Printing Technology Research Articles

Coaxial 3D Printing Enabling Mn/CHA@Pd/CHA Zeolite‐Based Core–Shell Monoliths for Efficient Passive NOx Adsorbers

AbstractPd‐based zeolites are extensively used as passive NOx adsorbers (PNA) for cold‐start NOx emissions to meet stringent emission regulations. However, optimizing adsorber design to reduce Pd usage with substitution by non‐noble metals that are prone to suffer from H2O remains a significant challenge. Herein, the core–shell Mn/CHA@Pd/CHA zeolite monoliths based on non‐noble metal/zeolite core are constructed using coaxial 3D printing technology and identified as efficient passive NOx adsorbers for the first time. In the Mn/CHA@Pd/CHA monolith, the Pd/CHA shell effectively protected the Mn active sites in the core from H2O, while the integration of the Mn/CHA core not only introduced efficient storage sites but also facilitated NOx desorption, thereby achieving comparable adsorption properties and increased the NOx desorption efficiency by 35% at 350 °C compared with that of Pd/CHA monolith. Furthermore, some non‐noble metal‐based zeolites (e.g., Co/CHA, Mn/MFI, Mn/BEA) and Pd‐based zeolites (e.g., Pd/AEI) are also employed as cores and shells respectively to fabricate a series of core–shell zeolite monoliths via coaxial 3D printing, highlighting the benefits of incorporating non‐noble metals into Pd‐based zeolites for improving adsorption and desorption behaviors. This work provides a promising strategy for designing cost‐effective PNA materials and contributes to improving the exhaust after‐treatment technology.

Application of 3D printing in neurosurgical medical teaching and surgical training: Bibliometric analysis and prospects

Background: Traditional education in neurosurgery primarily relies on observation, giving residents and interns limited opportunities for clinical practice. However, the development of 3D printing has the potential to improve this situation. Based on bibliometrics, we analyze the application of 3D printing technology in neurosurgery medical education and surgical training. Methods: We searched the publications in this field in Web of Science core collection database from September 2000 to September 2023. VOS viewer, Citespace and Microsoft Office Excel were used to visually analyze and draw knowledge graphs. Results: A total of 231 articles and reviews were included. The United States is the country with the largest volume of articles and Mayo Clinic is the leading organization in this field. Partnership between countries, authors and institutions is also presented. World Neurosurgery is the journal with the highest number of publications. The top three key words by occurrence rate are “3D printing”, “surgery” and “simulation”. Conclusions: In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the research in this field. According to bibliometric analysis, “accuracy” and “surgery simulation” are the research focuses in this field, while “augment reality” is the potential research target.

A Highly Sensitive 3D-Printed Flexible Sensor for Sensing Small Pressures in Deep-Sea High-Pressure Environment.

The origin of life on Earth is believed to be from the ocean, which offers abundant resources in its depths. However, deep-sea operations are limited due to the lack of underwater robots and rigid grippers with sensitive force sensors. Therefore, it is crucial for deep-sea pressure sensors to be integrated with mechanical hands for manipulation. Here, a flexible stress sensor is presented that can function effectively under high water pressure in the deep ocean. Inspired by biological structures found in the abyssal zone, our sensor is designed with an internal and external pressure balance structure (hollow interlocking spherical structure). The digital light processing (DLP) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is utilized to construct this complex structure after obtaining optimized structural parameters using finite element simulation. The sensor exhibits linear sensitivity of 0.114 kPa-1 within the range of 0-15 kPa and has an extremely short response time of 32 ms, good dynamic-static load response capability, and excellent resistance cycling stability. It shows high sensitivity of 1.74 kPa-1 even under 30 MPa static water pressures and the theoretical working pressure can exceed 110 MPa, which provides a new solution for deep-sea robots.

Additive Manufacturing of SmartEx QD 100 Designed Oral Three-Dimensional Printlets Containing Isoniazid for Immediate Gastric Release by Selective Laser Sintering.

