Routing Technology Research Articles

On the surface integrity of machined aero-engine grade Ni-based superalloy billets produced by the field-assisted sintering technology (FAST) route

High performance powder-based Ni-based superalloys exhibit exceptional in-service properties at elevated temperature, however this leads to reduced machinability and the potential for significant machining induced damage. Field assisted sintering technology (FAST) is capable of consolidating powder rapidly and efficiently, allowing for precise control of the microstructure via the dissolution of strengthening phases. In this study, subsolvus and supersolvus dwell temperatures were utilised to produce fine and coarse grain forms of an advanced Ni-based disk alloy. Surface integrity and machining forces were then evaluated after single point turning for a range of surface speeds. Higher cutting forces and lower depths of subsurface damage were generated when machining the fine grain (subsolvus) material when compared to the coarser grained (supersolvus) material. For both material conditions tested, higher surface speeds led to a reduced depth of subsurface deformation due to increased local temperatures, promoting workpiece softening. In addition, at higher cutting speeds the deformation of near surface γ’ precipitates were observed to be greater. These results demonstrate that the FAST process can be utilised to control microstructure, and as a result, tailor the machinability of Ni-based superalloy material.

Recent advances in organolead halide crystalline materials for photocatalytic H2 evolution and CO2 reduction applications.

The photocatalytic technique has been widely recognized as a feasible technological route for sustainable energy conversion of solar energy into chemical energy. Photocatalysts play a vital role in the whole catalytic process. In particular, organolead halide perovskites have become emerging photocatalysts, owing to their precisely tunable light absorption range, high carrier diffusion mobility, and longer carrier lifetime and diffusion length. Nevertheless, their intrinsic structural instability and high carrier recombination rate are the major bottlenecks for further development in photocatalytic applications. This Frontier is focused on the recent research about the instability mechanism of organolead halide perovskites. Then, we summarize the recently developed strategies to improve the structural stability and photocatalytic activity of organolead halide materials, with an emphasis on the construction of organolead halide crystalline catalysts with high intrinsic structural stability. Finally, an outlook and challenges of organometal halide photocatalysts are presented, demonstrating the irreplaceable role of this class of emergent materials in the field of photo-energy conversion.

Impact of 3D printing technology on the field of apparel design in the framework of intellectual property law

Abstract 3D printing technology, with the development of science and technology, the application in the field of clothing can not be counted. In this paper, based on the design technology route of 3D printing clothing, we first establish parametric 3D three-dimensional clothing. After determining the constraints of the clothing curve, we generate the clothing parametric surface by interpolation and then adjust the horizontal mesh to generate the three-dimensional clothing model. The Gragh Cut algorithm is used to segment the garment image and extract the 3D garment contour features. Finally, the exploration of the aesthetic implication and modeling characteristics of 3D printed garments is launched, and examples analyze the aesthetic characteristics and comfort of 3D printed garments under different materials according to the characteristics of local decoration, functionality, parameterization, and so on. The impact of 3D printing technology on clothing design within the framework of intellectual property law is also being explored. The results show that the thermal comfort range of 3D printed garments is 24.1~26.6°C, and 3D printing materials with larger TCR can better regulate the comfort of garment design. This study explores parametric garment design using 3D printing, which is innovative.

Overview and Prospects of Sodium Battery Development in the Context of Accelerated Penetration of Electrification

Electrification is an essential way to promote the green transformation of energy. Sodium power has attracted wide attention at home and abroad due to its abundant reserves, excellent low-temperature performance, and great safety. This paper firstly overviews the current development status of sodium batteries, analyzes the comparative advantages of sodium batteries over lithium batteries, and evaluates the future comprehensive positioning of sodium batteries. Secondly, the characteristics and progress of the current stage of technology routes of positive and negative electrode materials for sodium batteries are elaborated, and development suggestions are put forward. Finally, the application prospect and economy of sodium batteries are thoroughly analyzed, and the future market space of sodium batteries is preliminarily predicted.

Medical record information storage scheme based on blockchain and attribute role-based access control

The integration of the Internet with the healthcare industry has ushered in a transformative revolution in the medical field, where efficient and prompt electronic medical records can save precious resources.However, incomplete or tampered electronic medical records have serious implications on patient. Ensuring the complete, accurate storage of medical record information is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed.Therefore, this paper proposes a blockchain-based solution for secure storage and sharing of medical record information, combining the role-based access control (RBAC) with the attribute-based access control (ABAC). Firstly, by utilizing RBAC and ABAC, dynamic fine-grained access control for medical information is achieved based on role differences. Then, the medical record information is stored in the blockchain through chaincode. In addition, Advanced Encryption Standard and Feature-Aware Stateful Routing technology is applied to further enhance security and storage efficiency of the scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed solution ensures the security and integrity of medical record, while providing efficient information storage and access.

