Tehran Market Research Articles

Determination of trace elements content of fruits from Tehran's market using ICP- OES method: a risk assessment study.

For the first time in Iran, in this study, the amount of 19 trace elements in some types of commonly consumed Iranian fruits (in their peel and pulp) was evaluated by ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry) method. Based on the outcomes, the highest and lowest average detected elements in all fruits samples were related to (Al) aluminum (1842.18) and (V) vanadium (0.28) ppm, respectively. Mercury (Hg) and antimony (Sb) were not detected (ND) in any samples. Also, the maximum mean of elements in quince, lemon, grapefruit, kiwi, orange south, orange north and tangerine samples was related to(Fe) iron (2048.32 ppm), (Zn)zinc(753.45 ppm), Fe (1056.33 ppm), Al (9794.41 ppm), Zn (717.78 ppm), Fe (1334.87 ppm) and Fe (974.93 ppm), respectively. Furthermore, our outcomes revealed, the highest mean of elements in kiwi peel, kiwi pulp, orange North peel, orange North pulp, orange South peel, orange South pulp, quince peel, quince pulp, grapefruit peel, grapefruit pulp, lemon peel, lemon pulp, tangerine peel and tangerine pulp was related to Al (17967.79 ppm), Al (1621.03 ppm), Fe (1350.01 ppm), Al (1457.66 ppm), Zn (934.71 ppm), Fe (728.06 ppm), Fe (2768.11 ppm), Fe (1328.54 ppm), Zn (1008.54 ppm), Fe (1198.00 ppm), Zn (683.35 ppm), Zn (823.55 ppm), Fe (1182.59 ppm), and Fe (767.27 ppm), respectively. Based on the Monte Carlo simulation results, the THQ (target hazard quotient) and ILCR (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk) related to exposure to heavy metals via fruits for adults and children showed that there is no significant non-carcinogenic risk (THQ < 1) and carcinogenic risk (ILCR < 1E-4) for adults and children.

Analyzing antibiotic residues in honey samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT This study aimed to present a sensitive, accurate, and precise analytical method for the determination of 32 antibiotics from 5 groups (sulfonamides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and quinolones) and some individual antibiotics (lincomycin, griseofulvin, and 5-hydroxy-flunixin) in 63 honey samples collected from Tehran market. In the presented method, the samples were hydrolyzed by 1% HFBA (hepta fluoro butyric acid) in water, purified on Strata XL polymeric reversed-phase cartridges, and finally analyzed by reversed-phase ion-pair liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (RP-IP-LC-ESI-MS/MS). Good performance characteristics were gained for recovery, precision, range, and linearity, the limit of detections (LODs), and the limit of quantifications (LOQs). According to the presented results and considering the absence of permissible limits for antibiotics in honey, 74.6% of the tested samples had antibiotic residues more than the LOQ of the method. The results show that the validated method is suitable for simultaneously detecting antibiotic residues in honey.

Health Risk Assessment of Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic in Leafy Vegetables in Tehran, Iran: the Concentration Data Study.

Absorption of heavy and toxic metals causes their accumulation in the edible parts of vegetables. Pollutants such as heavy metals have directly affected the health of society and contributed to emerging diseases in recent years. The current study aimed to detect heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) in highly consumed leafy vegetables provided from the Tehran market. Four types of vegetables, including dill, parsley, cress, and coriander were selected and 64 samples were randomly collected from fruit and vegetable markets in different regions of Tehran in August and September 2022. Then, samples were analyzed by the ICP-OES system, and health risk assessment was conducted using non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic approach. The range of Pb concentration was 54-314, < LOQ-289, < LOQ-230, and < LOQ-183μg/kg for dill, cress, parsley, and coriander, respectively. The high mean concentrations of Pb belong to the dill (161.43 ± 77.3μg/kg) and cress (154.75 ± 72.9μg/kg). In some samples of dill (37.5% of samples), cress (18.75% of samples), and parsley (12.5% of samples), the Pb content was above the national allowable limit (200μg/kg). The range of Cd concentration was < LOQ-42, < LOQ-41, < LOQ-30, and < LOQ-38μg/kg for dill, cress, parsley, and coriander, respectively. In none of the samples, the concentration of Cd was higher than the Iranian national limit (50μg/kg). The As occurrence was observed in all cress samples with a mean of 165.19 ± 64.83μg/kg. The range of As concentration was < LOQ-71, < LOQ-256, 58-273, and < LOQ-75μg/kg for parsley, dill, cress, and coriander, respectively. The THQ and HI values were higher than 1, and either ILCR value was higher than 10-4 for all tested heavy metals, it can be concluded that higher levels of heavy metals than the standard limits in some samples may raise the warning alarm and should come to the attention of the authorities.

