Sections Of Teeth Research Articles

Prrx2, the paired-related homeobox transcription factor, functions as a potential regulator of pannexin 3 expression in odontoblast differentiation.

This study aimed to elucidate the roles of Prrx1 and Prrx2, homeobox transcription factors, in tooth development and determine whether Prrx2 regulates pannexin 3 (Panx3) expression, which is important in preodontoblasts. Tooth sections were prepared from 13.5-, 15.5-, and 18.5-day-old embryonic ICR mice, and Prrx1- and Prrx2-expressing cells were identified by in situ hybridization. To clarify the direct relationship between Prrx2 and Panx3, dual-luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed. The effect of endogenous Prrx2 suppression on Panx3 expression was analyzed using an siRNA assay. In situ hybridization revealed that in the molars, Prrx1 and Prrx2 were similarly expressed in the bud and cap stages; however, only Prrx2 was expressed in preodontoblasts at the bell stage. In the incisors, Prrx2-expressing cells were observed from dental papilla cells to preodontoblasts. In serial sections, Prrx2-expressing cells in preodontoblasts corresponded to Panx3-expressing cells. Luciferase reporter assay using luciferase reporter plasmids containing Panx3 promoter revealed that Prrx2 overexpression in HEK293 cells significantly increased luciferase activity. EMSA of nuclear extract proteins from Prrx2-overexpressing HEK293 cells or mouse dental papilla-derived cells to the Panx3 promoter showed the protein-probe complex bands. SiRNA assay revealed that Prrx2 knockdown inhibited Panx3 expression. Our results suggest that Prrx2 may regulate Panx3 expression during odontoblastic differentiation.

Advent of novel vehicle in regenerative endodontics and its effect on dentinal penetration of intracanal medicaments

Context: Regenerative endodontic procedures allow continued root development, but open apices limit mechanical debridement which implores the need for an effective and potent intracanal medicament to disinfect the canal space. Aim: This study aimed to assess the effect of nanobubble (NB) water on dentinal penetration of intracanal medicaments in simulated immature teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 freshly extracted mandibular premolars were prepared to simulate blunderbuss canals. Canals were irrigated with 5.25% NaOCl and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid by a final rinse of saline. Teeth were divided into 3 groups with different medicaments which were further subdivided into two subgroups with saline and NB water as vehicle, respectively. The longitudinal sections of teeth were evaluated using stereomicroscopy. Statistical Analysis Used: Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used. Results: The results indicated that samples with NB water as vehicle showed better penetration than their counterparts that were carried with saline. The highest penetration was seen in the middle third of the root. Conclusions: It could be concluded that NB water enhanced the dentinal penetration of all antimicrobial agents and calcium hypochlorite with NB water showed maximum penetration depth.

Exploring optimal methods for age-at-death estimation using pulp/tooth area ratios: a South African study.

Age-at-death estimation is pivotal in the identification of unknown human decedents in forensic medicine. The pulp/tooth area ratio (PAR) method, assessing pulp cavity size as a marker of secondary dentine apposition, is widely utilised for adult age estimation. Despite extensive evaluation of this technique, the influence of image type and enamel area inclusion on method accuracy is insufficiently explored. The present study evaluated the PAR method's applicability using maxillary canines from a South African cadaveric sample, examining reliability, sex bias, and accuracy across different image types and enamel area considerations. An observational, cross-sectional study design was followed. Fifty-two adult maxillary canines were radiographed, sectioned, and analysed using stereomicroscopy. Labiolingual and mesiodistal periapical radiographs, alongside labiolingual stereomicroscopic tooth section images, were analysed using ImageJ to calculate PARs. Age estimation linear regression models were developed for each image type, with and without enamel area inclusion. Models were compared for performance and accuracy using best-subsets regression and cross-validation analyses. Results indicated that the PAR method is a reliable, sex-independent technique, providing relatively accurate age-at-death estimates for South African adults. Image type significantly influenced accuracy, with tooth section images exhibiting the best/lowest error values, followed by labiolingual and mesiodistal radiographs, respectively. Exclusion of enamel area consistently enhanced model performance across all image types. This study contributes valuable data to the underexplored field of dental age estimation techniques for South African adults, highlighting optimal approaches when applying the PAR method to maxillary canines. Additionally, it introduces a refined stereomicroscopic technique, augmenting and enhancing existing practices.