Liquid air filtration and continuous monitoring: Customized indoor air quality

Air treatment in environmental air conditioning systems exposes the system to gases, contaminants, and often biological pollutants that cannot be solved by traditional mechanical filtration, motivating decision-makers to diagnose challenges and develop innovative strategies to mitigate the problem. More and more, in environments with high turnover of people (e.g., hospitals, hotels and shopping centers), fresh air ventilations are avoided and replaced by closed windows air purifier solutions to account for undesirable saturation of the atmosphere and the presence of pollutants such as PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, nitrogen, and carbon oxides. The consensus is that polluting gases render the most efficient traditional filters ineffective. The ANSI/ASHRAE 62.1 and EN13779 standards reveal the absence of air treatment technologies that use the wet route in air conditioning systems. This work discusses the liquid air multi-venturi centrifugation technology of hydrodynamic precipitator purifiers in association with the synchronized and continuous monitoring of parameters (PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, CO2) in the external urban environment and internal environments of a shopping center. It evaluates the performance of the wet route for the physical-chemical and biological treatment of air. Efficiency for retaining particulate matter in a single step without disposable filter reached levels above F9 (85-95% PM2.5), with a reduction of 82.4% for CO2. Wet route technology extends the air conditioner’s life, reducing external air flows and energy consumption by up to 13%, making IAQ a manageable and customizable variable. Among the conclusion of the investigation, the authors believe that the migration of industrial pollutant control technologies, such as liquid filtration promoted by gas scrubbers and hydrodynamic precipitators, should be considered as a first choice option due to the high efficiency achieved in the three types of pollutants to be controlled. That is micrometric particulate matter such as anthropogenic PM1.0 capable of reaching the lung alveoli, chemicals such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and biological assets such as viruses and bacteria that showed the vulnerability of HVAC-R systems during the COVID pandemic that rendered windowless corporate buildings unusable.

Evaluating core router technology upgrades: Case studies from telecommunications and finance

The evolving landscape of core router technology is pivotal in shaping the performance and resilience of modern network infrastructures. This paper provides a succinct evaluation of core router technology upgrades through a comparative analysis of case studies in the telecommunications and finance sectors. Core routers are integral to managing data traffic efficiently, and their upgrades are critical for enhancing network capacity, reducing latency, and ensuring security. In the telecommunications industry, core router upgrades are essential to meet the growing demand for higher bandwidth and improved service quality. The case study of a leading telecommunications provider highlights the implementation of next-generation core routers to support the expansion of 5G networks. This upgrade resulted in significant improvements in network performance and customer satisfaction, showcasing the benefits of advanced routing technologies in managing massive data volumes and complex network topologies. Similarly, in the finance sector, core router upgrades are crucial for maintaining the high availability and security of financial transactions. A case study of a major financial institution demonstrates how the adoption of high-capacity, low-latency core routers enhanced transaction processing speeds and minimized system downtimes. This technological advancement not only improved operational efficiency but also bolstered the institution’s resilience against cyber threats and network failures. Both case studies underscore the importance of investing in cutting-edge core router technology to address the demands of contemporary digital environments. They reveal that while the upfront costs of upgrading core routers can be substantial, the long-term benefits, including increased network reliability, improved data throughput, and enhanced security, far outweigh these costs. Furthermore, these upgrades facilitate the scalability of network infrastructure, supporting future growth and technological innovations. In conclusion, core router technology upgrades play a critical role in the performance and stability of networks across diverse sectors. The insights gained from these case studies provide valuable guidance for organizations considering similar technological advancements, emphasizing the strategic importance of investing in robust and scalable core router solutions. Keywords: Finance, Telecommunications, Evaluating, Core Router Technology, Upgrade.