Sugar, fat, saturated and trans fatty acid contents in Iranian cereal-based baked products

The intake levels of sugar and fats, including unsaturated fatty acids (USFs), trans-fatty acids (TFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs), should be monitored to prevent the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. Cereal-based bakery products are one of the significant sources of dietary fat and sugar intake throughout the world. This study evaluates the trend of fat and sugar in Iranian bakery products, focusing on saturated and TFAs and their implication for public health. In this regard, 132 industrial and traditional cereal-based-backed products were randomly collected from the Tehran market. The total fat, SFAs, TFAs, unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), and sugar of each bakery product were determined. The fatty acid compositions of these products were evaluated according to the direct methylation method. Our results indicated that total fat in Iranian bakery products ranged from 8.99±2.95% (sponge cake) to 24.92±7.86% (puffed product). Total sugar varied from 11.12±1.89% (pirashki) to 30.38±13.11% (funnel pastry). Among fifteen different types of bakery products, the highest TFAs and UFAs levels were detected in simple biscuits (0.52±0.50%) and (17.20±8.71%), respectively. The present study indicated that bakery products' sugar and fat content as risk factors of non-communicable diseases was not higher than those of other countries.

Measuring the levels of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd via the polarography method in fermentative pickled cucumbers purchased from Tehran market, Iran

Pickled cucumber is frequently consumed by Iranians. According to the production process, there are two forms of pickled cucumber including industrial and fermentative. There is not an appropriate monitoring system available for the production of the latter form; therefore, high levels of heavy metals might be present in this type of pickled cucumber. Accordingly, so the levels of cadmium, zinc, lead and copper were measured in fermentative pickled cucumbers obtained from the Tehran market via the polarographic method. Polarography is a subclass of voltammetry where the working electrode is a dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode (SMDE), which are useful for their wide cathodic ranges and renewable surfaces. Fifty different samples of pickled cucumbers were purchased from the market. Of each sample, dry ashes were produced. Measurement was repeated three times and the acquired data was then analyzed. The mean levels of zinc and copper in the evaluated samples were significantly lower than the standard limits respectively presented by the EOS and Codex (P value&lt;0.001) while the mean level of cadmium and lead was slightly higher than the standard limit established by Codex with no significant differences observed (P values=0.450 and 0.246, respectively).

Bioaccumulation of the Heavy Metals Contents in Green Leafy Vegetables

One of the major involvements of healthy soils in the environment is heavy metals which can be accumulated in vegetables and crops grown on due to the probability of food contamination through the soil-root interface. It should be considered that the preparation and processing of these materials could be provide the entrance of chemical hazardous materials and contaminants, such as heavy metals which nowadays are one of the most important contaminations in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, due to the lack of studies in packaged samples in Tehran Market, the main goals of current were to evaluate the levels of lead, cadmium, and nickel in 360 ready-toeat vegetable, which were randomly collected from recognized sales centers in Tehran market level. In packaged vegetable samples, two groups of leafy and Tuber vegetables were investigated, which included scallion, mint, basil, cress, leek, parsley and radish. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) method was used to analyze the concentration of these elements according to international protocols. Analy¬sis of Variance (ANOVA) test were used for analysis of the variances. Differences were considered significant at values of P&lt; 0.05. The results of the present study showed that Lead content in mint and leek significantly higher than other leafy vegetables (p

Quantification of the zearalenone in maize oil with no clean-up

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a type of estrogenic mycotoxin produced by the fungi of Fusarium genera, which contaminates foods and feeds. It has many adverse effects on mammals such as disorders of the hormonal balance of the body. ZEN can enter the food chain through contaminated food such as cereal crops. It has been found in maize germ oil too. In this research, an economic and simple analytical method of ZEN detection in maize oil with no clean-up was developed. ZEN in maize oil samples was extracted with n-hexan and mixtures of methanol/ammonium carbonate and determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The recovery rates were between 75% and 120%, while relative standard deviations (RSDs) were lower than 5%. Also refined maize oil samples from different brands were collected from Tehran market for ZEN determination by this method. Among 20 samples analyzed ZEN was detected in 11 samples (55% of the total) and ZEN was not found in 9 samples, but all the results were lower than maximum limit of ZEN set in Iranian national standard as well as lower than maximum level of EU for ZEN (400 ng/g).

