Teenage Participants Research Articles

Opportunities for Reproductive Health Programs in the Implementation of Schools Re-Entry Policy on Teenage Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections: Case of Selected Urban Schools in Kenya

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the opportunities available for the ministry of health as the custodian of reproductive health programs on mitigating teenage pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections in Kenya. Methodology: This was an analytical cross-sectional study that triangulated various sampling techniques. Based on unmitigated increase number of school pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections, the study obtained information on opportunities available to introduce and implement reproductive health program from the specialists in the ministries of health and education using Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant interviews and questionnaires techniques. A total of 16 respondents was realized using the standard saturation point method. Multistage followed by cluster sampling techniques were used to identify selected urban towns. A sample size of 174 school-female teenage participants female were tested for pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections in the eight urban areas. Analysis of data was done by use of descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and content analysis. Findings: The study found out that the ministry of health through the National Sexual and Reproductive Health Policy and its strategic plans had not taken up the opportunity to perform its role of supporting re-entry policy and reproductive health education in schools. Although the Ministry of health, through its established organs had a role to play in mitigating Teenage Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted infections, it had not put structures in place for its implementation in schools. Unique contribution to Theory, practice and Policy: The ministry of health needs to support school-entry policy as part of its mandate. Successful programs and policies require the involvement of all stakeholders in designing, developing and implementing and must be inclusive and well resource supported. The findings of this study need to be appraised by the policy makers and implementers for fresh and improved interventions.

Hubungan Komitmen Organisasi Dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) Pada Anggota Forum Anak Kota Banjarmasin

Teenagers are a valuable assets in shaping the future of a country. Teenage participation in education and social activities is very important. The government facilitates this by providing participation forums such as the children’s forum. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among members of the Banjarmasin City Children's Forum. This research uses quantitative methods with a correlational approach. This research found that there is a significant relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) among members of the Banjarmasin City Children's Forum. The results of the hypothesis test show a sig. (2-tailed) is 0.003, which indicates significant and a positive relationship between the two variables with a correlation coefficient of 0.294. These results indicate that the higher the organizational commitment, the higher the OCB, and vice versa, namely the lower the organizational commitment, the lower the OCB.

The impact of psychospiritual program on state of depression, anxiety and stress among female juvenile delinquents

The participation of teenagers in inappropriate social actions is linked to the disregard for their mental health. This research was carried out to assess how a psychospiritual program impacts the reduction of depression, anxiety, and stress among delinquent adolescents. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, utilizing a single group for pretest-posttest evaluation. In this study, 36 delinquent adolescents who were females (N=36) and were enrolled in an Approved School in Terengganu, Malaysia, participated. The analysis was conducted through paired sample t-tests. The level of depression, anxiety, and stress before and after the psychospiritual program was assessed using the clinical scale for depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS-21). The results showed that the level of depression, anxiety and stress had decreased as much as 0.7619, 1.4643 and 0.7937 respectively after joining the program which was less than 0.05 (p=0.000 ≤0.05). This implies that the psychospiritual program exerts a significant influence in reducing depression, anxiety, and stress levels among adolescent delinquents. As a result, it is prudent to explore the psychospiritual approach as a potential alternative to the conventional allopathic intervention for addressing depression, anxiety, and stress problems especially among female delinquent adolescents at approved schools who have similar criterion.

Experience of psychosocial rehabilitation; perspectives of depressed adolescents.

Given the multifaceted character of depression and its related symptoms, an adolescent living with it is at increased risk for a wide range of adverse events. This research aimed to understand and characterize the psychosocial rehabilitation experiences of depressed teenage participants in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. A cross-sectional semi-structured interview design influenced by an interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) technique was adopted. We employed a nonprobability, purposeful sampling approach to recruit twenty-one adolescents (6 males, 15 females) diagnosed with depression from the community after one month of discharge from admission and undergoing psychosocial rehabilitation. Using separate interviews, we gathered and analyzed data using interpretive phenomenological analysis to produce themes and sub-themes. These were presented with the participants' direct quotations. We discovered that the perspectives of adolescents' psychosocial rehabilitation experience include hopelessness and suicide ideation, coping difficulties, undesirable attitudes from support networks, challenges related to school, and isolation. Participants suggested appropriate therapeutic environments, encouraging support systems, and the media's role in preventing and treating depression among young people as rehabilitation approaches that could assist adolescents to remain lucid for longer intervals. These results shed light on the tragic realities faced by depressed adolescents. There is an urgent need to put well-defined structures in place to aid their rehabilitation and develop coping strategies for a better life.