The selection of appropriate materials and compatibility of selected materials with drugs and formulations are limiting steps in three-dimensional printing technology. In this study, SmartEx QD 100 (SM QD 100) was introduced as a novel, coprocessed, unexplored excipient that can be used in SLS-mediated 3D printing. The current study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of fabricating SM QD 100 containing INH-embedded SLS-mediated immediate gastric release tablets. The prepared physical mixtures were subjected to the fabrication of 3D printlets by using SLS-mediated 3D printing. The fabricated 3D printlets were subjected to physicochemical characterization by using various analytical techniques. After oral administration of sintered 3D printlets to rabbits, samples were collected and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed using the developed LC-APCI-MS/MS method. The optimized batch was able to release 100% INH within 15 min, which confirmed the immediate gastric release. Similarly, sintered 3D printlets were stable under accelerated stability conditions for three months. Finally, the pharmacokinetic parameters revealed the rate and extent of absorption of INH from sintered 3D printlets. As evidenced by in vitro and in vivo analyses, SM QD 100 was able to sinter SLS-mediated INH-embedded stable immediate gastric release tablets. SM QD 100 is a novel material for SLS-mediated 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications.

Comprehensive clinical implementation, workflow, and FMEA of bespoke silicone bolus cast from 3D printed molds using open-source resources.

Bolus materials have been used for decades in radiotherapy. Most frequently, these materials are utilized to bring dose closer to the skin surface to cover superficial targets optimally. While cavity filling, such as nasal cavities, is desirable, traditional commercial bolus is lacking, requiring other solutions. Recently, investigators have worked on utilizing 3D printing technology, including commercially available solutions, which can overcome some challenges with traditional bolus. To utilize failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) to successfully implement a comprehensive 3D printed bolus solution to replace commercial bolus in our clinic using a series of open-source (or free) software products. 3D printed molds for bespoke bolus were created by exporting the DICOM structures of the bolus designed in the treatment planning system and manipulated to create a multipart mold for 3D printing. A silicone (Ecoflex 00-30) mixture is poured into the mold and cured to form the bolus. Molds for sheet bolus of five thicknesses were also created. A comprehensive FMEA was performed to guide workflow adjustments and QA steps. The process map identified 39 and 30 distinct steps for the bespoke and flat sheet bolus workflows, respectively. The corresponding FMEA highlighted 119 and 86 failure modes, with 69 shared between the processes. Misunderstanding of plan intent was a potential cause for most of the highest-scoring failure modes, indicating that physics and dosimetry involvement early in the process is paramount. FMEA informed the design and implementation of QA steps to guarantee a safe and high-quality comprehensive implementation of silicone bolus from 3D printed molds. This approach allows for greater adaptability not afforded by traditional bolus, as well as potential dissemination to other clinics due to the open-source nature of the workflow.

In vitro comparison of guide planes for removable partial dentures prepared with CAD-CAM-assisted templates, guiding rod templates, and freehand

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM)-assisted templates (CCAT), guiding rod templates (GRT), and freehand (FH) preparation of guide planes. MethodsForty-five identical maxillary resin casts were divided into three groups, in which the guide planes of the two abutment teeth were prepared using a CCAT (n=15), GRT (n=15), and FH (n=15). The CCAT and GRT were digitally designed on a digital cast of virtually prepared guide planes and fabricated using three-dimensional printing (3DP) technology. To assess the 3D trueness, the prepared guide planes were digitally scanned and compared to the virtually designed guide planes. The angle deviation was measured to assess the trueness of the direction of the guide plane preparation. Shapiro–Wilk and Levene's tests were used to check the normality and equivalence of the variance of the data. The data were compared by using the Kruskal‒Wallis H test (α=0.05). ResultsThe CCAT group exhibited significantly better 3D trueness (78.5±19.8 μm) than the GRT group (211.3±42.4 μm, p<0.05) and the FH group (198.9±44.3 μm, p<0.05). Additionally, the CCAT group (1.31±0.50°) showed significantly smaller direction trueness compared to the GRT (4.65±0.72°, p<0.05) and FH (5.64±0.70°, p<0.05) groups. ConclusionsThe novel CAD-CAM-assisted template significantly improved the quality of the guide planes compared with the GRT and FH procedures. This enhancement suggests that removable partial dentures can be predictably inserted immediately after guide plane preparation. Clinical SignificanceCAD-CAM-assisted templates improve the quality of guide plane preparation.

