secret keys in a 4-dimensional hybrid time-path-encoded QKD system over a 52-km deployed multicore fiber link forming by looping back two cores of a 26-km 4-core optical fiber. Our results indicate that robust high-dimensional QKD can be implemented in a realistic environment by combining standard telecom equipment with emerging multicore fiber technology.

Analisis Pengaruh Penggunaan AAU pada Swap RRU terhadap Kualitas Layanan Telekomunikasi di Wilayah Pusdikom Cibeureum Cimahi

Telecommunications technology continues to undergo advancements. The enabler of communication in the field of telecommunications is the telecommunications equipment installed on a BTS tower. These devices are constantly being updated to improve the service provided by the provider to meet the needs of customers. One of the network technologies currently used is 4G LTE. To enhance the network service, one of the measures taken is performing a swap or upgrade of the telecommunications equipment on a BTS tower. The upgrade of telecommunications equipment is also influenced by the population in the vicinity of the BTS tower. This allows for the replacement of telecommunications devices with ones that have broader coverage and better signal quality. This research, we discuss the issue of network capacity shortage in the Cibeureum area, South Cimahi. This is indicated by the addition of AAUs to the BTS tower in Pusdikom, Cibeureum. This research found data that South Cimahi is the most densely populated area in the city compared to other districts. Therefore, the addition of AAUs is highly effective for this issue. It is known that the AAUs are added to replace the RRUs on the tower. This is because the capacity and transmission channels of AAUs are greater than RRUs. The addition of AAU with 32T32R specifications to the tower improves signal quality with the following parameter values: RSRP(dbm): -68, -72, -76; RSRQ(db): -11, -10, -10; and SNR(db): 1, 1, 4. These values are categorized as good, indicating that the addition of AAU to the tower can effectively increase network capacity and transmission channels, thereby improving network quality in the area.