Technology Transfer Contracts Research Articles

Technology valuation of a scanning probe microscope developed at a university in a developing country

Precompetitive technology (PT) refers to devices, equipment, software or processes primarily developed at universities in developing countries for research or teaching as a result of externally financed projects contracted between the university institutes, centers or faculties and industry. PT is generally embodied in the form of laboratory prototypes and is licensed via technology transfer (TT) contracts between the university and external funding agencies or other interested parties. In the process of defining the terms of a TT contract, a fundamental question arises: what is the monetary value of a precompetitive technology? In this paper we present a methodology for PT valuation based on the identification of specific value points (SVP) related to its development. The four-step method includes the definition of a PT value range based on cost and market approaches, expected incomes, present value and scoring in order to determine the relative weights of the primary aspects of the intellectual capital behind the technology. The valuation methodology is applied to the specific example of a scanning probe microscope (SPM) developed at the Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).

Valuation Methodology for Technology Developed at Academic R&D Groups

This work refers to technology embodied as devices, equipment, software or processes primarily developed at universities in developing countries for research or teaching. Sometimes it is also as the result of externally financed projects contracted with industry. Nearly always technology developed at academic R&D groups results in laboratory prototypes. When it is required to define the technology transfer (TT) contract terms for the license of the university patrimonial rights to external funding companies or other interested parties, a question arises: what is the monetary value? In this paper we present a four‐step method for technology valuation based on the identification of specific value points (SVP) related to its development. The final technology value must be within previously defined value limits. The presented methodology is actually being used to valuate some devices developed at the Centro de Ciencias Aplicadas y Desarrollo Tecnológico (CCADET) of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM).

The Arbitration Clause in the Domestic Technology Transfer Contracts of Public R&D Institutes in Korea

The Arbitration Clause in the Domestic Technology Transfer Contracts of Public R&D Institutes in Korea

The Execution of International Technology Transfer Contracts for Avoiding the Commercial Disputes

The Execution of International Technology Transfer Contracts for Avoiding the Commercial Disputes

Public politics and innovation of the telecommunications sector

The present article evaluates the public policy towards the telecommunication sector in Brazil, taking into consideration the dead scheme of state monopoly and the introduction of processes of privatization, economic liberalization and technological innovation. It is described the increase in direct foreign investments, new forms of technology innovation, introduction of regulatory institutions, goals for investments and scopes of service attendance. Through a wide bibliographical review, data analysis and interviews with specialists, entrepreneurs and public policy makers, it was possible to better understand the role of the public policy on the national technological innovation capabilities in the sector. The results demonstrate that the commercial balance in telecommunication's equipments has increased its deficit as well as the expenses with the foreign technology transfer contracts. The new market structure was achieved mainly due to an elevation of internal prices to international levels and the legislation favorable to the competition among incumbents. It is identified an absence of policies and incentives of the public sector in the telecommunications technology innovation system, allowing an increased Brazilian dependence on foreign supply.

The Structure of Payments in Technology Transfer Contracts: Evidence from Spain

This paper studies the impact of contract duration in determining scheduled payments in international transfers of technology. Analyzing a sample of contracts written by Spanish firms in 1991, the main empirical finding is a positive relationship between contract duration and the probability of the parties including variable payments in the first period of the agreement. This result suggests that the parties choose the type of payments to be made, whether fixed or variable, so as to avoid early termination of the relationship, even in the absence of opportunistic behavior or risk aversion.

Le transfert de technologie en Chine

This article focuses on the legal framework governing technology transfers to China between a foreign supplying party and its Chinese recipient. We shall examine firstly the two main forrns of technology transfer transactions : technology transfer contracts per se and contribution of technology to foreign investment entreprises (FIE) as part oftheir registered capital. Secondly, the granting of incentives, above ail tax concessions, by Chinese authorities, to encourage transfers of advanced technology. Thirdly, China's recent efforts to provide statutory protection to patents, trademarks and computer software.

Vertical Restraints as Contract Enforcement Mechanisms

IT is now generally recognized that there are many cases of vertical restraints that do not fit the standard "consumer free riding on special services" theory.1 For example, the widespread use of resale price maintenance in the marketing of brand name clothing cannot be explained as inducing retailers to supply services such as dressing rooms. It is unlikely that consumers must be prevented from trying on clothing free of charge at a full-service retailer before purchasing the clothing at a discount from retailers who do not supply dressing rooms. A number of authors recently have attempted to correct this deficiency in the standard theory by expanding the type of services that vertical restraints may induce retailers to supply and the corresponding retailer free-riding problems.2 The standard economic analysis of how vertical restraints operate to induce desired retailer behavior has remained essentially unchanged, however. The standard analysis assumes that when it is not feasible for a manufacturer to write explicit, court-enforceable contracts with retailers for the supply of particular services, the only alternative mechanism manufacturers can use to induce the supply of desired services is to increase the direct return retailers receive from consumers when those

Industry

In May 1978 the Paint R.A., Waldegrave Rd, Teddington, Middx TW11 8LD, published a Directory of Paint and Pretreatment Products aimed to assist industrial paint users to locate sources of paints of all types. A complementary Finishing Equipment and Processes Directory is now available. Preparation of the two directories is one part of a technology transfer contract for the Department of Industry's Chemicals and Minerals Requirements Board which aims to help UK manufacturers to improve their product finishing through optimum use of existing knowledge, materials and methods.