АНАЛІЗ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОНСТРУКТИВНИХ ТА ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ РІШЕНЬ У ВИРОБНИЦТВІ СКЛАДАЛЬНИХ ОДИНИЦЬ ГРАТЧАСТИХ МЕБЛЕВИХ ВИРОБІВ

The existing types of backs of carpentry chairs, which are part of a kitchen set of furniture, which are constructed from elements of hard wood species, in particular oak, and the technological processes of their manufacture have been analyzed. The technologies and production processes accompanying the creation of the backs of carpentry chairs are analyzed and described in detail. The methodology of research and comparison of technological processes of manufacturing the backs of carpentry chairs with structural features are substantiated. The necessary materials for two types of manufacturing backs of carpentry chairs from oak wood from natural wood were selected and calculated. The necessary basic equipment was selected and calculated according to the developed manufacturing technologies for two options for the manufacture of chair backs. The necessary technological routes for each variant of manufacturing the backs of carpentry chairs were selected, developed and calculated. Two shop plans are proposed according to the developed technologies for manufacturing the backs of carpentry chairs. A comparison of the amount of equipment loading of each variant of manufacturing the backs of carpentry chairs was carried out. The results of the preliminary analysis based on the data of three indicators (cost and capacity of the equipment, number of employees) gave the right to recommend the second option for the manufacture of the backs of carpentry chairs, which are included in the set of kitchen furniture, which is constructed from prepared elements of solid species of wood, in particular oak from natural wood, where the cost of equipment is the lowest and amounts to UAH 827.65 thousand, the number of employees is 8, the total power is 15.27 kW. On the other hand, the cost of materials for the first option is much higher than in the second. Economic calculations proved and calculated that the least expensive for the implementation of the annual program in the amount of 30,000 backs of carpentry chairs, which are included in the set of kitchen furniture, which is constructed from prepared elements from hard species of wood, in particular, oak from natural wood, is the second option, where the investments amounted to UAH 14,252.98 thousand, which is 20% less than in the first option.

ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ ТА ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ ВИРОБНИЧИХ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ АВТОМОБІЛЬНОГО ТРАНСПОРТУ В ІНТЕРАКТИВНОМУ НАВЧАЛЬНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ WORKLAB-AUTO

Abstract. The general structure, principles of operation and application of the author's interactive learning envi-ronment Worklab-Auto for the organization of technological processes of diagnosis, maintenance and repair of cars and the design of pro-duction units of automobile transport enterprises are described. The software complex includes a fairly extensive data-base, server and client parts with a WEB interface and access via the INTERNET network. System modules provide inter-active implementation and simulation of production situations, which significantly improves the quality and realism of design. The environment contains modules for the analysis of the enterprise's production activity, which analyze the state of the production and technical base and the organization of work in production units, providing tech-nological equipment and tools. Calculation modules provide for the determination of the annual volume of work, the number of workers and the number of posts, as well as the distribution of work by types and place of execution. The pro-duction units of the enterprise are formed in the organizational modules. Technological equipment is selected from the database for each production unit. The organization of workplaces involves in an interactive mode fixing for each work-place works that are similar in execution technology, as well as the necessary technological equipment and tools. The types of diagnostic maintenance or repair posts are selected from the database which are equipped with an inspection ditch, a lift or stationary post equipment, respectively. The graphic window of the room plan makes it possible to display and move the selected equipment, service posts, workplaces, gates, doors, windows on a large scale. The development and optimization of route technology involves the visual division of a given technological process into separate operations. Keywords: design, automobile transport enterprise, technological process, education, interactive and distance learning.

Benchmarking Activity and Stability of Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Water Electrolysis

In order to reduce the cost of producing hydrogen through water electrolysis, novel technologies must be improved. Recently, the merging of conventional alkaline electrolysis (AEL) and proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEM) has led to the development of anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEMWE), which offers several advantages over AEL and PEM. In a nutshell, this technique employs cheap, abundant, and easily available (non-geostrategic) transition metals with anionic exchange membranes, overcoming the drawbacks of AEL and PEM.[1]To reach the readiness level of this technology, new and scalable synthetic routes for catalysts that lower the overpotential of the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are required. Amongst all the OER catalysts reported in the literature, Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) have gained increasing attention due to their low overpotentials and stabilities.[2] Besides, electrochemical protocols to determine the activity and stability of these catalysts in different electrochemical cells must be established to understand their properties. Thus, this work focuses on the advantages and limitations of different electrochemical techniques, such as rotating disk electrode (RDE), three-electrode cells, and single-cell tests, to determine the activity and stability of two different LDHs. Unlike laboratory scale LDHs ‒prepared by hydrothermal treatment (HT-LDH)‒ room temperature synthesized LDHs (RT-LDH) can be prepared in kilogram quantities and present chemical structure and morphology differences. In this work, the LDHs have been characterized with spectroscopic techniques to correlate the chemical structure and morphology of the materials to their electrochemical response by RDE, three-electrode cells, and single-cell measurements.All in all, the scalable RT-LDH presents higher activity compared to HT-LDH in all three techniques. On the one hand, small current densities can only be reached by RDE, and the short-term stability of the materials is affected by the catalyst layer interface. On the other side, single-cell test measurements require long operational times, and the contribution of the membrane degradation to the overall cell voltage is still unclear. Thus, three-electrode cell measurements offer the possibility of characterizing LDHs at relevant current densities in a fast and straightforward manner, without membrane contributions, and are further employed in this work to study the stability of these systems.