Effects of Acid Etching on the Microstructure and Stiffness of Human Teeth

Abstract The mechanical properties of acid-etched enamel and dentin are important for understanding tooth erosion and developing innovative dental restorative materials. In this study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of both enamel and dentin were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify the impact of acid etching. SEM images demonstrated that enamel rods have a diameter of approximately 5 μm, while dentinal tubules have a diameter of around 2 μm. After acid etching, the intertubular and peritubular regions were exposed, with the peritubular regions showing a thickness of approximately 1 μm. AFM measurements showed that the stiffness of enamel at the bottom, middle, and top layers is 26.28±4.24 GPa, 32.03±8.68 GPa, and 23.94±3.53 GPa, respectively. For dentin, the stiffness is 16.28±2.76 GPa at the bottom layer and 17.59±5.33 GPa at the middle layer. AFM morphology and stiffness maps illustrated the microstructures of enamel rod and sheaths, as well as dentin tubules in both unetched and acid-etched tooth sections. The stiffness of the acid-etched enamel rod and peritubular dentin decreased by 7-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively, compared to the unetched enamel rod and peritubular dentin.

Assessment of the Radiopacity of Different Fissure Sealants Compared to Dental Hard Tissues

Aim: The radiopacity of dental materials is crucial for assessing the radiographic success of restorations and can significantly influence clinicians' choice of materials. The objective of our study is to compare the radiopacity of five fissure sealants with that of compomer, composite, glass ionomer filling, and dental hard tissues using digital imaging techniques. Material and Method: Five different fissure sealants (Fuji Triage, BeautiSealant, Grandio Seal, Helioseal F Plus, Embrace Wetbond), compomer (Compoglass F), composite (Solare X), and glass ionomer filling (Equa Forte) materials were prepared as 5 samples each in disk form with a thickness of 2 mm. As controls, sections of primary and permanent teeth with a thickness of 2 mm, along with an aluminum step wedge were utilized. The mean gray values of the samples were measured using Image J software, and the equivalent aluminum thickness was subsequently determined. Statistics analysis using Kruskal-Wallis test at p<0.05. Results: The equivalent aluminum thicknesses related to the radiopacity of fissure sealants are ranked as follows: Fuji Triage (5.2±0.2) > Grandio Seal (3.9±0.2) = permanent tooth enamel (3.7±0.2) = Embrace Wetbond (3.6±0.6) = primary tooth enamel (3.6±0.3) = BeautiSealent (2.1±0.3) > Helioseal F Plus (1.1±0) (p<0.05). The radiopacity equivalent aluminum thicknesses of restorative materials are ranked as follows: Compoglass F (7.3±0.4) > Solare X (4.7±0.3) = Equa Forte (4.4±0.4) = permanent tooth enamel (3.7±0.2) = primary tooth enamel (3.6±0.3) (p<0.05). Conclusion: Materials like Fuji Triage and Compoglass F exhibit high radiopacity values, which can significantly aid clinical monitoring and restoration success.

Is Surgical Removal of Asymptomatic Third Molars in the Horizontal III-C Position Advisable? A Pilot Study of Tomographic Evaluation.

This cross-sectional study aimed to measure the distance between the buccal and lingual cortical bones and its relation with the mandibular canal roof of third molars classified as III-C position according to Winter, Pell and Gregory classifications in cone-beam computed tomography. A total of 140 lower third molars were classified according to Winter, Pell and Gregory. The distance between the buccal external cortex and the lingual external cortex was measured at 25%, 50% and 75% of the distance to the roof of the mandibular canal in parasagittal sections of teeth classified in horizontal III-C position. The presence or absence of lesions associated with the elements in this position was observed. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and the intra-examiner agreement was calculated using the Bland-Altman and t-test methods (0.88 and 0.91, respectively). The significance level used was 5% (P ≤ 0.05). Seventy patients (29.4 [SD 8.8] years, 54% women and 46% men) were included. Fourteen (10%) third molars were classified in horizontal III-C position. The average measurements taken were 1.78, 1.1 and 1.53 mm for the distances between the buccal external cortex and lingual external cortex, at 25%, 50% and 75% of the distance to the roof of the mandibular canal, respectively. No pathological conditions associated with the included elements were observed. Analysis of cone-beam computed tomography parasagittal sections of third molars classified in horizontal III-C position, revealed proximity of impacted teeth to the mandibular canal roof, mainly in the midline between the buccal and lingual external cortices.

