Technological Substitution Research Articles

Modernization of key production business processes for rapid import substitution of goods, including agriculture

The scientific article presents a study on the accelerated import substitution of dual-use goods and technologies by modernizing the main production business processes of enterprises of the defense-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. Accelerated import substitution in the field of dual-use goods and technologies is a transition from dependence on foreign supplies to the production and development of core business processes, own domestic technologies for national defense and security of the country. This helps to reduce national security risks and ensure independence in important areas such as defense and cybersecurity. Modernization of core production business processes and promotion of new technologies contributes to the development of the country’s scientific and technological potential and enhances competitiveness in the global arena. This ensures the growth of the Russian economy, creates new jobs and promotes the potential for innovation. The object of the study is the enterprises of the defense industry complex. The subject of the study - accelerated import substitution of dual-use goods and technologies. The authors connect the prospects of their research with further scientific research in the field of development of dual-use goods and technologies, as well as with the modernization of the main production business processes.

Enhancing wood efficiency through comprehensive wood flow analysis: Methodology and strategic insights

Wood, an essential natural resource in human civilization, remains widely used despite advances in technology and material substitution. The surge in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental concerns accentuates the need for optimizing wood utilization. Material flow analysis is a powerful tool for tracking material flows and stocks, aiding resource management and environmental decision-making. However, the full extent of its methodological dimensions, particularly within the context of the wood supply chain, remains relatively unexplored. In this study, we delve into the existing literature on wood flow analysis, discussing its primary objectives, materials involved, temporal and spatial scales, data sources, units, and conversion factors. Additionally, data uncertainty, data reconciliation and crucial assumptions in material flow analysis are highlighted in this paper. Key findings reveal the significance of wood cascading and substitution effects by replacing non-wood materials, where they can reduce greenhouse gas emissions more than the natural carbon sink of forests and wood products. The immediate impact of short-term wood cascading might not be as robust as the substitution effect, with energy substitution showcasing better results than material substitution. However, it's crucial to note that these conclusions could experience significant reversal from a long-term and global perspective. Strategies for improving wood efficiency involve maximizing material use, advancing construction technologies, extending product lifespans, promoting cascade use, and optimizing energy recovery processes. The study underscores the need for standardized approaches in wood flow analysis and emphasizes the potential of wood efficiency strategies in addressing environmental challenges.

Priority areas of support for small and medium-sized enterprises within the framework of innovation policy

The introduction of innovations is one of the main economic goals, since it is the main factor in ensuring the fulfillment of the tasks of import substitution, expanding economic expansion in foreign markets, and increasing the competitiveness of the domestic economy as a whole. Proceeding from this, the task of studying innovative processes in the domestic economic field is an urgent task. At the same time, special attention should be paid to the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises, since small organizations are able to respond more flexibly to market requirements and have less inertia in solving problems of quickly adjusting production to new rules. The small size of an enterprise determines the need for high efficiency of innovative spending, in contrast to larger and self-sufficient economic formations. Based on this, it is advisable to conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of R&D in the SME sector with data on the economy as a whole in order to determine the priority vector of state support. In the course of the study, using mathematical and statistical methods, analysis, and synthesis. A conclusion has been made about the applicability of the method for determining the effectiveness of innovative processes through the ratio of innovative products output volume to the amount of expenditure on innovation. This calculation method made it possible to establish that SMEs demonstrate the greatest efficiency in a number of areas that are important in terms of ensuring the country’s technological sovereignty and import substitution.

Оценка потенциала импортозамещения электронной компонентной базы в Российской Федерации на основе анализа патентных документов

Since 2014, the Russian Federation has been actively supporting import substitution of pro-ducts and technologies in various areas of production. There is no doubt that the technological development and the state security base on electronic technologies primarily. This is due to the fact that they have penetrated into all spheres of our life. For example, computer equipment, control and navigation systems, mobile communications, intelligent energy, telemedicine, electric vehicles and unmanned vehicles, electronic banking transactions are just a short list of industries where electronic components are used. At the same time, the main part of the electronic component base production is currently located abroad, in China, India, Taiwan, etc. Also foreign companies located in China, the USA, India, the UK, Israel, its., own the most of the patents for devices and technologies related to the electronic component base. A significant dependence of the availability of the electronic component base on political factors were revealed by the sanctions restrictions in 2022. And this highlight the urgency of creating and developing national production of various elements of the electronic component base. The number of patents is the objective indicator of the import substitution results. In this paper, the analysis of published patent documents on the most popular passive elements of the electronic component base (resistors, capacitors, inductors) is carried out using the tools of modern patent databases. The dynamics of paten¬ting for passive electronic components in the Russian Federation over 30 years is shown. It was found that import substitution measures had practically no effect on patenting in the production of passive electronic components. The comparison of the number of Russian patent owned by domestic patent holders and by foreign companies is carried out. High potential technology domains for development have been identified. It is established that Russian manufacturers of passive electronic components have a significant potential for patenting their developments.

