Tedious Correction Research Articles

Bone suppression of lateral chest x-rays with imperfect and limited dual-energy subtraction images.

Bone suppression is to suppress the superimposed bone components over the soft tissues within the lung area of Chest X-ray (CXR), which is potentially useful for the subsequent lung disease diagnosis for radiologists, as well as computer-aided systems. Despite bone suppression methods for frontal CXRs being well studied, it remains challenging for lateral CXRs due to the limited and imperfect DES dataset containing paired lateral CXR and soft-tissue/bone images and more complex anatomical structures in the lateral view. In this work, we propose a bone suppression method for lateral CXRs by leveraging a two-stage distillation learning strategy and a specific data correction method. Specifically, a primary model is first trained on a real DES dataset with limited samples. The bone-suppressed results on a relatively large lateral CXR dataset produced by the primary model are improved by a designed gradient correction method. Secondly, the corrected results serve as training samples to train the distillated model. By automatically learning knowledge from both the primary model and the extra correction procedure, our distillated model is expected to promote the performance of the primary model while omitting the tedious correction procedure. We adopt an ensemble model named MsDd-MAP for the primary and distillated models, which learns the complementary information of Multi-scale and Dual-domain (i.e., intensity and gradient) and fuses them in a maximum-a-posteriori (MAP) framework. Our method is evaluated on a two-exposure lateral DES dataset consisting of 46 subjects and a lateral CXR dataset consisting of 240 subjects. The experimental results suggest that our method is superior to other competing methods regarding the quantitative evaluation metrics. Furthermore, the subjective evaluation by three experienced radiologists also indicates that the distillated model can produce more visually appealing soft-tissue images than the primary model, even comparable to real DES imaging for lateral CXRs.

On the Threshold of Editorship. Or From Collection to Oeuvre

The sole collection of verses by Jonas Mačiulis (1862–1932, pen name Maironis), the father of modern Lithuanian poetry, went through five editions in the author’s lifetime. The poet continued to improve the works of his youth until his advanced age, producing hundreds of textual variants. The first published versions of some verses, which are ranked as national classics today, cannot be considered finely crafted works by a long shot. From a retrospective point of view, one is surprised that such lengthy and tedious corrections could have yielded such nice final results, while a prospective approach might incite amazement at how the crude, primary rock of first versions could have concealed the possibility of such poetic gems. Taking a grandmotherly attitude towards his works, the author did not only polish their versification, but also applied different strategies throughout his rewriting process to use new editions to consolidate his own social and cultural position with the changeable standards of bibliographic codes over time. The problem editors of the Maironis’ posthumous editions face is that the authorial editions of his works differ in title, textual variants, and arrangement. As this article argues, both Maironis’ high standing in the Lithuanian cultural landscape and the elusive expectation of stability and comprehensiveness have discouraged editors to plunge into the dynamic nature of Maironis’ authorial manipulations up until today.

Spatial registration of serial microscopic brain images to three-dimensional reference atlases with the QuickNII tool.

Modern high throughput brain wide profiling techniques for cells and their morphology, connectivity, and other properties, make the use of reference atlases with 3D coordinate frameworks essential. However, anatomical location of observations made in microscopic sectional images from rodent brains is typically determined by comparison with 2D anatomical reference atlases. A major challenge in this regard is that microscopic sections often are cut with orientations deviating from the standard planes used in the reference atlases, resulting in inaccuracies and a need for tedious correction steps. Overall, efficient tools for registration of large series of section images to reference atlases are currently not widely available. Here we present QuickNII, a stand-alone software tool for semi-automated affine spatial registration of sectional image data to a 3D reference atlas coordinate framework. A key feature in the tool is the capability to generate user defined cut planes through the reference atlas, matching the orientation of the cut plane of the sectional image data. The reference atlas is transformed to match anatomical landmarks in the corresponding experimental images. In this way, the spatial relationship between experimental image and atlas is defined, without introducing distortions in the original experimental images. Following anchoring of a limited number of sections containing key landmarks, transformations are propagated across the entire series of sectional images to reduce the amount of manual steps required. By having coordinates assigned to the experimental images, further analysis of the distribution of features extracted from the images is greatly facilitated.

Is the GeoChron Model the way forward for mathematical sedimentary geology?