Establishing universal sectioning depth and angle for surgical coronectomy of impacted mandibular third molars: an imaging-based study.

Coronectomy is a safer option than extraction for third molars with an increased risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve. However, it can still cause complications due to a lack of standardized and effective tooth sectioning techniques. We proposed a standardized protocol for third molar coronectomy involving standardized tooth sectioning parameters to minimize potential complications, surgical failure, and the need for further procedures. The study was conducted on 69 eligible archived CBCTs. The coronal sections of the mandibular at the anterior-most level of the lower third molar were used to determine various axes and reference points. This was done to establish the target angle and depth for the coronectomy sectioning. The data on the depth and angle of the sectioning was presented in means and standard deviation. A multivariate analysis of variance was used to determine the impact of study variables on drill depth and angle. Linear regression and correlation between study variables were also used to predict the drill depth and angle. The samples included 46 males and 23 females aged from 21 to 47 years. The mean drill angle was determined as 25.01 ± 3.28. The mean drill depth was 9.60 ± 9.90 mm. The bucco-lingual tilt had a significant effect on the drill depth, F(1, 62) = 5.15, p < 0.05, but no significant impact on the drill angle, F(1, 62) = 29.62, p > 0.05. The study results suggest that a standardized sectioning protocol can be effective during surgical coronectomy procedures. Drilling at a 25-degree angle to a depth of 9.5 mm is advisable to obtain the desired results. This approach will ensure no remaining enamel is left, minimize the chances of root extrusion and future eruption, and improve the outcome.

Clinical and experimental evaluation of the efficacy of a new remineralizing gel in the comprehensive treatment of caries and non-carious lesions in elderly patients

Relevance. Remineralization therapy and fluoridation are well-established methods for preventing hard tissue diseases of the teeth across various age groups. Given the unique composition and structure of teeth in the elderly, there is a need for specialized remineralization and fluoridation agents tailored to this demographic.Materials and methods. A new remineralizing gel, formulated from a mixture of tetra- and dimethylglycerolates of silicon, was developed specifically for the prevention and treatment of hard tissue diseases in elderly patients. The clinical efficacy of this gel was assessed using enamel resistance test (ERT) values and electroodontodiagnostics (EOD) both before and after treatment. Laboratory analyses included the evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and the Ca/P ratio in saliva using Mindray reagents. An experimental study on tooth sections treated with various remineralizing agents was conducted using a Tescan MIRA LMS scanning electron microscope, equipped with an Oxford Instruments EDS X-max80 attachment, to determine the chemical composition and surface characteristics.Results. The clinical application of the new gel resulted in significant reductions in ERT and EOD values, indicating its effectiveness. An increase in the calcium-phosphorus ratio in saliva further demonstrated the gel’s remineralizing properties. The experimental study revealed the highest fluoride uptake in tooth sections treated with the new gel, confirming its penetration into the hard tissues of the teeth.Conclusion. The new gel, based on a silicon glycerolate mixture, demonstrated superior efficacy in elderly patients compared to other remineralizing agents, which is attributed to the high conductive properties of its base.

Comparative histologic evaluation of teeth decalcified by conventional method versus microwave induced decalcification.