Foreign Language Teaching in the Conditions of Import Substitution of Information Technologies

The study is aimed at analyzing a role of domestic software products in education productivity. They can be applied in the process of teaching foreign language. The paper considers import substitution of foreign teaching application. Software products are proposed that can be used in teaching English in order to be applied instead of teaching foreign means for foreign language training. The software product approbation results in the conditions of English learning are presented. The diagnostics of software products proposed in the course of foreign language education was conducted. The stages of experiments on the basis of computer class are analyzed. In conclusion, the main prospects for the educational process improvement in the context of sanctions are defined. The authors emphasized that domestic electronic means of teaching English were more effective than authentic ones. They correspond to the level of knowledge of students of Black Sea Higher Naval School named after P.S. Nakhimov and the presentation of materials is accessible and visual, since it includes audio and video fragments of a professional orientation.

Reducing fossil fuel dependency in smallholding farming in l'Horta de València, Spain: A socio-metabolic approach

To favor transition towards sustainable agricultural systems, the agricultural sector needs to reduce its dependence on external inputs. From an ecological economics perspective, this requires the simultaneous fulfillment of a gross energy surplus on the farm (production condition), and a greater recirculation of the production extracted from the agroecosystem (reproduction condition). Using eight smallholder farms, this study focuses on the processes of recirculation and externalization of biomass, materials and energy flows in the agroecosystem. This is carried out through analyzing the MEFA (Material and Energy Flow Analysis) matrix by means of energy return on the investment indexes of inputs or externalizations (EFEROI), recirculations (IFEROI), joint efficiency (NPPact EROI) and labour efficiency (W EROI), all of which impact upon farm-scale decision-making related to yield and cost-benefit situations. Agrarian fossilization indices are applied to include an assessment of farm non-renewable energy profiles. The results indicate a restriction of inputs in conventional farm-operators and a troubling use of indirect fossil-fuel in organic operators, together with a weakening of the agroecosystem reproductive processes by means of external inputs for both systems. To guide the agrarian transition, farming strategies need to focus on reducing indirect fossil-fuel energy consumption, rather than relying on technological substitutions.

The Role of Technology and Energy Substitution in Climate Change Mitigation

The Role of Technology and Energy Substitution in Climate Change Mitigation

Substantiation of industry priorities for import substitution of technologies and products (the polymer industry case)

Subject. The article considers the results and prospects for implementation of import substitution policy in the polymer industry. Objectives. The purpose is to develop conceptual provisions for implementation of import substitution policy in the polymer industry, based on the process periodization and imported product evaluation. Methods. The first stage of the study rests on methods of content analysis and periodization to feature the characteristics and form a vision of main stages of the import substitution policy implementation in Russia. The second stage is associated with adaptation and application of methods of ABC/XYZ analysis and calculation of apparent consumption to study the product lines of polymer imports based on indicators characterizing the structure and dynamics of polymer imports. Results. The paper highlights factors determining the effectiveness of import substitution policy implementation in Russia’s polymer industry in modern conditions. It presents the main stages of the policy implementation, including the vision of future stages in terms of development of competitiveness of domestic technologies and products at the global level. We investigated product lines of polymer imports, defined priority segments, identified criteria and key actions for effective implementation of import substitution policy in Russia. Conclusions. The formulated conceptual provisions may become a guideline in elaboration of strategic and program documents for the chemical industry development, serve as additional justification for investment decisions and government support allocation.