Review on solid wastes incorporated cementitious material using 3D concrete printing technology

The substitution of cement, natural sand, and synthetic fibers in concrete with solid wastes substantially reduces CO2 emissions. Incorporating solid wastes into 3D printed concrete, which reduces CO2 emissions from labor and formwork, can achieve innovative low-carbon construction materials. However, the previous studies lack a comprehensive review on the inherent characteristics of various solid wastes and their impacts on the printability, mechanical performance, and functionality of 3D printed concrete. This paper reviews the present state of research and introduces feasible methods for the sustainable use of solid wastes in 3D printed concrete. Numerous types of solid wastes are investigated comprising their benefits, shortages, and fit dose to guide in selecting the optimal solid waste to enhance the performance of printed concrete. Additionally, the printability, functionality, and mechanical strength of printed concrete with solid waste addition are quantified and summarized. The preliminary exploration to achieve a balance between multi-functionality and mechanical properties using mixed solid wastes is conducted for 3D concrete printing. Finally, machine learning, broadening raw material sources, automated monitoring systems, multi-functionalized composite, and BIM are proposed to address current challenges.

3D printing of shape memory magnetorheological elastomers composites

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has been widely used to process smart composites, due to their excellent flexibility and low cost. However, it still has challenge to prepare magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) with the shape-memory properties. Here, we report a 3D direct writing (DIW) printing technology for shape-memory magnetorheological elastomer (SMRE). SMRE inks with mass fractions of 50%, 60% and 70% magnetic particles were prepared by solution blending method. Then, the SMRE was prepared by DIW technology under the magnetic field, and the influence of different process parameters on the printing quality of the material was studied. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity, shape memory and magnetic assisted driving properties of SMRE are studied. The experimental results show that SMRE can be prepared by DIW technology and driven by temperature, electricity and magnetic fields. Magnetic field assisted programming realizes the driving of soft gripper and increases the speed of SMRE windmill by 280%.

Wet Spinning/UV Dual-Curing enabled 3D printable fiber for intelligent electronic devices

Conductive fibers are widely used in wearable sensors and implantable devices in real life due to their excellent properties of softness and lightweight. However, most conductive fibers obtained through the simple blending of polymer elastomers and inorganic conductive particles often leads to issues such as uneven conductor distribution and poor mechanical performance. Herein, the composite fiber consists of deep eutectic solvents (composed of choline chloride and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and thermoplastic polyurethane was prepared by wet spinning/ ultraviolet dual-curing method. The uniform distribution of deep eutectic solvents and the resilience of thermoplastic polyurethane ensure that the fiber material can maintain stable signal monitoring capability when subject to various strains over the long term. The composite fiber as motion sensor with an ultra-wide operating range (0–710 %), fast response time (186 ms), long lifetime (stable after 5 months), wide temperature range and excellent weather resistance. It is worth mention that the dual curing process combined with 3D printing technology, allows for the fabrication of flexible sensors in a variety of shapes. 3D printing sensors can be produced underwater to achieve different sensitivities, enabling customization to meet the requirements of applications. This innovative study holds tremendous potential for the next generation of flexible electronic products, such as human motion monitoring and information transmission.

Stereolithographic 3D Printing of Intrinsically Flame‐Retardant Shape‐Memory Polymers

AbstractThis study presents a novel approach to fabricate 3D‐printed phosphorous‐based acrylate monomers using stereolithographic 3D printing technology, aiming to create demonstrators with exceptional shape‐memory characteristics and robust flame retardant properties. The synthesized materials combine the advantages of 3D printing precision with the intrinsic flame retardancy of phosphorous‐based monomers, offering a versatile solution for applications requiring both shape memory functionality and fire resistance. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the intrinsically flame‐retardant shape‐memory polymer (IFR‐SMP) can reach 34%, and the vertical combustion rating after UL 94 can obtain V‐0. The mechanism of the IFR‐SMP flame retardant mainly includes terminating a free‐radical chain reaction and gas phase dilution, which indicates that the gas‐phase mechanism plays an important role in the flame retardancy. This work advances the frontiers of 3D printing technology by demonstrating the synergistic potential of shape memory and flame retardancy within a single material system, providing a pathway toward the development of innovative and resilient materials for the future.