Complete demineralization of hard tissues with preservation of organic components to retain their tissue architecture and to obtain thin section for histological examination is done by a process known as "decalcification". Tooth decalcification may be achieved by subjecting the tissue to a decalcifying chemical agent and employing heat, vacuum, or electric current to enhance the procedure. Completion of decalcification is adjudged by determination of end-point. Histological examination of hard tooth tissues and pulp is essential for diagnosis of developmental pathologies, pulp pathologies, and forensic odontology analysis as well as for research purpose. In our study, we studied the time consumed for decalcification procedure by conventional decalcification method and with the microwave-assisted decalcification method for teeth, using 5% nitric acid, 5% trichloracetic acid, and 14% EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), respectively, along with morphological preservation of dentin and pulp tissue by analyzing preservation of their issue structure (pulp shrinkage, odontoblastic layer damage) and staining efficacy (patchy staining) for the three types of decalcifying agents used. The sample for this study included 120 freshly extracted teeth consisting of teeth of mandibular dentition. Samples were divided into two study groups:Group I: Decalcified by Conventional methodGroup II: Decalcified by Microwave method.Each group consisted of, three sub-groups employing a different decalcifying agent from among the three decalcifying agents used, that is, 5% nitric acids, 5% trichloroacetic acid, and 14%EDTA respectively. The difference in speed of decalcification for both groups showed significant result. In either group, decalcification was fastest using 5% nitric acid. The difference in number of decalcified teeth sections showing shrinkage of pulp was not statistically significant for both groups. Damaged odontoblastic layer was evident only in the teeth treated with 5% nitric acid by microwave method. Patchy staining was observed in a few samples of all sample groups except those decalcified with EDTA by conventional method but the results were not statistically different on intercomparison. Our results are similar to those of previous studies and we found that microwave method is an option that can reduce the time of decalcification. Tooth tissue morphology also was noted to be well preserved with 5% trichloracetic acid and 14% EDTA in comparison to 5% Nitric acid.

Morphological features of enamel in fluorosis of different degrees of severity

The occurrence of dental fluorosis is facilitated by a violation of enamel mineralization caused by fluorides, which enter the human body in excess during its development and formation and have a toxic effect on enamel blasts. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of fluorosis are not fully understood. Enamel formation is a complex process involving cell proliferation and differentiation through epithelial-mesenchymal sequential secretion of matrix proteins, tissue-specific transport of ions including calcium and fluoride, and precipitation and alignment of enamel crystals through interactions between organic and inorganic molecules. Understanding the morphological features of enamel changes during fluoride intoxication of the human body in the endemic region allows us to clearly understand the need for a comprehensive solution to this medical and social problem. The aim was to study the morphological features of enamel in fluorosis in residents of the endemic region of Ukraine, in particular the Poltava region. The work examines different groups of teeth (both intact and affected by fluorosis) removed for orthodontic or clinical indications in men and women aged 17 to 40 years. Morphological signs were studied first on native, and later on histochemically stained sections. It was established that the violation of the structure of the enamel layer of the teeth in mild and severe fluorosis is characterized by both partial and complete violation of the movement of the enamel prisms with signs of destruction. Fragmentation and homogeneity throughout the entire thickness were found in some areas of the enamel. When evaluating histochemically stained sections of teeth affected by fluorosis, it was established that dystrophic changes in the enamel structure and accumulation of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the lesions are more characteristic of mild and moderate forms. Under the conditions of a severe form of fluorosis, complete destruction of the prisms, fragmentation of the lamella, homogenization of areas on the entire enamel layer, which is due to the uneven distribution of acidic mucopolysaccharides, have been established. Morphologically and histochemically dystrophic changes in the areas of the affected enamel are confirmed by uneven distribution and accumulation of acidic glycosaminoglycans. An assessment of the effect of fluoride intoxication on the state of tooth enamel was carried out, which will allow to expand the possibilities of preventive measures for related specialists, as well as to create and develop additional treatment methods that will contribute to the improvement of physical and aesthetic indicators of teeth. dental health.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ДОЗ ЛУЧЕВОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА УРОВЕНЬ МИНЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ В РАЗНЫХ УЧАСТКАХ ТВЕРДЫХ ТКАНЕЙ ЗУБОВ МЕТОДОМ РАМАН-ФЛЮОРЕСЦЕНЦИИ