In-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 nanofibers enhances electrochemical properties and conductivity of PEO-based composite electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium battery

Garnet type Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolyte exhibits excellent thermal stability and high ionic conductivity, which is an ideal solid electrolyte. However, it is found that the cubic phase is a high conductivity phase and the synthesis condition is harsh. Therefore, low temperature synthesis and partial element substitution are expected to prepare cubic phase LLZO. In this paper, the LLZO cubic phase structure is stabilized by electrospinning technology and high-priced cation substitution strategy, and the transportation efficiency of lithium ions is improved. The experimental results show that LLZO NFs inorganic filler with stable cubic phase structure is obtained when the molar amount of In3+ is 0.2. The In3+ with large ion radius replaces the Li+ inside the crystal, effectively increases the lithium vacancy concentration, and increases the Li+ transport path inside the crystal, and successfully doubles the ionic conductivity of the composite solid electrolyte at 60 °C (9.39 × 10−4 S/cm). The lithium ions migration number and electrochemical window were increased to 0.19 and 5.2 V respectively. With excellent cycle performance (60 °C), it can cycle 2000 cycles at a high rate of 0.5 C charge and discharge, and the Coulomb efficiency has been close to 100 %. Li|PL-LILZO NFs (0.2)|LFP all-solid-state lithium batteries can light small bulbs at room temperature and have practical application prospects. Therefore, in the composite electrolyte, the increase of the lithium ions pathway inside the active inorganic filler crystal will also improve the comprehensive performance of the composite electrolyte for preparation.

Analysis of Enterprise Data-Driven Innovation Diffusion Supervision System Based on the Perspective of Green Supply Chain

To promote the market substitution of digital innovation technology and green products and alleviate the pressure of energy and environment, a three-party evolutionary game model of innovation diffusion based on core manufacturers, affiliated enterprises and the government is established in the article to explore the adjustment of the three-party game strategy of core manufacturers and affiliated enterprises under government supervision, and then analyze the optimal stability conditions that are conducive to the innovation diffusion of digital innovation technology. It is found that the core manufacturers would choose the diffusion strategy of digital innovation technology, which would take the initiative to adopt the diffused digital innovation technology due to cost considerations, without easily choosing independent research and development (hereafter R&D strategy); the reward and punishment mechanism made by the government for core manufacturers' digital innovation technology diffusion could effectively promote technology diffusion in the market.

ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ И ПРОЦЕСС ЦИФРОВОЙ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ БАНКОВСКОГО СЕКТОРА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The article clarifi es the terms digitalization and digital transformation based on the experience of transforming the processes of credit institutions in Russia and research from foreign companies leading developments in the fi eld of information technology. By studying statistical data on the development of information technologies and the banking services provided, the prerequisites for digital transformation and the current state of the banking sector of the Russian Federation were determined. It was also determined that the introduction of fi nancial technologies represents fi nancial services and services aimed at introducing current tools for digitalization of the fi nancial sector into banking business processes, such as innovative technologies, big data, neural network algorithms, machine learning and artifi cial intelligence, cloud solutions and many other. It has been revealed that the development of financial technologies forms the basis for innovation-oriented development of the fi nancial sector, pursuing the goals of introducing unifi ed fi nancial ecosystems, transition to the latest formats for the provision of fi nancial services, and integration of promising start-up projects with innovative signifi cance and uniqueness. Based on the results of the study, prospects for the development of fi nancial technologies in the context of sanctions restrictions are formed, in particular, the continued development of trends in the popularization of the latest fi nancial technologies and the introduction of ecosystems, import substitution of technologies and overcoming the challenges of digital transformation of the banking sector, improvement of security issues, including through eff ective legal regulation from the regulator.

Emission inventory and air quality impact of non-road construction equipment in different emission stages

Non-road construction equipment (NRCE) is an important source of air pollution, and it is crucial to fully understand the impact of NRCE on atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 pollution. However, systematic assessment of the impact of NRCE emissions on the atmosphere is lacking, especially with the latest implementation of the Stage IV Standard, and current research progress is insufficient for the development of effective control measures. This study estimated NRCE emission inventories at different emission standard stages and their impact on the atmosphere, using the “2 + 26” cities as the case study area. The results showed that the total NRCE emissions of CO, NOx, VOC, and PM2.5 were 387, 418, 82, and 24 kt in 2015 and 319, 262, 62, and 15 kt in 2020 and are predicted to be 270, 226, 48, and 10 kt in 2025, respectively. Simulation results showed that the contributions of NRCE to NO3−, NO2, PM2.5, and O3 were 16.7 %, 18.9 %, 7.7 %, and 8.2 % in 2015 to 13.6 %, 18.4 %, 6.5 %, and 6.7 % in 2020, respectively. In both 2015 and 2020, NRCE emissions in southern cities showed greater impacts on the average concentrations in the “2 + 26” cities than those in northern cities. The contributions of local NRCE emissions to local PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the 28 cities ranged from 30 %–59 % and 13 %–39 %, respectively. The O3 sensitivity estimated by the HDDM illustrated that nonlinear characteristics highlighted the importance of coordinated control of NOx and VOC and can inspire development of post-processing technology and electricity substitution. The belt-like area connecting Zhengzhou to Beijing showed higher exposure concentrations of PM2.5 and O3, and the concentration exposure in urban areas was much higher than that in the rural and other areas. The environmental impact assessment of NRCE emissions can provide guidance for its management and development.

