Technology Standards Research Articles

Technology Standards in Ecosystems: Designer, Design Rules, and Implications for Firm and Ecosystem

Technology Standards in Ecosystems: Designer, Design Rules, and Implications for Firm and Ecosystem

Organized Optimization Integration Validation Model for Internet of Things (IoT)-Based Real-Time Applications

Emerging technology like the Internet of Things (IoT) has great potential for use in real time in many areas, including healthcare, agriculture, logistics, manufacturing, and environmental surveillance. Many obstacles exist alongside the most popular IoT applications and services. The quality of representation, modeling, and resource projection is enhanced through interactive devices/interfaces when IoT is integrated with real-time applications. The architecture has become the most significant obstacle due to the absence of standards for IoT technology. Essential considerations while building IoT architecture include safety, capacity, privacy, data processing, variation, and resource management. High levels of complexity minimization necessitate active application pursuits with variable execution times and resource management demands. This article introduces the Organized Optimization Integration Validation Model (O2IVM) to address these issues. This model exploits k-means clustering to identify complexities over different IoT application integrations. The harmonized service levels are grouped as a single entity to prevent additional complexity demands. In this clustering, the centroids avoid lags of validation due to non-optimized classifications. Organized integration cases are managed using centroid deviation knowledge to reduce complexity lags. This clustering balances integration levels, non-complex processing, and time-lagging integrations from different real-time levels. Therefore, the cluster is dissolved and reformed for further integration-level improvements. The volatile (non-clustered/grouped) integrations are utilized in the consecutive centroid changes for learning. The proposed model’s performance is validated using the metrics of execution time, complexity, and time lag.

Applications and issues of artificial intelligence in the financial sector

This paper investigates the application of artificial intelligence in the financial sector, analyzing the existing technical, ethical, and legal issues, and proposing corresponding solutions. The research background highlights the widespread use of AI technology in the financial industry and the efficiency and cost benefits it brings. The research focuses on challenges related to data quality, feature engineering, model complexity, real-time capability, computational resources, and data privacy protection. The research method includes literature review and case analysis, revealing the applications of AI technology in stock prediction, risk management, trading strategy optimization, and customer service. The results indicate that effective data cleaning, automated feature engineering, model simplification and regularization techniques, the use of interpretability tools like LIME and SHAP, and the introduction of fairness evaluation standards can significantly enhance AI model performance and transparency. The conclusion points out that these measures can not only solve the current technical and ethical issues of AI in the financial sector but also promote the widespread application and standardization of AI technology in other fields.

Role of Augmented Reality in Improving Remote Technical Support in Nigeria

Purpose: The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of augmented reality in improving remote technical support in Nigeria. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The integration of Augmented Reality (AR) in remote technical support in Nigeria has significantly enhanced troubleshooting efficiency by allowing technicians to visualize issues in real-time, providing immediate and interactive guidance. This technology has improved customer satisfaction by reducing downtime and accelerating resolution processes, making support more accessible, especially in remote areas. Additionally, AR has contributed to cost reduction by minimizing the need for physical technician visits and extensive in-person training sessions. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Technology acceptance model (TAM), media richness theory (MRT) & cognitive load theory (CLT) may be used to anchor future studies on role of augmented reality in improving remote technical support in Nigeria. Implement AR solutions to provide remote technicians with detailed, real-time visual overlays that guide diagnostic and repair processes. Formulate policies that establish standards for AR technology in remote technical support. This includes guidelines for data security, privacy, and interoperability to ensure that AR solutions are safe, reliable, and can work seamlessly with other technologies.

Treatment strategies of cytoreductive surgery plus intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy for gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis: a systematic review

Peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer is associated with rapid disease progression. Hyperthermic intraoperative peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) done immediately after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) has become an important treatment for peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients. However, different treatment options for HIPEC exist with potential influence on survival rates and prognosis in patients, exist. These treatment options include open or closed abdomen technique, perfusion solution, number of catheters, temperature, duration, and drug regimens. This paper aims to provide more evidence on standardization of HIPEC treatment options and technologies by systematically reviewing different drug regimens and technical approaches. The study included 2 randomized controlled trials, 3 phase I/II clinical trials, 2 prospective cohort studies, and 34 retrospective cohort studies, involving 1511 patients. The most common HIPEC option is to dissolve 50-75 mg/m2 of Cisplatin and 30-40 mg/m2 of Mitomycin C in 3-4 L saline solution at 42-43℃. After gastrointestinal anastomosis, 2-3 catheters are used in the HIPEC system with a perfusion flow rate of 500 ml/min. The duration is 60-90 minutes. Anastomotic leakage was low in studies where HIPEC was performed after gastrointestinal anastomosis. The utilization of open HIPEC and a two-drug regimen resulted in improved overall survival rates. The future development of HIPEC aims to enhance tumor-specific therapy by optimizing various aspects, such as identifying the safest and most effective chemotherapy regimens, refining patient selection criteria, and improving perioperative care.

Information on operational sea ice products and current and future activities of the German ice service

The ice service at the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency and its predecessors has been committed to the safety and easiness of ship navigation for more than 100 years. Within this paper, an overview of the operational products issued by the German ice service on a daily to weekly basis throughout the northern hemisphere winter season is given. These comprise written reports, ice charts, NAVTEX messages, and messages via the Global Telecommunication System to inform about the sea ice situation in German coastal waters, the Baltic Sea, and worldwide. Furthermore, the ice service has systematically collected ice observation data along the German North Sea and Baltic Sea coast since the winter of 1896/1897. The history of the German ice service is presented to put the sea ice data into context of the observation technologies used in the course of the existence of the ice service. These long-term observations enable climatological analyses of the sea ice cover in German coastal waters necessary for the safe operation of offshore infrastructure. An evaluation of the data shows a recent decline in sea ice occurrence in the Baltic Sea and German Bight. Current work is ongoing to preserve more of the historic data in digital form and also to transform the products to conform to modern standards in digital technologies and interactive solutions for the customers.

Standardization of Technology for Development, Physico-chemical properties, Organoleptic acceptability and Storage of Value Added Kiwi Fruit Squash (Actinidia deliciosa)

A present study was conducted for the development of kiwi fruit squash (Actinidia deliciosa). The study was constituted to evaluate the effect of different treatments on the physico-chemical and organoleptic properties and prolonged storage life of kiwi fruit squash. The experiment was carried out in the Post Harvest Laboratory, Learning Integrated Livelihood Forestry, Agronomy & Rural Management, Ministry of Uttarakhand Dehradun, during the year 2022-24. The experiment was laid out in 2x2 Factorial Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Based on the statistical analysis, the experiment shows that Bruno variety (V3) performed best in terms of physico-chemical properties viz., TSS, acidity, moisture, vitamin C, and reducing sugar, followed by the Abbott variety (V2). The study indicated that Abbott variety (V2) was most acceptable in terms of organoleptic properties viz., colour & appearance, taste & flavour, texture and overall acceptability, followed by the Hayward variety (V1). On the other hand microbial analysis of the squash shows the stored life which is up to 60 days without any microbial contamination. The squash maintained acceptability for up to 2 months when diluted with water, making it suitable as a refreshing beverage for all age groups.

Organisational and technological factors affecting efficient service delivery in trustworthy digital repositories: A qualitative approach

This study was undertaken to identify the organisational and technological factors that affect the efficiency of service delivery in trustworthy digital repositories of university libraries, where digital repositories have become increasingly common. The interpretive research paradigm, which relies on qualitative research, was adopted for the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with nine participants from selected universities in the South West region of Nigeria. The data was analysed thematically to explore the factors affecting service delivery in trustworthy digital repositories. The findings show that both organisational factors (such as standardised organisation policies, stakeholders’ participation and financial sustainability) and technological factors (digital repository certification, technological standards, etc.) have a significant effect on service delivery in a university-based trustworthy digital repository. It is concluded that by adopting these factors, institutions can establish digital repositories that are not merely data storage facilities, but also trusted and valuable sources of scholarly information and knowledge.

The geopolitics of technology standards: historical context for US, EU and Chinese approaches

Abstract This article provides a review of the historical trends that are shaping global competition for standard setting in emerging technologies. Specifically, it explores how the traditional rule-makers of international standardization, namely the United States and Europe, are responding to the rise of China in standard-setting. The article argues that three polities are adapting their standard-setting strategies to shifting power dynamics in the international technology order. To preserve its competitive advantage, the US is becoming more interventionist and proactive in setting technology standards. China has developed a long-term standardization strategy to bolster its domestic industrial development, increase its influence and reap greater profits from the process of rule-making. Finally, the EU is seeking a third way that strikes a balance between competition and cooperation to preserve values like interoperability, which have historically benefited its single market and the global economy at large. Our historical review shows that, while the three polities have different priorities and face distinct challenges, they all seem to converge towards a greater role for governments in standard-setting.