Subject. Changes in the mineralization of hard tissues of teeth under the influence of radiation factor. Objectives. To study the effect of radiation factor on the level of mineralization of hard dental tissues by Raman fluorescence. Methodology. The study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of the SUSMU. The study was conducted on clinically removed teeth. All teeth were divided into three groups depending on the amount of radiation exposure (2 Gy, 70 Gy, 110 Gy). The main research method was the study of raman fluorescence of tooth sections on the hardware and software complex "InSpectr" with diagnostic sensitivity for the integral concentration of aerobic-anaerobic microbial suspension up to 109 CFU/ml. Teeth were examined in three areas (neck, equator, cutting edge) before and after radiation exposure. Results. Raman fluorescence diagnostics of the tooth surface made it possible to visually see the difference in mineralization in digitized indicators. For example, according to the indicators before and after exposure to the radiation factor, it is clear that the mineralization indicators, regardless of the dose, had no significant differences. At the same time, there are significant differences in the level of mineralization in the area of different tooth settings (equator, cervical region, cutting edge). Conclusion. In different areas of the tooth surface, the level of mineralization of hard tissues differs. The smallest is observed in the area of the neck of the teeth (incisors, y = 145 ± 1.5, x = 963 cm-1, canines, y = 141 ± 1.1, x = 963 cm-1, premolars, y = 142 ± 1.8 , x = 963 cm-1, molars, y = 143 ± 1.3, x = 963 cm-1), middle, in the area of the cutting edge and occlusal surface (incisors, y = 374 ± 1.7, x = 963 cm-1, canines, y = 377 ± 1.3, x = 963 cm-1, premolars, y = 375 ± 1.2, x = 963 cm-1, molars, y = 375 ± 1.1, x = 963 cm-1), and maximum, in the equator region (incisors, y = 413 ± 1.1, x = 963 cm-1, canines, y = 414 ± 1.9, x = 963 cm-1, premolars, y = 415 ± 1.7, x = 963 cm-1, molars, y = 419 ± 1.6, x = 963 cm-1). The method of Raman-fluorescence diagnostics makes it possible to detect changes in mineralization due to the potential difference in the areas of hard tooth tissues in various areas (neck, equator, cutting edge) of all functional groups of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) both before and after direct radiation exposure, direct radiation exposure does not significantly change the level of mineralization of hard dental tissues, regardless of the dose applied in all functional groups (incisors, canines, premolars, molars), in all areas of the teeth (equator, cutting edge, cervical region).

钙果单枝梳脱试验研究

In this study, a central unloading reel structure was proposed to achieve continuous harvest of Cerasus humilis, and an indoor test bench was constructed to carry out the combing test of branches. The cross-section of the comb was made of an isosceles triangle, and an orthogonal test was carried out with tooth gap, winch rotational velocity and cross-section base angle as test factors, and fruit breakage rate and leakage rate as test indicators. The results show that the tooth gap and winch rotational velocity have a significant influence on the breakage rate, and the tooth gap and section bottom angle have a significant influence on the fruit leakage rate. Considering the comprehensive loss rate, the appropriate deformation of the comb teeth and the manufacturing difficulty, the optimal values of the three test factors are 10 mm, 130 r/min, and 45°, respectively. At the same time, the maximum combing force of a single branch through the comb is 240 N through the pressure sensor of the test bench. The experimental results can be used as the basis for the structural design of continuous harvesting head.

Removal of Horizontally Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Using the Three-Piece or T-Shaped Tooth Sectioning Method

BackgroundThe extraction of horizontally impacted mandibular third molars (HM3) can be a complicated surgery. Appropriate tooth sectioning methods can reduce the operation time and postoperative complications. PurposeThe current study compares operative time and postoperative pain between HM3 removed using the three-piece or T-shaped tooth sectioning techniques. Study design, setting, sampleA randomized single-blind prospective clinical trial on HM3 extraction was carried out between June and December 2022 in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Southwest Medical University. Patients with local or systemic infection, poor oral hygiene and systemic disease were excluded. Predictor variableThe predictor variable was the tooth sectioning method. The subjects were randomized to three-piece or T-shaped group. Main outcome variablesThe primary outcome variables were the operative time and postoperative pain measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The secondary outcome variables were the rates of primary bleeding, mouth opening reduction (MOR), swelling, patient satisfaction measured using a VAS and quality of life measured using a postoperative symptom severity (PoSSe) scale. CovariatesThe covariates included age, sex, side and classification of HM3, and the relationship of HM3 to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) canal. AnalysesThe data were analyzed using the independent samples t-test, paired t-test, chi-square and rank sum test. A significance level set at P < 0.05. ResultsThe sample included 60 patients in the three-piece group and 66 patients in the T-shaped group. The operative time of the three-piece group (14.73 ± 3.21 min) was shorter than that of the T-shaped group (19.25 ± 4.29 min) (P < 0.05). On day 3 and 7, VAS of pain were 2.24±1.89 and 0.15±0.40 in the three-piece group , and 3.95±2.44 and 0.48±0.68 in the T-shaped group (P < 0.05). The VAS of patient satisfaction in three-piece group (6.05±1.29) was better than T-shaped group (4.90±1.05) on day 7 (P < 0.05). Conclusion and RelevanceThe three-piece tooth sectioning for HM3 removal was associated with shorter duration, slighter postoperative symptoms and higher patient satisfaction, and may be considered as a recommended practice for dentists.