Торговая деятельность Н. Н. Коншина в Персии во второй половине 1880-х гг.

The article assesses trading activities of the Russian entrepreneur Nikolay Konshin in the late 19th century Persia, which was an important economic partner of the Russian Empire, as the contemporary Islamic Republic of Iran remains for the Russian Federation. Geopolitical turn of Russia from the West to the East makes studying Russia’s trading relations with Eastern states, and Iran in particular, more significant. The novelty of this work is in its addressing not a story of success, but the negative experience of Nikolay Konshin’s foreign trade company founded in 1884 in the capital of Persia, Tehran. The author identifies reasons that led to company’s closure in 1890 and forced Nikolay Konshin to ultimately quit the Persian market. In 1889 he organized an exhibition of Russian industrial products as a measure designed to support the company's trading activities. It was supposed to familiarize the Persian population with the range of Russian light industry products, previously unknown at the Persian market, and to secure orders from local merchants for Nikolay Konshin's firm. However, the expectations failed to materialize and the company did not receive the necessary impetus for its development. The author identifies causes of the exhibition’s failure, assesses Nikolay Konshin’s efforts in exploring opportunities of the Tehran market development, and clarifies their significance for the development of the Russian trade in Persia. The study is based on the documents stored in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire; namely, Nikolay Konshin’s petition to the Minister of Finance Ivan Vyshnegradsky and a number of consular reports addressed to the head of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ivan Zinoviev. They offer explanations for failure of both Nikolay Konshin’s company and his exhibition. The analysis of entrepreneurial activities of a particular Russian company has made it possible to identify general features and characteristic peculiarities of the Persian market. The factors that hindered the advance of Russian trade in Tehran under tough European competition are also identified. Despite the failure of Nikolay Konshin's trade business, Russian entrepreneurs highly appreciated his activities in establishment of the Russian economic presence in Persia. The author concurs with such appraisal; Nikolay Konshin was instrumental in laying the groundwork for future penetration of the Russian trade capital onto the Tehran market, which had hitherto remained terra incognita for the Russian business community.

Coffee Waste as Novel Bio-Adsorbent: Detoxification of Nickel from Contaminated Soil and Coriandrum Sativum

According to the recent surveys, the air and soil pollution levels have risen from the toxic metals due to accumulation of these metals in soil and plants. These concerns have become one of the basic problems of agricultural products, which lead to food contamination. In recent years, the use of low-cost bio-adsorption has been considered which is mainly due to agricultural waste. It is worth mentioning that coffee consumption is over eleven billion tons per year around the world. Coffee bean waste (canephorat, Arabica) is solid and insoluble in water, which is why it is racked up and compiled in nature. Packed potting soil purchased from Tehran market. Meanwhile in 45 vases the Coffee waste (from 0% to 5%) dry weight percentage were mixed by soil, due to observing the effect of Coffee waste as adsorbent and in defined times: 1, 10, 20, 30, 40 days in the study. ICP-MS. Ion concentration was addressed in three replicates determined the Nickel (Ni) contents in aerial parts of vegetable in treated and untreated samples. The soil, leaves of vegetable was digested by wet method according the standard protocol (AOAC). Mean values were calculated using Analysis of Variance, (ANOVA) and adsorption capacity varied by considering the effects of assorted parameters like contact time, initial concentrations, and adsorbent dose. It was acknowledged by the results that coffee bean waste (CBW) has more potential to adsorb Ni during the first days of the study (p &lt; 0.001) and adsorption capacity was diversified by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentrations, pH, and absorbent dose. Coffee bean waste could acquire high level of Nickel in a short time and the uptake rate by edible vegetable plant is significantly afflicted by their concentrations in the contaminated soil (p&lt; 0.05). A contact time of 30 days by %3 corianders was resulted to be optimum.