ChocOmega-3: Innovative manufacturing of ω-3 enriched chocolate

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology allows foods to be shaped into unique and complex. Chocolate is frequently used in food printing due to its extrusion melting capacity and attractiveness. In this study, chocolates enriched with &amp;omega;-3 were produced with 3D printing technology. Using electrospraying, &amp;omega;-3 was encapsulated within sodium alginate (SA) microparticles, and 3D printed chocolates were coated with those microparticles. Then, the &amp;omega;-3 blend and &amp;omega;-3-SA coated chocolates were compared. Before printing, the rheological properties of chocolate were analysed. In addition to their characteristics, the printed chocolates were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and &amp;omega;-3 release profile. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that &amp;omega;-3 was successfully incorporated into the SA particles. According to the mechanical testing, the chocolate structures coated with &amp;omega;-3-SA exhibited higher compressive strength than structures mixed with &amp;omega;-3. The results revealed that the incorporation of alginate into pure chocolate scaffolds through the coating process resulted in an increase in compressive strength. The TPC and antioxidant capacities of &amp;omega;-3-SA microparticles (NP) coated and &amp;omega;-3 mixed chocolate samples were also significantly increased compared to those of pure chocolate after in vitro digestion. &amp;omega;-3-SA NP-coated chocolate appeared to have a lower quality release profile. The faster release of encapsulated &amp;omega;-3 at a pH value of 7 may be attributed to the fact that sodium alginate particles dissolve faster in high pH environments. This study revealed that 3D printing technology could be actively leveraged to create food-based products with the necessary ingredients to meet consumer demand.

From SPECT/CT towards absolute quantification? - the case of unilateral condylar hyperplasia of the mandible

BackgroundUnilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) of the mandible is a rare condition characterized by asymmetric growth of the mandibular condyles. Bone scintigraphy with SPECT(/CT) is commonly used to diagnose UCH and guide treatment. Still, varying results have been reported using the traditional threshold of 55%:45% in relative tracer uptake. While absolute quantification of uptake on SPECT/CT could improve results, optimal correction and reconstruction settings are currently unknown.MethodsThree anthropomorphic phantoms representing UCH were developed from patient CT volumes and produced using 3D printing technology. Fillable spherical inserts of different sizes (Ø: 8–15 mm) were placed in the condylar positions representing symmetrical and asymmetrical distributions. Recovery coefficients were determined for SPECT/CT using various reconstruction corrections, including attenuation and scatter correction (ACSC), resolution modeling (RM), and partial volume correction (PVC) using phantom measurements. Uptake ratios between condyles and condyle to clivus were evaluated. Finally, the impact of these correction techniques on absolute activity and diagnostic accuracy was assessed in a retrospective patient cohort for the diagnostic threshold of 55%:45%.ResultsThe activity was only partially recovered in all spherical inserts (range: 22.5–64.9%). However, RM improved relative recovery by 20.2–62.3% compared to ACSC. In the symmetric phantoms, the 95% confidence interval (CI) of condyle ratios included the diagnostic threshold (57.6%:42.4%) for UCH when using ACSC potentially leading to false positives, but not for ACSCRM datasets. Partial volume corrections coefficients from the NEMA IQ phantom was positionally dependent, with improvements seen performing PVC using coefficients derived from anthropomorphic phantoms. Retrospective application in a patient cohort showed only a weak linear correlation (R²: 0.25–0.67) and large limits of agreement (9.6–12.5%) between different reconstructions. Up to 44% of patients were reclassified using the 55%:45% threshold. Using clinical outcome data, ACSCRM had highest sensitivity (91%; 95% CI 59–100%) and specificity (66%; 95% CI 47–81%), significantly improving specificity (P = 0.038).ConclusionsAnthropomorphic phantoms were shown to be essential in determining optimal settings for acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis. SPECT/CT reconstructions with attenuation and scatter correction and resolution modeling are recommended and could improve specificity when using the 55%:45% threshold to assess condylar growth.