«ХОРОШИЙ ДИЗАЙН» В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ МЕТАВСЕЛЕННОЙ: К ПОСТА-НОВКЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The article actualizes design modernist principles of "good design" in the new operational, functional and semantic space of the meta-universe. The meta-universe is problematized and critically analyzed in the broad context of technological substitution, marketization, interoperability, and other socially significant phenomena of the real and digital environment. We have conducted a comparative analysis of the principles of good design by Dieter Rams and Adobe corp.; considered the current debate in science, experts and the public on the prospects of the meta-universe development, opportunities and risks associated with the design of competing with architecture; outlined urgent tasks to address problems and challenges in the selected problem area. Good design is considered as a key theoretical concept of contemporary (trendy) design, the required intellectual and humanitarian basis for conceptual management and the formation of aesthetic and ethical standards of the new socio-economic and cultural reality that the meta-universe opens

The U-shaped relationship between patent age and patent value: evidence from assigned patents in China

ABSTRACT We propose that opposite changes in the hazards of patent commercialization (HPC) and technology substitution (HTS) lead to a U-shaped relationship between patent age and patent value. Using a dataset of 2446 patents assigned to firms in Chinese universities from 2015-2020, our empirical results support this U-shaped relationship. Young patents with more claims are regarded as more valuable, owing to a lower HPC, and old patents with more International Patent Classification (IPC) classes are regarded as more valuable, owing to a lower HTS. Moreover, backward references had a moderate effect on the U-shaped relationship, and an increase in backward references caused the turning point to move to the right, flattening the U-shaped relationship. Interestingly, the turning point of the U-shaped relationship is around the age of 5.2 years, and the hazard of university patent invalidation in China is highest at this age.

Job creation or disruption? Unraveling the effects of smart city construction on corporate employment in China

Previous literature on smart city construction (SCC) has mainly focused on its economic and environmental benefits while largely overlooking its potential adverse consequences, especially on microeconomic units. Using China's SCC pilots as a quasi-natural experiment, this study examines the impact of SCC on corporate hiring decisions and finds that SCC adversely impacts corporate employment. The mechanism analysis suggests that SCC affects corporate employment through factor substitution rather than job creation by promoting digital capitalization and capital and technological factor substitution. Further analyses indicate that SCC primarily reduces the number of low-skilled and non-production employees and has a stronger impact on local private, old, and industrial firms. We also find evidence of labor reallocation effects of SCC. Overall, the results highlight the trade-off between promoting SCC and mitigating employment challenges and the role of data as a new production factor in the digital economy era, providing important policy implications for stakeholders.

Industry 4.0 Technological Advancement in the Food and Beverage Manufacturing Industry in South Africa—Bibliometric Analysis via Natural Language Processing

The food and beverage (FOODBEV) manufacturing industry is a significant contributor to global economic development, but it is also subject to major global competition. Manufacturing technology evolution is rapid and, with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), ever accelerating. Thus, the ability of companies to review and identify appropriate, beneficial technologies and forecast the skills required is a challenge. 4IR technologies, as a collection of tools to assist technological advancement in the manufacturing sector, are essential. The vast and diverse global technology knowledge base, together with the complexities associated with screening in technologies and the lack of appropriate enablement skills, makes technology selection and implementation a challenge. This challenge is premised on the knowledge that there are vast amounts of information available on various research databases and web search engines; however, the extraction of specific and relevant information is time-intensive. Whilst existing techniques such as conventional bibliometric analysis are available, there is a need for dynamic approaches that optimise the ability to acquire the relevant information or knowledge within a short period with minimum effort. This research study adopts smart knowledge management together with artificial intelligence (AI) for knowledge extraction, classification, and adoption. This research defines 18 FOODBEV manufacturing processes and adopts a two-tier Natural Language Processing (NLP) protocol to identify technological substitution for process optimisation and the associated skills required in the FOODBEV manufacturing sector in South Africa.