RESEARCH OF TRANSPORT SUPPLY OF METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY BY RAILWAY TECHNOLOGICAL ROUTES

Purpose. In the conditions of a full-scale war, ensuring the stable functioning of the national economy is one of the strategic tasks. The functioning of the industrial complex, the availability of jobs and the payment of taxes to the state budget are, among other things, part of ensuring the country's defense capability. One of the main branches of Ukraine's economy is the metallurgical industry, so it needs the implementation of measures to ensure reliable and stable work even in conditions of military aggression, constant risks of air strikes and infrastructure damage. In accordance with this, the purpose of the study is to analyze and determine the structure of cargo flows of technological routes of transport service of metallurgical production (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal»). The dynamics of iron ore (iron ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) transportation volumes by means of transport were studied. Irregularity was investigated and descriptive statistics of daily volumes of transportation of iron ore (iron ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) for metallurgical production were performed (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal»). Methods. An analysis of the unevenness of the daily volume of goods received for the needs of a metallurgical enterprise (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal») by technological routes of railway transport was carried out. Methods of mathematical statistics, probability theory, theory of transport processes and systems were used. As a result of the analysis of cargo flows arriving at the enterprise, it was established that the distribution of the daily volume of iron ore arriving at the Zaporizhzhia Live station is subject to symmetrical distribution laws with a relatively low variation of 18.4%. The distribution of the random value of the daily volume of coke intake also indicates a certain symmetry with a fairly high probability (59%), and is approximated by a normal distribution. Scientific novelty. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that the approximate density of the distribution of volumes of iron ore (salt-ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) for metallurgical production (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal» for 2022). Practical significance. The mathematical expectation and the level of correlation of the volumes of iron ore (iron ore concentrate) and coking coal (coke) supply to metallurgical production are established (on the example of PJSC «Zaporizhstal» for 2022). In the future, the obtained results are planned to be used as input data for a simulation model of the functioning of the transport support system of an industrial enterprise.

Building and evaluating prospective scenarios for corn-based biorefineries

Global warming and increasing environmental pollution have become global concerns that, coupled with the scarcity of traditional forms of energy, have motivated the implementation of more sustainable production systems, such as biorefineries. This is because biorefineries are capable of integrating technologies and processes in a single facility, generating biofuels, value-added chemicals, and energy. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate the bioproducts and emergent technologies surrounding the processing of corn into bioethanol and refined oil. A bibliometric analysis he was carried out in order to construct and evaluate prospective scenarios related to corn biorefineries. An analysis of the proposed layouts highlighted flexibility in the production process, given that one raw material could be transformed into various bioproducts. Thus, the results presented provide a bibliographic foundation for future studies on integrating residues-processes-products in corn processing. The reason for this is that the technological routes presented could be considered incremental innovations to develop a biorefinery, which takes place gradually, given that highly integrated biorefineries are highly complex.

Effects of ammonia energy fraction and diesel injection parameters on combustion stability and GHG emissions characteristics in a low-loaded ammonia/diesel dual-fuel engine