China’s grand strategy within 21st-century megatrends

The main aim of this study is to identify possible components of China’s grand strategy and check how they can influence global megatrends. Based on a literature review, four grand strategy components are identified: 1) building up military power, 2) consolidating power at the peripheries and pushing for more control over disputed territories, 3) expanding economic influence through the Belt and Road Initiative, and 4) establishing new standards in digital technologies and promoting cyber sovereignty. These strategic tools can directly affect the following megatrends that are commonly mentioned in the literature: shift of economic power, emerging markets, new economic order; digitalisation; globalisation; deglobalization, trade reduction; diversity of governance, trust in the political system; and scarce resources. Using data taken from Google Trends it is shown that in the 2004-2023 period the trends of Chinese grand strategy terms correlate most with terms that represent the following three megatrends: digitalisation, globalisation, and scarce resources.

IDENTIFICATION OF OPERATING MODES OF THE DEFROSTING GARAGE OF THE LOAD STATION OF THE INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISE IN DYNAMIC CONDITIONS

Purpose. At the current stage of operation of the defrosting garages of the freight station of the industrial enterprise, the defrosting of wagons with bulk raw materials takes place in conditions of a changing environment, which leads to low efficiency of the interaction of railway transport and the unloading complex. To solve this problem, it is necessary to identify the modes of operation of the defrosting garages of the cargo station of the industrial enterprise in dynamic conditions, to analyze the consumption of natural gas for defrosting. Research methods. The following methods were used during the research: synthesis and analysis for the study of the issue and scientific publications regarding the state and ways of identifying the modes of operation of the defrosting garages of the cargo station of the industrial enterprise; experiment planning - to obtain a multidimensional, diverse array of statistical data; theory of probability and mathematical statistics - for data processing, obtaining correlation dependences of indicators of identification of modes of operation of defrosting garages of a cargo station of an industrial enterprise in dynamic conditions. The results. The work is devoted to the solution of the scientific and technical problem of identifying the operating modes of the defrosting garages of the cargo station of the industrial enterprise in the conditions of a changing environment. The work evaluates the modes of operation of the defrosting garages of the cargo station of the industrial enterprise when defrosting bulk raw materials.The influence of external factors on the consumption of natural gas during defrosting of bulk raw materials in wagons was evaluated. On the basis of research conducted in the process of defrosting bulk raw materials in wagons, two temperature modes of operation of garages were identified, which determine different gas consumption. Basic, regulatory mode with a constant defrosting temperature set by technological standards and maximum gas consumption. Periodic, with reduced gas consumption, is characterized by a decrease in temperature after 6-7 hours and subsequent defrosting using accumulated heat, which ensures a decrease in gas consumption. The possibility and expediency of wide practical use of accumulated heat in the process of defrosting bulk raw materials in wagons has been established. The temperature and time parameters of the process of defrosting bulk raw materials in wagons using accumulated heat are proposed, which ensures a significant reduction in energy consumption. Increasing the efficiency of the defrosting garages of the freight station of the industrial enterprise was achieved on the basis of the development of a method and model of natural gas consumption when defrosting bulk raw materials in wagons using accumulated heat. The scientific novelty consists in the identification of the operating modes of the defrosting garages of the cargo station of the industrial enterprise in the conditions of a changing environment, which is based on a multidimensional, diverse array of experimental data. Practical significance.The presented theoretical provisions regarding the modes of operation of the defrosting garages of the freight station of the industrial enterprise made it possible to develop a method and model of natural gas consumption during defrosting of bulk raw materials in wagons using accumulated heat.