Approaching the Subject of Substance use in a peer-to-peer Education Project

Substance use is on the political agenda in Romania now more than ever. A new national plan regarding the prevention of consumption among teenagers has been drawn up. Training them in prevention programs is not easy, especially for those teenagers who are difficult to educate, coming from environments where dialogue is not encouraged. There is evidence that participatory education, in the form of peer education, can be a very effective way of preventing substance use among young people (Perry, 1989; Jarvis, 1993). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to probe the perceptions of some teenagers participating in peer education prevention programs about the effectiveness of this education model.Methods: 20 peer educators and first-year students in Psychology and Social Work were trained by anti-drug specialists to prevent substance abuse. The activities carried out within the framework of a program called From Peer to Peer in the Prevention of Substance Use, took place in informal environments (headquarters of some associations, youth clubs, in nature). 4 focus groups of 10 teenage participants were held. After analyzing the answers, the results were integrated into a questionnaire applied to several 400 teenagers. The overwhelming majority of participants (98%) considered this type of intervention to be attractive, and interesting; the participants were relatively easy to coopt, although they initially expressed their reservations regarding the trainers' potential to surprise them with new information or approaches. Their assessments concern the naturalness of the meetings that took place in the form of discussions, the informal character, the lack of pressure exerted by the status, the freedom of expression, the fact of being understood and looked at with respect, and the psychological closeness. However, they highlighted some conditions, risks, and limitations related to the efficiency of the development of these programs known by peer educators.

Empowering youth as vaccine advocates: Harnessing the power of educational videos

This community service program aims to empowering youth to build awareness to the comunity. This community service using service learning methods. The Various efforts have been made by the Government and society to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, starting from maintaining distance, using masks, and washing hands to vaccination programs. Even so, public acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination is not always positive. There are still people who refuse to be vaccinated for various reasons, such as doubts about the effectiveness of vaccines, distrust of vaccines, concerns about side effects, and even religious reasons or the halalness of vaccines. This form of public resistance to vaccines does not only circulate in whispers between residents and other private spheres but also circulates through social media and WhatsApp groups. This community service is carried out by providing training in making educational videos to young people in Benowo District, Surabaya. the selection of teenage participants the main consideration is that teenagers are the most active social media users so with the training in making educational videos, it is hoped that teenagers can become peer educators who provide positive messages to their peers and older or younger people using -creative and innovative ways.

Pemberdayaan Remaja Melalui Pengajian Tahsin Dan Pendidikan Agama

This research seeks to bridge the gap in religious understanding among teenagers through a community service program. The program's focus is on teenagers in Dusun Bukit, Paya Bujuk Seulemak Village, Langsa City, who often face difficulties in comprehending religious and ethical values. The program aims to enhance their understanding of religion, tajwid (Quranic recitation rules), and foster good Islamic character. Over a span of three months, the training program is structured into four phases: introducing the Quran and its virtues, teaching tajwid, imparting religious knowledge, and nurturing Islamic ethics. The results of this community service initiative indicate that the teenagers have experienced improvements in their understanding of the Quran, tajwid, and religious knowledge. They have also displayed developments in their character and Islamic ethics, such as empathy, honesty, patience, and social concern. Despite encountering various challenges, such as conflicting schedules with work or education, the majority of teenagers have remained consistent in their participation. This research demonstrates the significance of community service programs in addressing the lack of religious understanding among teenagers. A strong religious understanding can assist teenagers in facing everyday challenges and in shaping good character. Furthermore, the program highlights the positive impact of involving parents in program activities in terms of increased support and teenage participation.