Ammonia, as a zero-carbon and widely sourced hydrogen carrier fuel, will play an important role in the decarbonization process of internal combustion engines, and the dual-fuel RCCI mode is a potential ammonia combustion technology route. In this study, ammonia/diesel dual-fuel (ADDF) combustion mode was implemented on a modified common-rail diesel engine, and the effects of ammonia energy fraction (AEF), diesel injection pressure (DIP), and diesel injection timing (DIT) on in-cylinder combustion, pollutant emissions and greenhouse effect of dual-fuel engine were investigated. The results indicated that the combustion process of ADDF was limited by the inert combustion and inhibitory effects of ammonia fuel. With the increase of AEF, the dual-fuel combustion process was delayed, the peak in-cylinder pressure decreased, and the ignition delay and combustion duration significantly increased, which was not conducive to the improvement of brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The introduction of ammonia fuel significantly reduced NOx, Soot and CO2 emissions, while unburned NH3 and N2O emissions sharply increased. At AEF = 60 %, CO2 emission decreased by 50.2 %, however, the in-cylinder combustion process deteriorated severely, with cyclic fluctuations reaching 5.06 %. Both increasing DIP and advancing DIT enhanced the chemical reactivity of in-cylinder mixture of ADDF engine, leading to earlier combustion heat release phase and shorter ignition delay, and reducing the variation of combustion cycle. Meanwhile, there was still a trade-off relationship between NOx and Soot emissions. When DIP increased from 100 MPa to 130 MPa, NH3 emission decreased by 20.8 %. Further increasing the DIP to 140 MPa would result in serious “wet wall” problems, leading to an increase in the incomplete combustion area and a decrease in BTE. When DIT was advanced from −4 °CA ATDC to −12 °CA ATDC, CO, HC and NH3 emissions decreased by 71.3 %, 52.7 % and 57.6 %, respectively, while N2O emission increased by 19.9 %, resulting in an increase in equivalent CO2 emissions. Under the optimized diesel injection strategy, the BTE of ADDF engine was 31.9 %, significantly higher than the original engine operating condition (BTE = 30.2 %).

Log interpretation of carbonate rocks based on petrophysical facies constraints

The complex pore structure of carbonate reservoirs hinders the correlation between porosity and permeability. In view of the sedimentation, diagenesis, testing, and production characteristics of carbonate reservoirs in the study area, combined with the current trends and advances in well log interpretation techniques for carbonate reservoirs, a log interpretation technology route of “geological information constraint + deep learning” was developed. The principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to establish lithology identification criteria with an accuracy of 91%. The Bayesian stepwise discriminant method was used to construct a sedimentary microfacies identification method with an accuracy of 90.5%. Based on production data, the main lithologies and sedimentary microfacies of effective reservoirs were determined, and 10 petrophysical facies with effective reservoir characteristics were identified. Constrained by petrophysical facies, the mean interpretation error of porosity compared to core analysis results is 2.7%, and the ratio of interpreted permeability to core analysis is within one order of magnitude, averaging 3.6. The research results demonstrate that deep learning algorithms can uncover the correlation in carbonate reservoir well logging data. Integrating geological and production data and selecting appropriate machine learning algorithms can significantly improve the accuracy of well log interpretation for carbonate reservoirs.

DRIVING SUSTAINABLE TRADE: GREEN TECHNOLOGY IMPACT ON CHINA-ASEAN CROSS-BORDER TRADE

The growing cross-border economic ties between China and ASEAN countries has highlighted the importance of their respective trade landscapes. This study looks into this dynamic by studying panel data for both regions from 2000 to 2021. The study uses a fixed effects and gravity model to investigate the impact of green technology determinants on cross-border trade between China and ASEAN. The study's findings provide important insights. Adoption of Green technology appears as a stimulus for ASEAN imports and export from China, with statistical significance. Nevertheless, the new innovation of green tehnology found to be delivering contradictory outcomes. In light of these findings, the paper offers policy recommendations based on the research findings. Recognizing the impact of green technology on Chinese imports, governments may consider measures to strengthen the integration of green technologies into ASEAN's sectors. Similarly, insights into the export dimension could guide policies targeted at increasing ASEAN's position in the Chinese market through green technology routes.

Informational Analytical Platform for Operating the Technological Route of Manufacturing of Microelectronic Devices

Informational Analytical Platform for Operating the Technological Route of Manufacturing of Microelectronic Devices

Algorithm for a simulation model for the selection of a rational type of vans on technological routes of the transport and recycling system for recycling of a metallurgical enterprise

The article presents an algorithm of the simulation model for selecting the rational type of trucks on the technological routes of the transport and production system of waste transportation in the conditions of a metallurgical enterprise. The study was conducted on the basis of formalized models and queuing systems theory. In the simulation, a discrete-event model of a closed queuing system was chosen as the basic model. In this model, cars are represented as requests that go through the following phases of service: loading at the temporary waste storage dump; movement to the unloading point (crushing and sorting complex); unloading raw materials to the crushing and sorting complex; returning to the loading point along the same route; servicing of vehicle breakdowns. The following data were used to build the simulation model through statistical studies of the transportation process on technological routes: vehicle loading time, vehicle unloading time, and time determined by the duration of vehicle failure. When constructing the algorithm of the simulation model, the duration of one experiment and the number of simulation experiments were determined using the methods of mathematical statistics and the theory of experiment planning. The modeling process begins with the input of the following initial data: the number of vehicle units, the average vehicle travel time, the current amount of raw materials in the crushing and sorting complex, the vehicle carrying capacity, the intensity of raw material supply to the crushing and sorting complex, the vehicle unloading time, the intensity of minor vehicle breakdowns, and the intensity of vehicle repair. The algorithm is built in accordance with the principles of special states and meets the requirements for discrete-event models. As a result of the algorithm development, it will be possible to determine the required number (types) of vehicles necessary to ensure the smooth functioning of this transport and production system, to determine the idle time coefficient and the coefficient of time losses due to technological delays of vehicles.
 Key words: modeling, simulation model, dump truck, carrying capacity, metallurgical slag, crushing and screening equipment.