Abstract Jef Caers of Stanford University reviews Elements of Mathematical Sedimentary Geology: the GeoChron Model by Jean-Laurent Mallet and published by EAGE. Anyone involved in subsurface forecasting will be aware of the impact that the zeroth order structural framework has on assessing reserves and reservoir performance. Yet, until 2004 (Mallet, 2004), no single unifying mathematical theory existed to create such a structural framework within which reservoir properties can be generated consistently. Most existing techniques borrowed ideas from CAD techniques in fields not related to geology, employing ad-hoc meshing and gridding that result in structural models and grids that were geologically implausible, requiring tedious correction or worse and also requiring simplification by removing faults and horizons too complex to handle. The initial 2004 paper has now evolved in to a new book and new commercial software-the culmination of Jean-Laurent’s brilliant career in this field.

Measurement of drug diffusivities in pharmaceutical solvents using Taylor dispersion analysis

Knowledge of drug diffusivity is of key importance in the understanding of a number of pharmaceutical and biological processes. However, experimentally determined diffusion coefficients and hydrodynamic radii are only reported for a limited number of drug substances. In this work, Taylor dispersion analysis conducted using capillary electrophoresis instrumentation coupled with a UV imaging detector, with two detection windows along the capillary, is introduced as a powerful method for the determination of drug diffusivities in nanoliter samples. Several potential advantages associated with applying two detection windows instead of one window as done in most previous studies were identified. Overall diffusion coefficient measurements performed using two detection windows are more robust and correction for changes in flow rate and sample volume is not required. The experimental conditions applied were suboptimal for performing single detection window measurements due to the relatively large sample volumes and may be optimized to alleviate the need for tedious correction procedures for this setup. The diffusivities of eleven aromatic compounds in water at 25 °C were determined, and showed a good agreement with the literature values. Furthermore, the diffusivities and hydrodynamic radii of four selected drug substances were determined in acetonitrile, methanol, isopropyl myristate, medium chain triglyceride, and propylene glycol in addition to water. The solvent viscosity was determined simultaneously along with the measurement of analyte diffusivity. Drug diffusivities decreased with increasing solvent viscosity. Taylor dispersion analysis is a robust, simple and automated method of quantification of diffusion coefficients even in media with a relatively higher viscosity than water.

111 超精密マザーマシンの開発(OS9 環境適応形加工)

Generally, in manufacturing of various parts of an ultraprecision machine tool, accuracy of a mother machine is not enough and tedious correction by scraping is indispensable. The purpose of this study is to investigate a possibility to design an ultraprecision mother machine which can produce machine parts of an ultraprecision machine tool. In this study, to obtain a higher accuracy independent of bed thickness or work size, active mounts are newly employed which can support the bed foot by push up or pull down forces and actively control the deformation of bed while the table traverses. From the results of simulations, it has been found that the active mounts are effective to improve the machining accuracy.

Construction of optimized superconducting spin precession magnets for neutron spectroscopy

The design and construction of a superconducting magnet system for a high-resolution neutron spin echo spectrometer. The principal solution for the field shape of optimal precession magnets is B/sub 0/cos/sup 2/( pi z/L). In practical precession magnets, this field shape is approximated by 30 superimposed concentric solenoids with a bore of 80 mm. The required field integral of 1 Tm, providing 10/sup 4/ precession turns, is achieved in a magnet with a length of about 1.5 m. The field in the center is 1.5 T maximum. The relative line integral inhomogeneity of about 10/sup -3/ obtained with such a coil is improved to less than 10/sup -6/ by two in-beam correction coils. The advanced homogeneity level means that after 10000 precession turns the precession angle remains still well defined without using tedious correction procedures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Absorption corrections for neutron diffraction

The transmission factors tabulated by Rouse, Cooper, York & Chakera [Acta Cryst. (1970). A26, 682-691] for μr < 1 can be expressed as the product of two factors: a scale factor and a Debye-Waller factor. In the case of a sphere or a cylinder, the absorption corrections then reduce to simple adjustments of these parameters at the end of the refinement, instead of tedious corrections to the data itself. The results are of particular use for powder data. A printing error in the original paper is also corrected.

The Share 709 System: Machine Implementation of Symbolic Programming

As emphasized in the preceding paper, a fundamental requirement for effective utilization of high speed computing devices such as the 709 is a man-machine communication link that is at once rapid a...

Recent advances in the technique of submarine gravity surveying

The errors in gravity surveying at sea which are the most difficult to estimate are involved in position-finding, measurement of speed over the ground, the variations of depth-keeping and in the second-order correction. Submarine gravity surveying is also a slow process on account of the time required for an observation with the standard Vening Meinesz 3-pendulum apparatus and the complications of computing the result. During the recent cruise in the English Channel in May 1948 of H. M. Submarine Talent most of these difficulties were overcome by the provision of special instruments which are described here. The most important of these was a stabilizer which, by automatically compensating the effect of side-ways accelerations on the pendulums, removed the necessity for certain tedious corrections and enabled the results to be rapidly computed.