Pengembangan Kesadaran Kesehatan Remaja Melalui Program Remaja Sehat Peduli Sesama di SD Negeri 101778 Medan

Healthy teenagers CARE FOR PEOPLE is a program implemented at SD Negeri 101778 Medan. This program aims to increase adolescent awareness about the importance of health and caring for others. This program is implemented through various activities, such as health education, cleanliness competitions, and social service activities. The evaluation results show that this program has succeeded in increasing teenagers' awareness about the importance of health and caring for others. This can be seen from the increasing knowledge of teenagers about health, the increasing participation of teenagers in hygiene activities, and the increasing concern of teenagers for each other. This program can be an example for other schools in increasing youth awareness about the importance of health and caring for others.

UC 4-H youth spread the facts — not the disease — during COVID-19

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need for education in disease transmission and prevention. In response, the University of California 4-H Youth Development Program implemented a virtual epidemiology project, based on resources developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and collaborating agencies. The teenage participants were actively engaged in group lessons focused on epidemiology, immunology, vaccination, zoology, prevention strategies, related careers, and health communication. Surveys administered before and after the program showed an increase in knowledge about vaccinations and disease transmission and improved attitudes toward, and intentions to adopt, practices that reduce the spread of disease. They also showed increased self-efficacy and positive health behaviors (hand washing and mask use, and the intention to share what they learned in their communities). These findings contribute to the development of public health and epidemiological education programs for adolescents and programming that elevates youth as messengers of health information.

Конфликтные ситуации в средних общеобразовательных учреждениях: потребности подростков и окружающих взрослых по результатам социологического исследования

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US">This paper aims to clarify the current situation and identify difficulties in conflict resolution involving adolescents in the secondary educational institutions of the Russian Federation. The results of the empirical research obtained with four samples are presented: students being teenagers (N=136438, aged 14-17), parents of teenagers aged 12-17 (N=123870), teachers (N=41299), professionals working with teenagers (N=40052). The study was conducted by means of an online survey, for which 4 target-group-oriented instruments were developed. Due to the lack of a unified algorithm for resolving conflict situations in educational institutions, relevant information on the participants of conflicts, ways of resolution, reasons for not seeking help from adolescents, requests from parents, teachers and specialists, as well as difficulties encountered in the process were identified. Recommendations on the implementation of measures to resolve conflicts involving adolescents are derived. The obtained data can be used to improve the processes of conflict resolution in educational institutions and to develop a document regulating the algorithm of actions when conflicts occur with the participation of teenagers in educational institutions.</span></p>

Enhancing East Kalimantan export goods: Appropriate technology for nipah stick artisans in crafting home decor items

Nipah leaves and sticks have been used by craftsmen to make ketupat and brooms. The community service team recognizes the significant potential in utilizing nipah leaves and sticks to create high-value goods, specifically export-quality home decor crafts. Home decor items with a natural concept enjoy popularity in both national and international markets, catering to the needs of hotels, offices, and residences. In this program, a stick shaving machine was introduced to simplify the process of smoothing the sticks. The activity involved the participation of mothers and teenagers of productive age from Mesjid Samarinda Seberang Village. The program resulted in innovative products, including baskets, lamp hangers, and decorative mirrors. Furthermore, the participants displayed great enthusiasm, with a remarkable attendance rate of 90%, and their skills improved by 75%.

Grammatical impairment in schizophrenia: An exploratory study of the pronominal and sentential domains.

Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disorder associated with a variety of linguistic deficits, and recently it has been suggested that these deficits are caused by an underlying impairment in the ability to build complex syntactic structures and complex semantic relations. Aiming at contributing to determining the specific linguistic profile of SZ, we investigated the usage of pronominal subjects and sentence types in two corpora of oral dream and waking reports produced by speakers with SZ and participants without SZ (NSZ), both native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese. Narratives of 40 adult participants (20 SZ, and 20 NSZ-sample 1), and narratives of 31 teenage participants (11 SZ undergoing first psychotic episode, and 20 NSZ-sample 2) were annotated and statistically analyzed. Overall, narratives of speakers with SZ presented significantly higher rates of matrix sentences, null pronouns-particularly null 3Person referential pronouns-and lower rates of non-anomalous truncated sentences. The high rate of matrix sentences correlated significantly with the total PANSS scores, suggesting an association between the overuse of simple sentences and SZ symptoms in general. In contrast, the high rate of null pronouns correlated significantly with positive PANSS scores, suggesting an association between the overuse of null pronominal forms and the positive symptoms of SZ. Finally, a cross-group analysis between samples 1 and 2 indicated a higher degree of grammatical impairment in speakers with multiple psychotic episodes. Altogether, the results strengthen the notion that deficits at the pronominal and sentential levels constitute a cross-cultural linguistic marker of SZ.

The Forum for the participation of children and teenagers in Teo: A socio-educational context that enables children's right to participation

Children are citizens of the present and active subjects who must be educated to exercise and enjoy civil, social, political and cultural rights in conditions of equity. Based on this premise, in a democratic society, children’s right to participation must be guaranteed by public administrations and their rulers. Therefore, this article aims to know the perception that children and adolescents and the social educator have about the right to participate, as well as their assessment of the Forum for Child and Adolescent Participation of the City Council of Teo (A Coruña, Galicia, Spain). To achieve this, a qualitative research was undertaken focused on the case study, based on data collection through instruments such as documentation analysis, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. The results show that participation is perceived as a right to be exercised, while at the same time making a positive assessment of the Forum in terms of benefits (personal, social and educational). However, they reveal a series of challenges and limitations that hinder the exercise of the right to participate in an authentic, full and protagonist manner: 1) the adult-centric vision that prevails in part of the adult community, 2) a strong dependence in the decision-making process in matters that concern them, 3) lack of spaces to participate in the community, 4) difficulties in networking with other socio-community agents (families, schools, associations, etc.). It is concluded that the right to participation is reinforced with the creation of local bodies for child participation, but it is a priority to create more spaces or experiences of participation in Teo, to give protagonism to girls and boys in the participatory processes, as well as committing to strategies that make visible their sense of agency.

Participation of youth in group social intervention programmes in Madrid. A qualitative study focused on participants’ experiences

ABSTRACT In Spain, there are many social intervention programmes aimed at promoting the participation of teenagers and young people considered to be at risk of social exclusion. However, there is no consensus on the term’s definition, meaning and scope. Moreover, young people have a scant presence in research on social work. This research aims to define ‘participation’ by emphasising young people’s perspectives and experiences. Over 120 adolescents from 13 to 23 years old who were part of four different social intervention programmes in the academic year 2018–2019 took part in the research, giving their opinions and points of view. This qualitative study uses Grounded Theory as general guidance for obtaining data and analysis, stressing situated and critical perspectives. The research techniques were adapted to each group: group work processes and group discussions, with the help of art. The results showed guidelines for promoting participation in four areas: the roles of young people in participation; the role of institutions and professionals; the socio-structural context as an impediment or imperative for participation, and the possibilities of participation enabled by democratic group processes.

Speech-Language Pathology Treatment of Cognitive-Communication Deficits in School-Aged Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.

The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize the current evidence-based treatment practices used with school-aged children with any severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that could benefit the practice of speech-language pathologists (SLPs). A scoping review of the literature was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Included studies were assigned thematic labels based on a modified version of the Rehabilitation Treatment Specification System. A total of 27 articles that covered 16 different treatment approaches met inclusion criteria for this study. Most studies included adolescent or teenage participants with moderate-severe TBIs. Treatment targets included executive functioning (n = 15), social competence (n = 6), postconcussive symptoms (n = 5), behavior (n = 3), family functioning (n = 1), and health-related quality of life (n = 1). The majority of current interventions for school-aged children with TBI include a multidisciplinary approach and components of family involvement education. Further research is needed on interventions that are specifically implemented by SLPs as well as protocols that include more heterogeneous samples (e.g., varied sociodemographic factors and injury severity) to allow for the development and testing of ecologically valid intervention practice. SLPs can use the results of this scoping review to individualize treatment based on the child's areas of need while considering individual characteristics and to provide person-centered intervention for children with school-aged TBI.