Research on vehicle electromagnetic compatibility testing based on LTE-V2X direct communication

Abstract With the continuous development of intelligent networked vehicle technology, the electromagnetic environment inside and outside the vehicle is becoming more and more complicated. As the key technology of vehicle-road coordination, the electromagnetic reliability of V2X communication will affect the driving safety and ride comfort of intelligent networked vehicles. Based on V2X communication, this paper introduces the mainstream V2X technology and related standards at home and abroad. Taking the vehicle based on LTE-V2X direct communication technology as the object, the construction of the communication scene, electromagnetic emission, and immunity test method in the semi-dark room are studied, and the test results and matters needing attention in the test are given. This research can well support the formulation of vehicle networking standards and help improve the intelligent networked vehicle standards and regulations system.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF ZEOLITES ON THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ADHESIVES

The article is devoted to the analysis of the effect of the addition of zeolites on the properties of adhesives used in the woodworking industry. Zeolites with adsorption and catalytic properties were used as modifiers of adhesive systems. This work contributes to the creation of environmentally friendly adhesives for the woodworking industry, reducing the impact on the environment. The aim of the study is to modify adhesive compositions with different concentrations of zeolite and to study their effect on technological parameters. The methods of synthesis of modified adhesives and methods of their testing are described. The results show that the introduction of zeolites into the composition of adhesives accelerates the gelatinization process due to the catalytic action of alkali metal oxides contained in aluminosilicates. This reduces the polycondensation time and allows you to maintain the performance of the CF-LT-15 glue for 89 hours, which corresponds to technological standards. However, an increase in the size and concentration of aluminosilicate particles increases the conditional viscosity of the adhesive from 52 to 95 seconds, which complicates its application to substrates. In this regard, it is recommended to limit the filler content to 8 mass parts. This article summarizes the results of the study and offers recommendations for the industrial use of modified adhesives. The results may be of interest to both the scientific community and the woodworking industry, which is striving to create more efficient and environmentally friendly adhesives.

Kazakhstan dairy market: guidelines for optimization

Milk plays an important role in human life as obligatory and necessary food product, containing the most valuable and easily digestible proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and minerals. The goal is to show the current state of dairy industry in Kazakhstan, factors influencing its development. The economic parameters of production of milk and dairy products, dynamics of production volumes, and the number of cattle by type of management have been studied. The methods are based on the study of domestic and analytical reviews, scientific publications, and statistical information. Results – there is a shortage of raw materials for processing enterprises, their low quality, and a large number of small producers. The authors state that homemade milk from private farms does not meet technological standards, which, in turn, is the reason for poorquality industrial processing of raw materials. Domestic producers satisfy the need only for liquid processed milk and cream (94.9%). Conclusions – indicators that have restraining effect on development of dairy industry in the republic are considered, the need for technological reequipment, formation of cluster structures, and state support for Kazakh producers is pointed out. Compliance with raw milk quality standards is only possible when using the latest methods for obtaining and primary processing of raw milk. To achieve an effect, subsidies for technical equipment are required, especially for small-scale farms (milking and refrigeration machines, disinfectants, express control analyzers, etc.). Forecasts for consumption of dairy products assume the ability to determine in the future the volumes and structure of market demand for this type of product. The fundamental factors are the level of income, trends in changes in retail prices, degree of market saturation, national and historical traditions.

STATUS OF SUSTAINABILITY OF ORGANIC RICE COMMODITIES AS RURAL ECONOMIC POTENTIAL IN BONDOWOSO REGENCY

The complexity of organic farming system problems starts from the increasingly scarce availability of land resources, farmers' business capital which is still very limited and marketing access and the organic rice market chain, population growth continues to increase every year and the low quality of community resources, and knowledge in the application of technology and quality standardization will impact on the sustainability of organic rice commodities. The aim of this research is to analyze the sustainability status of organic rice commodities in terms of ecological, economic and social dimensions. The analytical method used in this research is Rapfish which is modified into RAP-Organic rice using the Multidimensional scaling method. The results of research on the multi-dimensional sustainability status of organic rice commodities including ecological, economic, social and infrastructure & technology dimensions show that organic rice commodities have a fairly sustainable index value with an index value of 73.58, meaning that with this index value all dimensions include: ecological dimension, economic, social and infrastructure & technology influence the sustainability status of organic rice commodities. The implication of the analysis results is that the Regional Government needs to increase attention to organic rice farmer groups regarding the importance of organic rice businesses by making special policies for the development of organic rice businesses to continue to increase the sustainability of organic rice commodities.

