Set Of Technology Standards Research Articles

Technology Coopetition and Voluntary Disclosures of Innovation

ABSTRACT We examine firms’ voluntary disclosures of innovation under technology coopetition, focusing on technology standard setting organizations (SSOs). Technology coopetition is characterized by (1) cooperation to determine technology standards, which requires information sharing to reach consensus, and (2) competition for standard implementation to obtain standard-essential patents, which create incentives for firms to deviate from the expected level of information sharing. We document a decrease in 10-K narrative R&D disclosures, more generic 10-K narrative R&D disclosures, and a longer delay of patent disclosures via the USPTO after a firm joins an SSO. Among alternative explanations, our evidence is most supportive of the hypothesis that firms strategically withhold innovation information. JEL Classifications: L15; M41; O32.

Developing PowerPoint Standards for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

As we live in a time when standards, frameworks, and benchmarks are becoming increasingly prominent, it makes sense that some sort of teacher technology standards would be desirable. Standards on the state or national levels call for the integrating of multimedia into teaching, but there are not clear guidelines illustrating how integrating a technology into the classroom should be accomplished. Nor is there an evaluation system in place to ensure that teachers possess the multimedia skills and knowledge required in teaching. It is thus important to devise a set of teacher technology standards as a resource for teachers as they attempt to integrate multimedia into their curricula. Therefore, this study provided a set of guidelines and standards for evaluating PowerPoint presentations for use in language teaching to provide more support to language teachers at the institutional level. In this article, four case studies of PowerPoint presentation in Chinese language teaching sample slides are explored to show how the devised standard guidelines and a score assessment system can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a presentation and thus to help language instructors to develop their skills in making PowerPoint Presentations and improving teaching effectiveness. A proposed teacher PowerPoint standards were developed based on the author’s personal experience teaching Chinese using multimedia in classrooms in China, Europe and America will also be shared in this case study.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Collaborative R&D Networks on Enterprise Innovation Performance Based on the Mediating Effect of Technology Standard Setting

Against the background of economic globalization, high-technology enterprises need to focus on the characteristics of corporate collaboration R&D networks and Standard-Setting. In this paper, theoretical research on corporate collaboration R&D network characteristics, technology standard-setting capability, and technology innovation performance is carried out, and a theoretical model and hypotheses are constructed. We apply Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to conduct an empirical analysis based on national data surveys of 12 industries. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Corporate collaboration R&D networks and technology standard-setting capability have a positive and significant impact on technology innovation performance; (2) Technology’s standard-setting capability has been identified to play a full intermediary role in the relationship between the breadth of connections and innovation efficiency. This paper provides a practical reference for enterprises to assess the value of collaborative R&D networks and improve their technology standard-setting capability for enhanced economic efficiency.

Structural Embeddedness and Firms’ Impact on the Technology Standard Setting Process

The extant literatures often focus on the efficiency of standard committees to coordinate conflicts between members and how regulatory capture occurs, thus neglecting the impact of cooperation behaviour on the technology standard setting process. This paper aims to explore how structural embeddedness affects firms’ impact on the technology standard setting process. We construct a network with the national standard data in China's communications industry in 2000-2017. With 326 firms participating in the standard formulation as the research sample, we use the negative binomial regression method to explore the relationship between structural embeddedness of technology sponsors and the impacts on the technology standard setting process. We find that while there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the number of direct collaborators and firms’ impacts on the technology standard setting process, the structural holes positively affect firms’ impacts on the technology standard setting process. The conclusions obtained from this paper have important managerial implications for firms participating the technology standard setting processes.

Technology Standards and Standard Setting Organizations: Introduction to the Searle Center Database

AbstractThis paper describes the Searle Center Database on Technology Standards and Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs). This database combines comprehensive information on technology standards, SSO membership, and SSO characteristics in a format designed for economic research. In particular, the database includes data on quantifiable characteristics of 797,711 standard documents issued by 615 SSOs, institutional membership in a sample of 191 Standards Organizations, and the rules of 36 SSOs on standard adoption procedures, standard‐essential patents (SEPs), participation, and openness. Using the Internet Archives, we track both institutional membership and the SSO rules and procedures over time since the inception of the Archives in 1996. We identify 67,417 entities participating in at least one Standards Organization. The paper describes how to combine these data with other new databases on standard‐related patents and standardization processes at 3GPP; and sketches avenues for empirical research.

Technology Standards and Standard Setting Organizations: Introduction to the Searle Center Database

This paper describes the Searle Center Database on Technology Standards and Standard Setting Organizations (SSOs). This database combines comprehensive information on technology standards, SSO membership, and SSO characteristics in a format designed for economic research. In particular, the database includes data on quantifiable characteristics of 797,711 standard documents issued by 615 SSOs, institutional membership in a sample of 191 Standards Organizations, and the rules of 36 SSOs on standard adoption procedures, standard‐essential patents (SEPs), participation, and openness. Using the Internet Archives, we track both institutional membership and the SSO rules and procedures over time since the inception of the Archives in 1996. We identify 67,417 entities participating in at least one Standards Organization. The paper describes how to combine these data with other new databases on standard‐related patents and standardization processes at 3GPP; and sketches avenues for empirical research.