Comparison of the Onset and End of Specific and Major Side Effects in Iranian Teenage Participants Vaccinated With COVID-19 Vaccine: Sinopharm and Soberana.

Clinical trials were conducted on children on side effects after vaccination. We tried to assess the frequency and onset of the main symptoms in children who were vaccinated. We aimed to evaluate early and delayed adverse effects after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine among Iranian pediatrics and adolescents in a national survey. This cross-sectional study included people <18 years who received the Soberana (PastoCoVac) and Sinopharm vaccines since 2021. The basic information was gender, age, type of vaccine, and reaction after vaccination besides the main events that occurred for them. The required data were collected via a predetermined checklist by trained interviewers through phone calls by their parents or legal guardians. The independent t test and Fisher exact test were used. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. A total of 11,042 participants (age range, 10-18 years) consisting of 5374 boys (47.8%) and 5768 girls (52.2%) were studied and 88.1% of the children (n = 9727) were vaccinated by Sinopharm and 11.9% (n = 1315) by Soberana. The data of kidney-related side effects had delayed improvement of side effects after the Sinopharm compared with the Soberana vaccines (P = 0.012). Cardiovascular and hematological side effects showed early-onset (P = 0.006) and delayed improvement of side effects (P = 0.002) after the Soberana vaccine compared with the Sinopharm vaccine. Neurological side effects showed delayed improvement of side effects after the Soberana vaccine compared with the Sinopharm vaccine (P = 0.027). Joint-related side effects showed early-onset (P = 0.004) and delayed improvement of side effects (P = 0.023) after the Soberana vaccine compared with the Sinopharm vaccine. Respiratory side effects showed delayed improvement of side effects after the Soberana vaccine compared with the Sinopharm vaccine (P = 0.013), and dermatological side effects showed early-onset (P = 0.050) and delayed improvement of side effects (P = 0.035) after the Soberana vaccine compared with the Sinopharm vaccine. There was not any statistically significant difference regarding gastrointestinal side effects between the 2 vaccines (P > 0.05). The cardiovascular and hematological, joint-related (non-neurologic musculoskeletal) and dermatological side effects after the Soberana vaccine appear earlier and end later compared with the Sinopharm vaccine. Improvement of renal side effects in the Sinopharm vaccine group and improvement of neurological and respiratory side effects in the Soberana vaccine group occurred with delay compared with other vaccines.

The Ban on Participation of Children and Teenagers in the Hunt in Poland – A Case Study of Parliamentary Law Enactment Process and its Consequences

We are witnessing a clash of (i) biocentric or ecocentric ideologies that grant equal rights to all living creatures, with (ii) an ideology that arose on the basis of anthropocentrism that gives the palm of priority to man. Hunters who are accused of killing defenseless animals for entertainment are at the heart of this dispute. Meanwhile, hunters argue that their activity results from the need to manage game populations, thus the necessity to limit the threats to human life and health and to minimize the extent of damage to field crops or forests. In the atmosphere of such public disputes between activists and hunters, decisions are made by politicians who shape specific legal solutions. In 2018, the Hunting Law (Polish Act of 13 October 1995, Journal of Laws of 2020.) in Poland was amended and children and adolescents under 18 were banned from participating in hunting. It has aroused dissatisfaction of hunters who have taken initiatives to amend these legal provisions, e.g. a complaint to the Constitutional Tribunal, a social draft amendment to the act. The legal initiatives of hunters have been fuelling a broad social debate that often have gone beyond the scope of sustainable hunting management. The amendment has been questioned by a group of Polish MPs as infringing the constitutional right of parents to bring up and educate their children in accordance with their worldviews. Moreover, the teenagers, frequently considered as adults under numerous provisions of Polish law, have been deprived of their constitutional freedom of making decisions about their pastimes. The opponents in turn claim that under the Constitution of the Republic of Poland (Polish Act of 21 August 1997, Journal of Laws of 2020.) children must be protected against violence and cruelty. The aim of the study is to present the mechanisms of a legal, political, sociological and ideological dispute and to provide some basic insight into the Parliamentary debate and the outcome of legislation process as a result of which children have been deprived of the right to accompany their parents during hunting expeditions also in the character of passive observers. The research methods applied included the following ones: the analysis of the discourses and legislation under scrutiny in Poland and a few selected countries, and empirical observation of debates carried out in public space. The research material encompassed the recorded Parliament speeches focusing on the issue in question, legislative process, social media posts and various blogs. The assessment of the current legal solutions and the analysis of the attitudes of both parties to the dispute leads to a reflection that the problem of prohibiting the participation of children under 18 in hunting is not solved. There is a need to search for new solutions on the basis of substantive knowledge, including, inter alia, legal science or social psychology. Politicians should be aware that the emotional pressure may not and should not be the basis for law amendments.