Determination of histamine in canned tuna fish available in Tehran market by ELISA method

Histamine is one of the well-known biogenic amines and responsible for causing allergic reactions. The presence of biogenic amines in the foodstuff is harmful, if it enters in a large amount to blood. In sea-food products, due to lack of proper storage at appropriate temperatures (freezing), histamine may be formed and will remain in the product, since it is already dry and heat resistance. Hazard of histamine consumption and average amount of canned fish consumed worldwide makes histamine measurement in canned fish very important. In this study 56 samples from 22 different brands were assessed and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used by spectrophotometry for histamine detection. Our study showed that histamine levels in canned fish available in Tehran market, though it is high (5.75±5.98 mg/100 g tuna), but is not in a hazardous state (p&lt;0.01). Our research showed that lowest and highest histamine concentration were 2.14 ±0.17 and 21.69±0.11 mg/100 g of fish respectively. It also indicates that medium does not affect the histamine content. There were no significant differences in the samples of fish and tuna fish for histamine. The amount of histamine in the tuna was below the standard limit (&lt;50 mg histamine/100 g). Further studies should be carried out to investigate the presence of histamine in various fish and other sea-food.

Investigation of aflatoxins level in some packaged and bulk legumes collected from Tehran market of Iran

ABSTRACT Aflatoxins are types of mycotoxins that can cause acute and chronic toxicity in human. In general, there are four types of aflatoxinsB1, B2, G1 and G2, which among them aflatoxin B1 is the most potent carcinogen in animal species and causes liver cancer. The goal of this study was to evaluate of aflatoxin concentration in legumes samples marketed in Tehranbya high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fifty samples of legumes including peas, red beans, lentils, mung bean and cotyledons (n = 10 of pea, n = 10 of red bean, n = 10 of lentils, n = 10 of mung bean and n = 10 of cotyledons) were obtained from different regions (bulk legumes) of Tehran city in Iran and different packaging brands that had the highest supply in Tehran stores and were transported to the laboratory under appropriate conditions to measure aflatoxin (B1, B2, G1, G2 and total). Considering the limit of detection (LOD) of the current study, the aflatoxin level of all samples of peas, red beans, lentils, mung bean and cotyledons samples was lower than LOD. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the consumption of legumes in Tehran city by consumers can be safe, but more research is needed to avoid potential risks, and also routine and periodic monitoring of aflatoxin levels in legumes is recommended.

Acrylamide content of collected food products from Tehran's market: a risk assessment study.

Acrylamide concentration in food products collected from the Tehran market was investigated by the aid of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) system coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Also, the dietary exposure distribution and related potential risk for acrylamide ingestion were estimated by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The highest and lowest mean concentration of acrylamide was detected in coffee and roasted nuts samples as 549 and 133μg/kg, respectively. The mean acrylamide dietary exposure values for children (3-10years), adolescents (11-17years), adults (18-60years), and seniors (61-96years) were estimated to be 1.81, 1.02, 0.61, and 0.53μg/kg body weight (BW)/day, respectively. In all age groups, except children, the estimated exposure in men and boys was higher than that in women and girls. Bread, despite containing low acrylamide content groups (157μg/kg while compared with other, except roasted nuts), showed with the highest contribution rate in all age groups due to its high consumption rate. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for all age groups was noted as greater than 10-4 indicating serious risk to the population. Moreover, the margin of exposure (MOE) values based on carcinogenicity showed health concern to all age groups (< 10,000). Regarding the non-carcinogenic risk, the target hazard quotient (THQ) was lower than 1, and MOE based on neurotoxicity was higher than 125 (safety thresholds), which represented negligible and ignorable risk in all age groups except in a small group of children and adolescents. Graphical abstract.

Determination of heavy metal content of processed fruit products from Tehran's market using ICP- OES: A risk assessment study