Assessment of dental age estimation using dentinal translucency in ground sections of single rooted teeth: a digital image analysis.

Human dentition is unique to individuals and helps in identification of individuals in forensic odontology. This study proposes to study the manually ground sections of single rooted teeth using digital methods for dental age estimation. To assess the dentinal translucency from the scanned digital images of manually ground section of teeth using commercially available image edition software. Corroborating the root dentinal translucency length and region of interest (ROI) of translucency zone in pixels (as a marker of dental age) with the chronological age of the subject, as stratified by different age groups. Twenty single-rooted extracted teeth from 20 patients each from 6 groups divided as per age. Manual sectioning of the teeth followed by scanning the sections was done. Root area in pixels and ROI of translucency zone were measured. From the observed values, translucency length percentage (TLP) and percentage of ROI in pixels (TPP) was calculated and tabulated. Pearson's correlation coefficients were obtained for age with TLP and TPP. Positive correlation existed between age and TLP and also between age and TPP. With the obtained data, multilinear regression equations for specific age groups based on 10-year intervals were derived. By a step-down analysis method, age was estimated with an average error of around ±7.9 years. This study gives a novel method for age-estimation that can be applied in real-time forensic sciences.

Radiopacity evaluations of the novel calcium-silicate and glass-Ionomer-based materials

Aims: Radiopacity is a crucial property for a liner or base material, and these materials should provide an optimal contrast for detecting secondary caries in radiographic examinations. The purpose of this study was to assess the radiopacity characteristics of four calcium-silicate-based and two glass-ionomer-based materials used as a liner or base in direct or indirect vital pulp therapy.&#x0D; Methods: A total of 60 cylindrical-shaped and 1 mm thick specimens were prepared from a calcium-silicate (Biodentine, Septodont), a calcium-silicate (MTA, Angelus), a light-cured resin-modified calcium silicate (TheraCal LC, Bisco), a dual-cured resin-modified calcium silicate (TheraCal PT, Bisco), a glass hybrid glass-ionomer (Equia Forte HT, GC), and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Glass Liner, Wp Dental) material (n=10). Digital radiographic images of the specimens, a molar tooth section with 1 mm thickness, and an aluminum step wedge were obtained by a digital radiography system (Heliodent Plus, &#x0D; Dentsply Sirona) with 60 kV voltage, 7 mA current, and 0.25 seconds exposure time. The mean gray values (MGV) of digital images were determined using the ImageJ software program (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (pBiodentine&gt;Equia Forte HT&gt;Theracal PT&gt;Theracal LC&gt;Glass Liner, respectively. All the tested liner or base materials exhibited significantly greater radiopacity values when compared to those of dentin (p

Vitamin D status in post-medieval Northern England: Insights from dental histology and enamel peptide analysis at Coach Lane, North Shields (AD 1711-1857).