Speech-Language Pathology Assessment of School-Age Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review.

The purpose of this study was to describe evidenced-based assessment practices for school-age children with any severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that could inform the practice of speech-language pathologists (SLPs). A scoping review of the literature was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Included studies were assigned thematic labels related to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework. A total of 30 articles met inclusion criteria for this study. Most studies included adolescent or teenage participants with mild TBIs in the acute stages of recovery. Twenty-two different assessments were reported on for children with TBI addressing body structure/function (n = 19 assessments), activities and participation (n = 1 assessment), and contextual factors (n = 3 assessments). Current assessments have a clear focus on body structure/function for adolescents after childhood TBI, with little research evidence to address activities and participation or contextual factors. The limited amount of functional assessments directly related to the SLP scope of practice stresses the need for additional research on ecologically valid and comprehensive assessment approaches for school-age children with TBI. The results of this review could be utilized as a resource in providing theoretical, evidence-based, and person-centered evaluation methods for children with TBI. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.20422170.

Making art and making sense: youth photoethnographers materialising the invisible through analytic art-making

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the potential of participant art-making as an ethnographic analytic method for materialising otherwise invisible experiences in the everyday lives of people. To describe this methodology, I share examples from a two year project conducted in a photography classroom in the northeastern United States. Teenage participants made photoethnographic self-studies about their engagement with texts and then used mixed-media art-making as an analytic method to study their photographs. As a result, in every art piece the youth photoethnographers were able to surface, through colour, line drawing, and annotation, that which would have remained invisible otherwise: affective intensity, sensory experience, and mercurial or ephemeral relations. Using participant art-making as an analytical method may be of great use to ethnographers who are seeking tools that will provide access to affective intensity and complicated or hidden relations experienced in/by their participants.

Practices and resources for the inclusion of teenagers in the life of the city: an expert view

The subject of the study is the urban environment. The urban environment in which a teenager grows up influences his socialization through the spatial, architectural, and functional characteristics of the city. The specificity of these characteristics may provide opportunities for the inclusion of a teenager in urban life and his active participation in it, or to act with the opposite effect. In the article, the authors note a number of contradictions characterizing the implementation of the participation of a teenager in the life of the city. The main contradictions are connected with the willingness of a teenager to express his opinion, the willingness of adults to take this opinion seriously and the normative elaboration of the issue of children's participation in the life of the city. Expert interviews were used as the main method of data collection. A total of 27 experts were interviewed. They asked questions about the possibilities and limitations of including teenagers in the co-participating design of the urban environment. Experts note that children do not have their own spaces in the city, which complicates the process of personalization of urban space, its active development and, subsequently, transformation. Also in expert interviews, the problem is fixed, on the one hand, ignoring the child's opinion, on the other — expanding the practices of involving children in expressing their opinions. The authors identify the practices of including children in the life of the city, characterizing the gradual nature of this process, which begins with the expression of an opinion with the transition to its accounting and then - the active participation of adolescents in the transformation of the urban environment. Based on the analysis of expert interviews and scientific publications, the resources of participation of teenagers in the life of the city are described. These include: foreign experience, the activities of enthusiasts for the involvement of children and methodological developments.