Paleolithic portable art in the collections of the Irkutsk Regional Art Museum (Buret’ site)

The collection of Buret’ site is one of the most important archaeological complexes of the Upper Paleolithic of Siberia. The decorative elements on the mobile art found at the site marks the “classical stage” of the Upper Paleolithic. Field research was carried out in 1936-1940, under the general leadership of A.P. Okladnikov. In the 2000s, due to new research methods and data obtained on the stratigraphy and archeology of cultural remains, the comprehension of the object changed. This article examines the issues of morphology, manufacturing technology and decoration of ivory sculptures in the collection of the V.P. Sukachev Irkutsk Regional Art Museum, excavated in 1940. During the research it was established that in the materials of Buret’, as in the “classic” Mal’ta’s Paleolithic collection, there were various technological methods for making anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures, using a stable set of tools and technological standards. The technology for producing portable art objects on the territory of the Buret’ site is in many ways similar to that used at the Mal’ta site. The research revealed the main patterns of production for each of the identified morphological types of items at both sites. For each of the types of mobile art objects studied, the basic technology of their production was adapted and acquired characteristic features, manifested in the specifics of using the main tools. Systematization of the data obtained during the analysis of the material made it possible to exclude the version of a random, chaotic selection of the tools used. It should be noted that among the relatively low-quality production of most objects of Buret’s portable art, one example of ornithomorphic sculpture stands out, distinguished by the skill and care of its production, based on the use of more advanced technology and careful processing of ivory tusk. We assume that the production of portable art at the Buret’ site was serial in nature and did not have the features of individual craftsman creativity. The use of universal tools of production indicates the priority of mass production over individual motives.

Эволюция транспупиллярной лазерной коагуляции сетчатки в лечении активной ретинопатии недоношенных: от режима одиночного импульса до навигационного сопровождения

Abstract Evolution of transpupillary laser coagulation of the retina in the treatment of active retinopathy of prematurity: from single pulse mode to navigational support A.V. Tereshchenko, I.G. Trifanenkova, Yu.A. Sidorova, V.V. Firsova, V.V. Shaulov S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Kaluga branch, Kaluga, Russian Federation K.E. Tsiolkovski Kaluga State University, Kaluga, Russian Federation Purpose. To present the development stages and results of 18 years of experience in laser technologies application for the treatment of premature infants with active ROP in the Kaluga branch of S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution. Material and methods. Transpupillary laser coagulation of the retina (LCR) was performed in 1583 children (2537 eyes) with active ROP for the period from 2004 to 2021. LCR was carried out with various stationary laser ophthalmocoagulators. Stages 2 and 3 of active ROP with an unfavorable disease course, stage of early clinical manifestations, manifestation of aggressive posterior ROP were indications for laser treatment. Results. Transpupillary LCR began to be performed for children with active ROP with a stationary ophthalmic coagulator for the first time in Kaluga branch of the S. Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery in 2004. The technology of patterned LCR in active ROP was applied for the first time at domestic and international clinical practice, in the Kaluga branch of Eye Microsurgery in 2009. Pattern LCR began to be performed on the Integre Pro Scan device in 2016. Pattern with the most dense and uniform arrangement of laser applications – hexagonal – was identified. In 2021 transpupillary LCR of the avascular zone of the retina was performed in automatic mode with navigation support on the Navilas 577s laser system. It was possible to perform LCR of the avascular zone of the retina up to the dentate line in all cases. Regression of disease was achieved in 100% of cases. Conclusion. Evolution of laser technologies and the experience of their use demonstrate the high efficacy, safety and predictability of the results of laser treatment of active ROP. Modern pattern laser techniques are highly effective, safe, dosed and tissue-saving, which can serve as the basis for standardization of retinal laser coagulation technology in the treatment of active ROP. Key words: retinopathy of prematurity, unfavorable type of course, laser coagulation of the retina, hexagonal pattern, navigation system

Speeding up UAV-based crop variability assessment through a data fusion approach using spatial interpolation for site-specific management