Impact of cobalt recycling on China's electrification process: Assessing the potential reduction in cobalt demand from battery recycling

China is actively promoting the transition from conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electric vehicles (EVs) to achieve its goal of carbon peaking and neutrality. However, this shift will result in a continuous increase in demand for lithium-ion batteries for EVs, leading to a significant rise in demand for cobalt, further exacerbating the risk of cobalt resource supply in China. The study considered three electrification levels, three battery technology routes, two battery capacities, two dynamic battery lifetimes, and two recycling efficiencies, resulting in 36 demand scenarios and 72 recycling scenarios while increasing the precision of the study to the inter-provincial level. The results indicate that China's cobalt demand will be huge, peaking around 2039, with annual demand ranging from 78.29 kt to 359.40 kt, and the current production capacity and reserves are completely inadequate to meet the growing cobalt demand. In some specific scenarios, secondary cobalt demand remains higher than or close to primary cobalt demand between 2035 and 2040, and secondary cobalt demand becomes a significant component affecting total cobalt demand. In terms of recycling, closed-loop recycling can cover 45.1%–59.3% of annual cobalt demand in 2039. With rapid recovery efficiency, cobalt recovery in multiple scenarios can already fully meet primary cobalt demand, and the recovery potential is enormous. Furthermore, adopting low-cobalt battery technology, which extends battery life and reduces battery replacement in EVs, can significantly reduce secondary cobalt demand. At the provincial level, cobalt demand and recycling in China are unevenly distributed, with provinces with high demand for cobalt showing a trend of shifting from inland areas in the northwest to central and eastern coastal areas. In contrast, the areas with the largest recycling volume remain in the north. Therefore, accelerating the promotion of low cobalt and long-life battery technology and improving recycling efficiency can greatly alleviate the cobalt supply risk in China's electrification process. Additionally, specific spatial layouts should be given attention to ensure the sound development of China's EV industry through national coordination so that the double carbon target can be accomplished on time or even ahead of schedule.

Progress in Recovery and Utilization Technology of traction batteries for New Energy Vehicles and Analysis on Tendency

The recycling and utilization of retired traction batteries for new energy vehicles has attracted widespread attention in recent years and has developed rapidly. This article reviews the technology routes for the recycling and utilization of retired traction batteries, identifies the technological bottlenecks, and examines the development and promotion of advanced applicable technologies. It also analyzes case studies of traction battery recycling and utilization in the United States and Europe, as well as government-related plans and goals. By comparing the progress and trends of traction battery recycling and utilization technologies domestically and internationally, and focusing on the development and application of these technologies, this article provides reference for the development and planning of related technologies for recycling and utilization of traction batteries for new energy vehicles.

Study on the nano-structure characteristics of particle before and after diesel oxidation catalyst for diesel engines

ABSTRACT Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) is the most important and advanced part of the after-treatment technology route. After the exhaust passes through DOC, CO, and HC will be significantly reduced, while particles are mainly captured by the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) device behind. In order to further investigate the effect of DOC on the nano-structure characteristics of diesel emission particles. The particles before and after DOC of 186FA diesel engine at 2700 r/min, 100% load, and 3600 r/min, 100% load are collected. The nano-structure characteristics of particles are investigated using field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM) combined with small angle X-ray scattering radiation technique (SAXS). Based on FETEM and SAXS analysis of particles, a nano-scale particle spatial structure model including particle size, pores, and visual boundary layer is proposed. The results show that the average radius, interface layer thickness, and fractal dimension of the particles are reduced after the DOC. In contrast, the specific surface area of the particles is increased after the DOC. At 3600 r/min 100% load, the average radius is reduced from 23.3 to 21.5 nm, accounting for 7.8%. Interface layer thickness is reduced from 13.3 to 12.9 nm. The specific surface area of the particles is increased from 0.146 to 0.166 m2/mm3. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the regeneration and oxidation of particles in DPF.