In vitro three-dimensional volumetric printing of vitreous body models using decellularized extracellular matrix bioink

Hyalocytes, which are considered to originate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage, play active roles in vitreous collagen and hyaluronic acid synthesis. Obtaining a hyalocyte-compatible bioink during the 3D bioprinting of eye models is challenging. In this study, we investigated the suitability of a cartilage-decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM)-based bioink for printing a vitreous body model. Given that achieving a 3D structure and environment identical to those of the vitreous body necessitates good printability and biocompatibility, we examined the mechanical and biological properties of the developed dECM-based bioink. Furthermore, we proposed a 3D bioprinting strategy for volumetric vitreous body fabrication that supports cell viability, transparency, and self-sustainability. The construction of a 3D structure composed of bioink microfibers resulted in improved transparency and hyalocyte-like macrophage activity in volumetric vitreous mimetics, mimicking real vitreous bodies. The results indicate that our 3D structure could serve as a platform for drug testing in disease models and demonstrate that the proposed printing technology, utilizing a dECM-based bioink and volumetric vitreous body, has the potential to facilitate the development of advanced eye models for future studies on floater formation and visual disorders.

Effects of fissure locations on the crack propagation morphologies of 3D printing tunnel models: Experiments and numerical simulations

Hidden fissures widely exist in the surrounding rock of tunnels, and the propagations and interactions of the fissures will directly affect the safety and stability of tunnels. However, experimental and numerical simulation studies are scarce on the tunnel-fissure interactions under complex stress conditions. Based on this background, circular tunnel specimens with different prefabricated fissure locations are prepared by three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. Uniaxial compression fracture tests are conducted utilizing Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technology to obtain strain distributions. An improved Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is employed to simulate the crack propagation processes of the tunnel-fissure interactions. The results demonstrate the following: 1) Upper main cracks, upper side cracks, and lower side cracks are produced around the tunnel, and wing cracks initiate from the prefabricated fissure tips. 2) For the different intersection positions, wing crack propagation length decreases as the intersection position moves upward, while the lower side crack propagation length increases. 3) For different distances d, upper side crack does not appear, and the propagation length of upper main crack increases with the increase of the distance d. 4) For different fissure inclination angles α, upper main crack does not appear when α = 15°. The propagation length of wing crack increases with the increase of inclination angle α. 5) The peak stress increases as the intersection position moves upward, while it decreases with the increase of inclination angle α. With increasing distance d, the peak stress initially increases and then decreases. Finally, the crack initiation mechanisms under different fissure orientations and inclinations are discussed. These research findings provide valuable insights into the tunnel-fissure interaction mechanisms under complex stress conditions and the applications of the SPH method in underground engineering simulations.

Anatomical-Based Customized Cervical Orthosis Design in Automation

Cervical orthoses, vital for neck immobilization in medical care and sports, often struggle to provide adequate support due to individual neck shape and size variations. This study addresses this issue by developing a specific computer-aided orthosis design software tailored for creating customized 3D-printed cervical orthoses. The self-developed software embedded anatomical and rehabilitation knowledge into the orthosis design process, ensuring consistency and reducing manual modification. Finite element analysis of cervical orthoses determined that a minimum thickness of 5 mm PLA (polylactic acid) material is necessary to meet safety requirements. This study highlights the automation potential of customized computer-aided orthosis design and underscores the potential to revolutionize orthopedic care. We also applied easy-to-access 3D printing technology to fabricate well-fitting and immobilized cervical orthoses. These customized cervical orthoses offer a promising future with the advantages of being cost-effective, lightweight, immobility, comfortable, easy to wear, and minimal accessories to meet clinical needs, enhancing patient comfort and compliance and providing reassurance about the economic benefits of the technology.

Challenges and Countermeasures of Inkjet Printing Technology in Textile Printing Application

Challenges and Countermeasures of Inkjet Printing Technology in Textile Printing Application

Improvement and quality enhancement of gravure printing technology

Improvement and quality enhancement of gravure printing technology

Replication of soil analogues at the original scale by 3D printing: Quantitative assessment of accuracy and repeatability of the pore structural heterogeneity