Innovations in precision agriculture enhance complex tasks, reduce environmental impact, and increase food production and cost efficiency. One of the main challenges is ensuring rapid information availability for autonomous vehicles and standardizing processes across platforms to maximize interoperability. The lack of drone technology standardisation, communication barriers, high costs, and post-processing requirements sometimes hinder their widespread use in agriculture. This research introduces a standardized data fusion framework for creating real-time spatial variability maps using images from different Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for Site-Specific Crop Management (SSM). Two spatial interpolation methods were used (Inverse Distance Weight, IDW, and Triangulated Irregular Networks, TIN), selected for their computational efficiency and input flexibility. The proposed framework can use different UAV image sources and offers versatility, speed, and efficiency, consuming up to 98 % less time, energy, and computing requirements than standard photogrammetry techniques, providing rapid field information, allowing edge computing incorporation into the UAV data acquisition phase. Experiments conducted in Spain, Serbia, and Finland in 2022 under the H2020 FlexiGroBots project demonstrated a strong correlation between results from this method and those from standard photogrammetry techniques (up to r = 0.93). In addition, the correlation with Sentinel 2 satellite images was as strong as that obtained with photogrammetry-based orthomosaics (up to r = 0.8). The proposed approach could support irrigation leak detection, soil parameter estimation, weed management, and satellite integration for agriculture.

Telehealth in Urology Beyond COVID-19

Introduction: Implementation of telehealth (TH) accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic and has become a vital part of health care delivery. As we move toward the post-COVID-19 era, clinical practice has demonstrated a need for updated policies and quality improvement to solidify the role of TH in the urology care setting. The AUA Census data were used to explore trends, benefits, and barriers to urology TH implementation. Methods: The AUA Workforce Workgroup and Telehealth Taskforce analyzed data from the 2019-2022 AUA Census. Pertinent variables included utilization, patient satisfaction, care settings, quality, and diagnoses amenable to TH. Results: Pre-COVID-19 TH utilization increased from 11.9% to 81% during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. TH is predominately used in metropolitan academic centers, with usage increasing from 12.8% to 83% in these areas during the pandemic. Usage also increased in non-metropolitan areas from 3.8% to 61.2%. Overall, 76.7% reported increased ease of scheduling follow-ups, 62% ease of ordering tests, and 69.5% ease of accessing patient data in favor of audio visits vs in-person visits. TH utilization increased from 42.4% to 65% for initial visits and 66.8% to 82% for follow-up visits. Over 80% of practicing urologists younger than 54 years desire the use of telemedicine for follow-up visits. TH increased patient access to care by 51.6%, and 54% of urologists expressed desire to continue using or increase utilization of TH. The top 3 barriers of patient’s ability to receive telemedicine were 67.6% noting lack of knowledge in using patient portal/software needed for telemedicine visits, 49.6% had lack of adequate conferencing tools, and 43.9% lacked high-speed internet service to enable video visits. In total, 53.4% of urologists would absolutely or probably increase usage if payment parity of TH was comparable with that of in-office E/M services. Conclusion: TH implementation accelerated during the COVID-19 era. In the post-COVID-19 era, TH continues to be important across multiple areas including patient and physician satisfaction and increasing access to care, particularly in rural areas. Barriers exist, especially concerning payment parity, and could be eliminated through advocacy for policy updates and standardization of technology.

A closer look at the relationship between course enrollment size and accident occurrences in hands-on engineering design-based STEM courses

AbstractEngaging students in hands-on engineering design-based instruction as called for in national science, and technology and engineering (T&E) education standards in the United States (U.S.) poses inherent hazards and risks that science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) educators must be adequately prepared to address. Helping students develop safer habits while creating solutions to design challenges can translate to practices they will implement at home, in post-secondary education programs, and in the workplace. This study analyzed responses from 117 P-12 educators delivering hands-on engineering design-based STEM instruction in the U.S. Certain protective factors (e.g., safety training) were found to be significantly associated with reducing the odds of an accident; however, when controlling for course enrollment sizes, the odds of an accident significantly increased. Logistic regression models demonstrated that STEM courses with enrollments of 24 or fewer students had an 87.5% reduction in the odds of an accident occurring. Courses with enrollments surpassing 24 students were 8 times more likely to have had an accident, and courses with more than 30 students were 21 times more likely to have had an accident occurrence within the past five years. The findings from this study provide insight about the importance of occupancy load and overcrowding in hands-on engineering design-based STEM courses. STEM educators can utilize the results from this study to make informed decisions about addressing significant risk and protective factors associated with accident occurrences. Most importantly, this study has implications for improving safety policies and changing legal precedent related to overcrowding and course enrollment sizes in P-12 STEM courses, which the analyses in this study suggest should help reduce accident occurrences.