Carbon trading and regional carbon productivity

This study aims to examine how carbon trading policies impact total factor carbon productivity and subsequently provide recommendations for sustainable regional development. Through analyzing the trends in total factor carbon productivity and its mechanisms, this paper suggests that carbon trading policies can significantly enhance total factor carbon productivity. Additional mechanistic tests reveal that carbon trading can promote technological progress, factor accumulation, scale allocation and energy substitution effects; all contributing towards a low-carbon economic transition. These four effects serve to both promote economic growth and contribute towards carbon reduction targets. Therefore, to encourage low-carbon and high-quality development of the region's economy, policymakers must focus not only on constructing and expanding carbon markets, but also emphasize the synergies between these different effects.

How do outsourcing services affect agricultural eco-efficiency? Perspectives from farmland scale and technology substitution

In-depth research on whether the development of agricultural outsourcing services (AOS) can improve agricultural eco-efficiency (AEE) and the mechanisms underlying the impact of AOS on AEE is still lacking. This study uses micro survey data from Jiangxi Province in China in 2021 to explore the impact of AOS on AEE in terms of farmland scale management and agricultural technology substitution. The results indicate that AOS in general can effectively improve AEE, but this effect varies across the different stages of production. Plough services, fertilizer application services, and pest control services can significantly improve AEE, but seeding services and harvesting services have no significant effect. Farmland scale management and agricultural technology substitution are two effective channels by which AOS improves AEE. The government should improve policies to support AOS, strengthen the positive effects of AOS on AEE, and implement differentiated support policies for AOS related to different production activities.

О ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОДДЕРЖКЕ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В CТАВРОПОЛЬСКОМ КРАЕ НА СОВРЕМЕННОМ ЭТАПЕ

Taking into account the current geopolitical situation, one of the main challenges facing the Russian Federation is ensuring technological sovereignty and import substitution, as well as accelerated development of all industries and economic growth. The development of innovation plays a key role in ensuring the country's ability to respond effectively to these challenges. At the present stage, the dynamic development of innovation activity in the country is impossible without the modernization of the state mechanism to support and stimulate these activities taking into account the actual analysis and evaluation, the definition of priority areas, goals and objectives of development. Currently, state support for innovative development, including individual sectors of the economy, is carried out at the national or regional levels in accordance with regulatory legal acts and the main documents of the country's strategic planning in the field of innovation development that require changes taking into account the current challenges faced by the country and the current economic situation. The article considers the current directions of development of the country's innovation policy, analyzes the state support for the innovation activity of the region on the example of the Stavropol Territory, identifies its strengths and weaknesses, and formulates proposals for the innovative development of the region.

STATE INDUSTRY POLICY IN THE FIELD OF IMPORT SUBSTITUTION OF INFORMATION PRODUCTS AT AVIATION INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES

In the research article, the authors consider the main proposals for the implementation of the state sectoral policy in the field of import substitution of information technologies and systems (ITiS) at high-tech enterprises in the aircraft industry in modern innovative and financial conditions. For this, the main features of aircraft manufacturing enterprises that are part of the United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) were considered from the point of view of automating their typical business processes, where the implementation of the state industry policy in the field of import substitution is supposed to be implemented. The authors carried out an organizational and economic analysis of the Russian ITiS market, as well as formulated the main measures and procedures that should be implemented at high-tech aircraft manufacturing enterprises within the framework of the state sectoral policy in the field of import substitution. The article also considers an example of the implementation of the Russian information system in the development of a project for the automation of production accounting at the head enterprise of the UAC as part of the implementation of this policy.
 Purpose – determination of methods and techniques for automating typical business processes of aircraft manufacturing enterprises through the use of domestic information technologies and systems as part of the implementation of the state industry policy in the field of import substitution of information and communication technologies.
 Methodology. The article used methods of empirical research, information-logical and expert methods, as well as methods of analogy and comparison.
 Results. The most informative parameters were obtained, showing the economic feasibility and effectiveness of the introduction of domestic information technologies and systems at aircraft manufacturing enterprises as part of the implementation of the state sectoral policy in the field of import substitution of information and communication technologies.
 Practical implications. The obtained results should be applied not only at the enterprises of the UAC aircraft industry, but also at the enterprises of other high-tech industries of the State Corporation Rostec, where automation of the main standard business processes is an important component of their further development.