The post-medieval period in Europe saw a dramatic increase in metabolic bone disease related to vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Recent paleopathological work has utilized interglobular dentin (IGD) as a proxy for poor vitamin D status during development, while enamel peptide analysis allows the identification of chromosomal sex in non-adult remains. Here we explore the relationship between sex, the presence of IGD, and macroscopic markers of VDD in an industrial era assemblage from Northeast England. 25 individuals (9 females, 9 males, 9 unknown sex) from the cemetery site at Coach Lane, North Shields (1711-1857) were selected for paleopathological analysis, histological assessment of IGD, and enamel peptide determination of chromosomal sex. Ground tooth sections from 21 individuals were of suitable quality for detection of IGD, and enamel peptide analysis confirmed the chromosomal sex of ten individuals. Sixteen individuals (76.1%) exhibited ≥1 episode of IGD. Nine of these (42.8%) exhibited >1 episode and four (19%) exhibited ≥4 episodes in regular intervals. Male sex was significantly associated with the presence of IGD (p = 0.0351; 100% males vs. 54.5% females). Females were more likely to exhibit macroscopic evidence of VDD (45.5% females vs 30% males) but this was not statistically significant. Periods of poor mineral metabolism during childhood appear much more prevalent at Coach Lane than macroscopic evidence suggests. Evidence of seasonal IGD episodes indicates that northern latitude played a major role in poor VD status in the Northeast of England. The significant association of IGD with male sex may be due to sex-related differences in dentinal mineralization or a higher risk of poor VD status in males aged <5 years. More work is needed to establish an evidence-based threshold for pathological levels of IGD before the presence of this feature can confidently be used as a biomarker for poor VD status.

The radiopacity of single-shade composite resins: A comparative evaluation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of single-shade composite resins with group and multi-shade composite resins via a digital image analysis. Disc-shaped (5 mm in diameter, 2 mm in thickness) specimens were prepared with one multi-shade (Estelite Sigma Quick-ESQ), four single-shade (Omnichroma-OC, Charisma Topaz One-CTO, Vitra Unique-VU, and ZenChroma-ZC), three group-shade (G-aenial Achord-GA, Optishade-OS, and Estelite Asteria-EA), and one posterior composite resin (Estelite Posterior-EP) (n = 3). A radiographic image of all the specimens, an aluminum step-wedge, and a 2 mm thick tooth section were taken. Mean gray values (MGV) of the specimens, enamel, and dentin were calculated by ImageJ software. Composition analysis was performed with EDS, and SEM images (×10,000) were obtained. The data were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Post hoc adjusted Bonferroni analysis (p = 0.05). The mean MGV of CTO, the highest of all test groups, was significantly higher than OC and dentin (p = 0.04 and p = 0.009, relatively). The lowest mean MGV was also observed in a single-shade group, OC. EDS analysis showed that the tested materials comprised various radiopaque elements. All of the single-shade and group-shade groups exceeded the MGV value of dentin, which is clinically expected from any restorative material. The radiopacity properties of various single-shade composite resins which as a category is a rising trend in esthetic dentistry were investigated. It is important for clinicians to be aware of novel materials' physical qualities including radiopacity, a daily clinical criteria for restorative materials.

Formulation and assessment of biological properties of garcinia indica fruit extract mouthrinse as an adjunct to oral hygiene regimen: an in vitro analysis.

This study assessed a Garcinia indica (GI) fruit extract-based mouthrinse, comparing it to a 0.1% turmeric mouthrinse and a 0.2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthrinse. The evaluation encompassed substantivity, staining potential, antimicrobial efficacy and cytocompatibility. The study employed 182 tooth sections. For antimicrobial analysis, 64 extracted human teeth coated with a polymicrobial biofilm were divided into four groups, each receiving an experimental mouthrinse or serving as a control group with distilled water. Microbial reduction was assessed through colony forming units (CFU). Substantivity was evaluated on 54 human tooth sections using a UV spectrophotometer, while staining potential was examined on 64 tooth sections. Cytocompatibility was tested using colorimetric assay to determine non-toxic levels of 0.2% GI fruit extract, 0.1% Turmeric, and 0.2% CHX. Data were analysed with one-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Cell viability was highly significant (p<0.001) in the 0.2% GI group (64.1±0.29) compared to 0.1% Turmeric (40.2±0.34) and 0.2% CHX (10.95±1.40). For antimicrobial activity, both 0.2% GI (20.18±4.81) and 0.2% CHX (28.22±5.41) exhibited no significant difference (P>0.05) at end of 12 hours. However, 0.1% Turmeric showed minimal CFU reduction (P<0.001). Substantivity results at 360 minutes indicated statistically significant higher mean release rate in 0.1%Turmeric (12.47±5.84 ) when compared to 0.2% GI (5.02±3.04) and 0.2% CHX (4.13±2.25) (p<0.001). The overall discoloration changes (∆E) were more prominent in the 0.2% CHX group (18.65±8.3) compared to 0.2% GI (7.61±2.4) and 0.1% Turmeric (7.32±4.9) (P<0.001). This study supports 0.2% GI and 0.1% Turmeric mouth rinses as potential natural alternatives to chemical mouth rinses. These findings highlight viability of these natural supplements in oral healthcare.