In this study, the levels of Cd, Hg, Sn, Al, Pb and As of 72 samples (36 samples for fruits juices and 36 samples for fruits canned) of three different brands including of Peach, Orange, Cherry, and Pineapple (18 samples of each fruits) marketed in Tehran, Iran (2015) were evaluated using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) technique. Also, Probabilistic risk assessment (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks) was estimated by models include target hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk (CR) in the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) model. However, all samples were contaminated with the heavy metals investigated, most of them not surpassed established standards. The range of concentration for Al, Sn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb as average in fruit juices were reported as 340.62 (65.17–1039.2), 72.33 (49.76–119.4), 3.76 (1.137–18.36), 2.12 (0.89–3.44), 0.351 and 40.86 (27.87–66.1) μg/kg, respectively. The level of heavy metals measured in different kinds of fruit juices was ranked as Al > Sn > Pb > As > Cd > Hg, and for fruits canned this rank was Pb > Al > Sn > As > Cd > Hg. The range of concentration for Al, Sn, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in fruits canned were reported as 361.23 (43.15–1121.2), 101.42 (71.45–141.61), 3.92 (1.279–19.50), 2.78 (1.09–5.56), 0.35 and 690.54 (470.56–910.14) μg/kg, respectively. The lead (Pb) concentration in 97.22% (35 out of 36 samples) of fruit juices samples surpassed Codex limit (0.05 mg/kg) and in all samples of FC was lower than the legal limit of Codex limit (1 mg/kg). All of the samples had Tin (Sn) lower than the legal limit of Codex (fruit juices 100 mg/kg and FC 250 mg/kg). The MCS indicated that the rank order of heavy metals in both adults and children based on THQ was Al > Sn > As > Pb > Cd > Hg. The THQ of Al and Sn in the FJ and FC, for both adults, and children, was considerably higher than 1 value. Also, CR of As in both adults and children were higher than 1E-6 value. Although the mean concentration of heavy metal in the FJ and FC was lower than the standard limit, the MCS indicated that adults and children are at considerable non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

Simultaneous Determination of Residue from 58 Pesticides in the Wheat Flour Consumed in Tehran, Iran by GC/MS.

Food safety has a direct impact on human health and as such is a growing concern worldwide. Presence of harmful pesticide residue in food is a serious cause for concern among consumers so it is important to monitor levels of pesticides in foods. The aim of this study was simultaneous determination of concentrations of 58 pesticides in 40 wheat flour samples collected from Tehran market in January, 2014. The city under study (Tehran) was divided into five districts and samples were collected independently from each district and sourced from different bakeries (n=40). A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry single quadrupole selected ion monitoring «GC/MS-SQ-SIM» method was used to quantify residue of 58 pesticides in the wheat flour samples. Four of the 40 samples showed contamination with Malathion (2 samples: 50.96 ± 11.38 and 62.088 ± 11.38 ppb) and 2, 4-DDE (2 samples: 19.88±15.24 and 13.7 ± 15.24 ppb). that had levels below MRLs of these pesticides in Iran. Averages of recovery of pesticides at 6 concentration levels were in the range of 81.61-118.41%. The method was proven as repeatable with RSDr in the range of 6.5-29.45% for all concentration levels. The limit of quantification for 37 of the tested pesticides was calculated as 15 ppb and for the other 21 tested pesticides, the concentration was 25 ppb. In summary, results of these tests suggested that the wheat flour consumed in Tehran, was within safety limits in terms of levels of pesticide residues.

Study of Nitrite in Hamburgers Supplied in Tehran, Iran

One of the food additives that adds color, taste, and protection against micro-organisms is nitrite; however, when nitrite content exceeds a specific level, it acts as a toxic element and may cause cancer. Using chemical preservatives in natural and organic foods is not legal, so that traditional curing agents are used for cured meat. Therefore, using nitrite on hamburgers is not legal. Purpose of the present study is to measure nitrite content of hamburger products in Tehran's market in 2015. To this end, 120 samples were collected randomly and analyzed following Official AOAC Method 973. The results showed that residual nitrite in the sample was at the range 28-100 mg/kg (p<0.001). Nitrite was detected in 83.3% of the samples; which indicated an undesirable condition and failure to observe sodium nitrite standards at hamburger factories.

Tyramine in Malt Beverages Interfering with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drugs

The objective of this review is the determination of tyramine in 13 nonalcoholic beers (Maoshaieer) of Tehran market and survey of it’s probably interaction with monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs (MAOIs) has been investigated. Tyramine was at the highest levels in Baltika (111.34 ± 8.19 μg/ml) and at the lowest level in Bitmalt (8.01 ± 2.09 μg/ml). Comparing different flavors of malt drinks, the highest tyramine content was shown for classic or normal flavor (average 72.99 ± 30.87 μg/ml), while the lowest value belonged to cantaloupe flavored drinks (average 10.55 ± 1.29 μg/ml). In our study, it is seen that there is a significant difference between import and Iranian non-alcoholic beers, the import ones has more tyramine than Iranians. A number of 10 kinds of 13 samples interact whit MAOIs in one serving (250 ml) usage 18.50 mg. The highest tyramine content of Iranian ones is 17.74 mg/250ml and for import ones is 27.83 mg/250ml.