The present study investigates the quality of four three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies to accurately reproduce the complex pore structure of a real undisturbed soil sample for laboratory experiments of transport in porous media at a 1:1 scale. Four state-of-the-art 3D printing technologies were evaluated (digital light synthesis, PolyJet with gel support material, low-force stereolithography, and PolyJet with water-soluble support material) using a combination of 3D image analysis from microtomopraphy and flow simulations of the pore structure produced with each 3D printing technique. Accuracy, as determined by matching solid and void volumes, permeability, connected porosity, specific surface area, and pore size distribution of the print against the original digital soil structure, was found to be substantially better for digital light synthesis, as compared to the other tested technologies. Repeatability, as determined by the same metrics but compared between identical prints, was found to be comparable across all printing technologies and did not significantly improve for prints at greater magnification (1.5×). Wettability of the samples was improved by plasma treatment of the prints. The thorough analysis herein presented demonstrates that advanced, yet relatively inexpensive 3D printing approaches can be used to generate real-scale high quality analogs of soils/rocks that are much needed for experimental laboratory work. Such a method can open countless opportunities for studying the coupling of pore-structure and hydrodynamics on reactive mass transport in environmental science and engineering, soil science, and other subsurface related fields.

Application of 3D-printed individualized porous tantalum buttress in shelf acetabuloplasty for developmental dysplasia of the hip

Shelf acetabuloplasty is a viable treatment for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), yet autologous bone grafts have faced challenges such as morphological mismatch, imprecise placement, and long-term graft resorption. The rapid advancement of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology in orthopedics has enabled the acquisition of digital image correlation method (DICM) data from patient pelvic to bilateral femoral proximal regions through computed tomography (CT) scans. This data is then utilized by software to create 3D models and design individualized metal implants. Using tantalum-based TA1 type I spherical powder as the raw material, a porous tantalum buttress with a pore size of 600 microns and a porosity of 75% was fabricated employing the selective electron beam melting (SEBM) technology. Our Center has applied this 3D-printed individualized porous tantalum buttress in shelf acetabuloplasty for 21 DDH patients (25 hips), including 6 males and 15 females, with a mean age of (21.38&amp;plusmn;7.39) years. The follow-up period ranged from 12 to 47 months, averaging (22.64&amp;plusmn;10.86) months. At the final follow-up, patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were used to assess patient&amp;rsquo;s subjective feelings. Significant improvements were observed in the Non-Arthritic Hip Score (NAHS), modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Hip Outcome Score-Sports Subscale (HOS-SSS), International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12), and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) compared with preoperative levels (P&lt;0.01). Radiographic assessments showed that postoperative lateral center edge (LCE) angle, Tonnis angle, acetabular angle (Sharp&amp;rsquo;s angle), and femoral head coverage all trended towards normal, with statistically significant differences (P&lt;0.01). There was no implant displacement or bone resorption in any case, and no progression in Tonnis grading for hip osteoarthritis (OA) was noted postoperatively, with an 84% patient satisfaction rate. The early follow-up results of 3D-printed individualized porous tantalum buttress in shelf acetabuloplasty are satisfactory, indicating a reliable application prospect for the treatment of DDH patients.

Patient-specific mechanical analysis of pedicle screw insertion in simulated osteoporotic spinal bone models derived from medical images.

Biomechanical study. To investigate the mechanical characteristics of bone models created from medical images. Recent advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology have affected its application in surgery. However, a notable gap exists in the analyses of how patient's dimorphism and variations in vertebral body anatomy influence the maximum insertional torque (MIT) and pullout strength (POS) of pedicle screws (PS) in osteoporotic vertebral bone models derived from medical images. Male and female patients with computed tomography data were selected. Dimensions of the first thoracic (T1), fourth lumbar (L4), and fifth lumbar (L5) vertebrae were measured, and bone models consisting of the cancellous and cortical bones made from polyurethane foam were created. PS with diameters of 4.5 mm, 5.5 mm, and 6.5 mm were used. T1 PS were 25 mm long, and L4 and L5 PS were 40 mm long. The bone models were secured with cement, and the MIT was measured using a calibrated torque wrench. After MIT testing, the PS head was attached to the machine's crosshead. POS was then calculated at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min until failure. The L4 and L5 were notably larger in female bone models, whereas the T1 vertebra was larger in male bone models. Consequently, the MIT and POS for L4 and L5 were higher in female bone models across all PS diameters than in male bone models. Conversely, the MIT for T1 was higher in male bone models across all PS; however, no significant differences were observed in the POS values for T1 between sexes. The mechanical properties of the proposed bone models can vary based on the vertebral structure and size. For accurate 3D surgical and mechanical simulations in the creation of custom-made medical devices, bone models must be constructed from patientspecific medical images.