Usefulness of subtraction thermography in the evaluation of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels in the dental pulp.

Purpose: Caries or iatrogenic thermal trauma of the teeth have a significant impact on the dental pulp structure connected with stimulation of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the difference in the rate of heat dissipation by vessels present in the dental pulp. Methods: Freshly extracted healthy (n = 10) and carious (n = 14) molars and premolars were cut on a diamond saw and subjected to active thermographic examination and then subjected to lymphoscintigraphy and X-ray examination. The tooth samples were heated uniformly to 40 ± 0.5 °C. A thermal imaging camera with a resolution of 640 × 320 pixels was used to record the sequence of thermograms during free cooling. Due to the different volume of teeth and different surface conditions of the examined teeth (color, roughness) and the related different radiation emissivity, the changes in the temperature (ΔT) of the tooth cross-section surface were analyzed using the subtractive method within 120 seconds from the switching off of the thermal impulse (heating). Results: Thermographic examination of healthy and cariously changed teeth revealed areas of increased tissue fluid flow combined with heat release, which may indirectly indicate the existence of vessels in these areas. On a thermal imaging camera, variations in the rate of heating or cooling across several cross-sectional sections of the same tooth indicate changes in the dental structure's density. Conclusions: In caries-affected teeth, intracanalicular fluid flows are different than those of healthy teeth. Therefore, it can be concluded that the pulp vessels enabling circulation of body fluids - blood and lymphatic - increases with the intensity of inflammation. Maintaining the homeostasis of the dental pulp depends heavily on the circulation of bodily fluids within the dental organ.

Impacted third molar root abnormality with mandibular canal close position as a presupposing factor to inferior alveolar nerve trauma

The aim of the study is reducing the risks of surgical injury to the inferior alveolar nerve, by taking into account individual topographic and anatomical features, improving diagnostic methods, and techniques for removing retinated teeth with a close fit to the mandibular canal. An examination was conducted in the Department of Surgical Dentistry (CBCT/OPG) and surgical treatment of 223 patients, with a close fit of the roots of the retinated lower third molar to the mandibular canal. Microslips of teeth with roots intact during removal (n=96) of the main group and the control group (n=52) were prepared with a Micromet Remet manual petrographic machine. The sections were carried out along the longitudinal axis of the tooth with the capture of the area of close fitting of the nerve, the teeth from the control group were sawed longitudinally along the axis of the root. The measurement of the macroanatomic features of the roots was carried out with a micrometer (MCC-MP-100 0.001 electronic «CHEESE», manufactured in the Russian Federation), measurements of the thickness of dentine and cement tissues on macroglyphs were carried out using a microscope calibration ruler with an accuracy of 0.01 mm. In the main group, three types of attachment of the mandibular canal to the root of the third molars were distinguished: 20 (96) cases of inter-root attachment of the mandibular canal, 42 (96) apical, 34 (96) lateral (buccal and lingual). A number of anomalies in the structure of the roots of the third molars have been revealed, which are a factor in injury to the neurovascular bundle of the mandibular canal during tooth extraction. The surface of the roots, as well as the microscopes of the tooth sections adjacent to the mandibular canal, were studied under a microscope. A number of specific anomalies of the roots of retinated third molars formed by root dilaceration, thinning of cement tissues, hypercementosis, which are formed at the site of the mandibular canal.In the presence of a deep indentation on the root of the tooth, as well as in the presence of areas of apical hypercementosis in the form of a «spike», the probability of nerve injury during tooth extraction increases many times, which must be taken into account when removing retinated third molars.