First confirmed record of the Corsac Fox, Vulpes corsac, from Iran and considerations on its status (Mammalia: Canidae)

The occurrence of the Corsac Fox, Vulpes corsac, is replete with ambiguity and uncertainty in the literature. We present the first confirmed record of the species from Iran. In the course of a survey, we found two Corsac Fox furs in Tehran Market in 2013 and separately recorded one adult and a group of three young in semi-arid steppes in central Turkmen Sahra, Golestan Province, in June 2014. Great Gerbil (Rhomobomys opimus), Libyan Jird (Meriones libycus), and Long-eared Hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) are among prey items. The Corsac Fox has a limited range in Iran and is threatened by habitat fragmentation and road kill.

Review of Accounting and Economic Standards in Predicting Stock Returns in Tehran Stock Exchange

Share return is one of those complicated abstraction which is interested by investors and decision makers the share return prediction is a vital issue which has involved the financial analyzers mind to itself. Various theories include capital assets pricing model (CAPM), factorial models (FM), Arbitrage model, Technical model (TM), and fundamental analyses (FA) for purpose of share return prediction and recognition have been discussed. The share return fundamental analyze is a function of massive economical condition, Industry position, and particular conditions of the firm. The particular conditions of the firm are consist of financial position and performance which presented in the essential financial statement from. The accounting science acclaims it prepares useful information for decision makers, so one of the information usefulness criteria of accounting and economical information usefulness through return share choice for prediction. Communication creation between economical and accounting criteria is the other goal, thus in the case of this result obtaining it can use of economical and accounting analyses for economical return and value extraction. The research location zone includes of accepted firms in Tehran exchange market, the temporality zone is the gap between 1386 and 1390, too. The research is consist of two independent varieties (economical criteria and accounting criteria), dependent variety (share return). This research is consisting of a direct hypothesis and 6 indirect ones. in the consideration of presented statistical analyses and total summery of research hypothesis assessment, stood over research independent varieties meaningful relation with share return prediction in existing firm performance measurement in Tehran capital exchange market during 2007 and 2011 is existed, between this research proportion is return of assets, earning per share, economical add value ratio, retained earning ratio with positive quantity market add value with negative quantity which statistically shows a meaningful relation with active firms share return in Tehran market. The economical add value ratio has the biggest relation with the share return prediction. So the first hypothesis in this research is (return of assets ratio), secondly (earning per share), thirdly (economical add value), fourthly (market add value) and sixthly (retained earnings) being emphasized.

Method Development for Simultaneous Determination of 41 Pesticides in Rice Using LC-MS/MS Technique and Its Application for the Analysis of 60 Rice Samples Collected from Tehran Market.

A multi-residue method for simultaneous determination of 41 LC-amenable pesticides in rice, belonging to different chemical classes has been developed in Iran by LC-MS/MS. For the first time the pesticides were analyzed simultaneously in a single run using positive electrospray ionization with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) after extraction with slightly modified QuEChERS method. The calibration curve for each analyte was linear over the concentration range of 0.02-1.0 μg/g with a correlation coefficient range between 0.993 and 0.999. The LOQ and LOD were .025 μg/g and 0.008 μg/g respectively, for all 41 pesticides and the mean recoveries obtained for three fortification levels (0.025, 0.08 and 0.250 μg/g) were 71-119% with satisfactory precision (RSD<20%). The developed method was used to investigate the occurrence of pesticides in 30 domestic and 30 imported rice samples collected from Tehran market. Five compounds were detected in 11 domestic and 9 imported positive samples in concentration range from 0.032 μg/g to 0.081 μg/g and 0.028 μg/g to 0.074 μg/g, respectively. With the exception of prohibited pesticides, phosphamidon and TCMTB, three permitted pesticides, cinosulfuron, triadimenol and tricyclazole, found in positive rice samples were below MRLs established by Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI).

Monitoring of Some Pesticides Residue in Oranges Collected From Tehran´S Market by GC/MS and Evaluation of Safety by Estimation of Daily Intake

Monitoring of Some Pesticides Residue in Oranges Collected From Tehran´s Market by GC/MS and Evaluation of Safety by Estimation of Daily Intake In this study, we investigated the presence of 65 pesticides from different chemical groups in 51 different types of orange samples collected from Tehran market in Iran. To determine multiple pesticide residues in orange we used QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and safe) sample preparation method followed by concurrent analysis with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).