Technology Standard-Setting Under the Lens of Global Administrative Law: Accountability, Participation and Transparency of Standard-Setting Organizations

The role of transnational non-governmental bodies in international standardization has often been in the limelight of recent academic discussions. While standards developed by Standard-Setting Organizations (SSOs) are typically non-binding, they can nevertheless acquire an obligatory character, either by virtue of the force given to them by domestic regulation or another organization such as the WTO, or by obtaining significant market power. Such metamorphosed standards, especially when developed in hybrid or private fora, are frequently accused of lacking legitimacy and accountability. In particular, these concerns are relevant for the technology sector, characterized by expertise-driven decision-making and the symbiosis of public and private stakeholders.This paper sheds light on the mechanics of technical standard-setting by analyzing the working procedures of the public, hybrid and private SSOs leading in telecommunications and ICT standardization, namely the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It further suggests that despite the fundamental difference in the institutional nature of their forums, standards formulated by all three organizations constitute a collective action and fall within the scope of global administrative law. Ultimately, this paper attempts to reveal the principles, which could serve as administrative tools for scrutinizing the indirect powers of the SSOs, and to provide a preliminary comparative assessment of the examined procedures with regard to the identified principles.

Questioning the FTC's Incremental Value Test and Claims of Widespread Hold-up in Technology Standards

Many authors suggest that hold-up is a widespread problem in technology standard setting. The FTC appears to accept that view in its 2011 IP Report, and its incremental value test would attempt to mitigate such hold-up. We question the factual and logical foundations of the FTC's approach. By expanding the definition of hold-up beyond the context of deception, breach of FRAND commitments, or other patentee misconduct—for which remedies already exist—and by tying the incremental value test to an ex ante point that occurs after patent holders' investments have been sunk, the FTC risks tipping the balance too far in the direction of infringer-licensees, potentially damaging innovation incentives. The FTC's recommendations, which would effect a radical change in patent law and the incentives underlying it, may be subject to question, especially given that we are aware of no empirical study suggesting that hold-up is a serious impediment to standard setting, much less that it warrants fundamental changes to the patent laws.

A Standard-Based Model For Adaptive E-Learning Platform For Mauritian Academic Institutions

The key aim of this paper is to introduce a standard-based model for adaptive e-learning platform for Mauritian academic institutions and to investigate the conditions and tools required to implement this model. The main forces of the system are that it allows collaborative learning, communication among user, and reduce considerable paper work. Adaptation in the context of elearning is about creating a learner experience that purposely adjusts to various conditions over a period of time with the intention of increasing pre-defined success criteria. Adaptation requires the functionality to be able to interact with and manipulate data on the learning design, the users and the system, and its contents. Therefore, adaptation is not an add-on that can just be plugged into a learning environment. Each of the conditions for adaptation has to be represented in a rigorous way. We will introduce a model based on a set of key learning technology standards that enable a structured, integrated view on designing, using and validating adaptation.

A standards war waged by a developing country: Understanding international standard setting from the actor-network perspective

Standards have become a basis of global competition among countries. Although there are many studies of standards and standardization, little is known about how international standards are set. Even less is known about how it occurs in the unprecedented case in which a developing country is actively involved in this process. In the past few years, China, leveraging the huge size of its domestic markets, has attempted to influence international technology standard setting. Standardization, especially at the international level, often revolves around building an alliance surrounding a particular technology. Actor-network theory (ANT) is a theory that helps analyze the ways in which actors form alliances and enroll other actors to strengthen such alliances surrounding a technology. Therefore, we see a fit between the study of standard setting and ANT. In this paper, we use ANT to investigate the process of mobile standard setting in an international context where firms, industry consortia, and governments collaborate and compete in complex ways. It is found that China’s attempt to set WAPI as a national standard failed in enrolling other actors mainly due to the fact that WAPI was too closed a standard even for a de jure one; China did not release the WAPI security algorithm to the scrutiny of the international community.

Gender Stereotypes in Educational Software for Young Children

Children are increasingly being exposed to educational technology at school. In response to this, the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) drafted a set of technology standards for teachers (ISTE, 2002) that specifically states that teachers should empower all students and support diversity. This content analysis of educational software for preschoolers was designed to look at gender representations and stereotyping. The results demonstrated significantly more male characters than female characters in preschool educational software, which makes it difficult for teachers to address gender diversity and suggests that girls are not as valued as boys are. Male characters were also more likely than female characters to exhibit several masculine-stereotypical traits. In addition, female characters more than male characters exhibited counterstereotypical behaviors, yet were more gender stereotyped in appearance.

Data standards for proteomics: mitochondrial two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis data as a model system

Proteomics has emerged as a major discipline that led to a re-examination of the need for consensus and a nationally sanctioned set of proteomics technology standards. Such standards for databases and data reporting may be applied to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) technology as a pilot project for assessing global and national needs in proteomics, and the role of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and other similar standards and measurement organizations. The experience of harmonizing the heterogeneous data included in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) provides a paradigm for technology in an area where significant heterogeneity in technical detail and data storage has evolved. Here we propose an approach toward standardizing mitochondrial 2D PAGE data in support of a globally relevant proteomics consensus.

Be the Technology

We launched a technology professional development initiative in a school district with the goal of extending technology use in the classroom beyond being a mere teaching tool. For teachers to teach expertly, we wanted them to “be the technology” by modeling technology use in the classroom, applying technology across the curriculum, applying technology to problem solving and decision making in authentic learning environments, and applying technology to facilitate collaboration and cooperation among learners. To implement this technology initiative, we established a set of technology standards and indicators to describe best practices for expert teaching and student learning using technology. We hypothesized that teachers would experience several stages as they developed into expert technology integrators and that we could evaluate this technology initiative by tracking their progress through these stages. We formulated and validated a developmental model for technology integration, the Technology Integration Standards Configuration Matrix (TISCM), based on the stages, standards, and indicators of our technology professional development initiative, as a tool for use in the evaluation of technology integration among the teachers in the school district.