Technology Licensing Research Articles

Technology Competition and Seller Capabilities in Technology Licensing

This paper aims to solve a puzzle in the technology commercialization literature with respect to timing: why some licensors’ observable quality measures that reduce technology information asymmetry...

Entrepreneurship through EDP and Licensing of Post-Harvest Technology: An Impact Assessment

Entrepreneurship has been recognized as a vital tool for bringing rural prosperity. The impact study on entrepreneurship development programme (EDP) and licensing of post-harvest technology in terms of promoting agro processing was undertaken. Multiple regression and Garrett's ranking techniques were applied to understand the factors affecting the adoption of technology and prioritization of constraints (i.e., techno-economic, financial, market related, etc.), respectively. EDPs found to be effective towards encouraging and motivating potential entrepreneurs, resultant to establishment of economically viable enterprises. Market was found to be key driver, as it has positive and significant (p� 0.01) relationship with adoption of processing technology. Further, high cost of raw materials and competition among private companies were rated as top most constraints by the entrepreneurs.

Invista & Green Chem reach agreement for FCC offgas technology licensing

Invista & Green Chem reach agreement for FCC offgas technology licensing

Government Control over Innovative Ventures in the West European Countries

1. Introduction Innovative ventures is the basis for the economy development of the world's leading countries, it is proved by the increasing contribution into the economic growth of these countries made by the innovative sector. In the world innovative development ranking the leading positions are occupied by the western European countries: the first five places were exclusively occupied by the West European countries in 2014, 6 countries made it to the top ten, and 12 countries made it to the top twenty. The urgent demand in innovation implementation into Russian economy makes the study of positive foreign experience in governmental control over innovative sector much needed. 2. Methods The study of efficient government controlling methods over the innovative ventures rests on the foreign and Russian research literature analyses. From the methodological point of view the most important are the studies of the late XX century: the research by Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A., Saxenian, A. (Bresnahan, 2001), which is devoted to the study of innovative ventures in the countries of the world, noted for the impressive growth in the field of information and communicative technologies and innovative activity during 1990s. The research covers such new regions as Ireland, India, Israel, Taiwan, along with the already known and well-developed regions as North Virginia and Silicon Valley in the USA, Cambridge (Great Britain), and countries of Scandinavian Peninsula, Germany, France. Also, the methodology based on the researches by Dutch scientist V.A. Lundvall > and > (Lundvall, 1998; Lundvall, 1999; Havlicek et al., 2013; Thalassinos et al., 2012) as well as his investigations, carried out together with his colleagues in the past decade (Lundvall, 2003, 2005, 2007). Research methods used in this paper to analyze state control techniques over the innovative ventures include global innovation index check, held by the World Organization of Intellectual property (WIPO) in 2011-2014 (The Global Innovation Index, 2011; The Global Innovation Index, 2012; The Global Innovation Index, 2013; The Global Innovation Index, 2014). Methodological base included but not limited by recent studies, monographs and articles of such authors as D. Brissaud and S. Tichkiewitch (Brissaud, 2000), S.R. Velamuri and M. Sosna (Velamuri, 2006), J. Ulijn, D. Drillon and F. Lasch (Ulijn, 2007), J. Hatzikian, (Hatzikian, 2007), G.J. Dees, (Dees, 2012), D.F. Spulber, (Spulber, 2012); C. Nastase, C. Chasovschi, M. Popescu and C. Boghean (Nastase, 2012). Z. Mingaleva and I. Mirskikh (Mingaleva, 2013), H. Danilina (Danilina, 2013). International joint research papers conducted by Czech, French and Portuguese scientists were used, exploring how an idea becomes the innovation, taking into consideration key innovative factors: from an early-stage research to a final product or service (Gavenda, 2013). A lot of questions which have been studied over the past years are devoted to the analysis on transfer of new technologies from the governmental scientific sector to the innovative ventures, including those which render technical services in the contracts of licensing technologies (Arora, 1996; Dees, 2012; Mingaleva, 2009) and in the banking sector (Thalassinos et al., 2013). Among the Russian authors which deal with the investigation of innovative ventures and government mechanisms of its support both abroad and in Russia one should point out studies of T. V. Ignatova (Ignativa, 2008), N. V. Manina and V. Yu. Shevrov (Manina. 2012), Zh. A. Mingaleva (Mingaleva, 2010), A. V. Sharkova (Sharkova, 2012, 2013) and others. 3. Results According to the results of the research the total effectiveness of the government control mechanisms over innovative ventures in the countries of Western Europe is generally higher than in other regions of the world. …

Warranties in technology licence agreements: a fool's promise?

Warranties in technology licence agreements: a fool's promise?

Biosimilars in Brazil: developments in 2015 and business perspectives

Brazil is looking into foreign technology to foster innovation in the country’s industrial health complex. Biological plants are being built and partnerships with multinationals have been established with the goal to in license technology, manufacture and supply the population with biosimilars made in Brazil. This article brings up-to-date information on the biosimilar market in the country, with information on the public-private partnerships and regulatory approvals. With two biosimilars approved in 2015 and the ongoing development regarding the local pharmaceutical companies, there is a good window of opportunity to create new businesses in the soon to be 4th pharmaceutical spender in the world.

Pharmaceutical Technology Licensing: An Analysis in the Field of Cardiovascular Disease

The technological flows and licensing across institutions plays an essential role in the process of pharmaceutical innovation by integrating the competing resources of different institutions and sharing the costs and risks, especially in the current era of open innovation. This article aims to generally describe technology licensing activities on cardiovascular drugs and, based on visualizing technology flows at different stages, to further investigate the multistage leading performers and their licensing strategies. From the IMS R&D Focus, a world-leading database in the healthcare industry, the research sample comprises 632 licensing inventions for cardiovascular drugs from 1980 to 2014. Furthermore, a network-based approach is employed to visualize the technology flows by setting nodes to represent licensing institutions and edges for licensing behavior, and further to analyze institution leaders and licensing strategies through various indicators, e.g., out-degree, in-degree, and betweenness centrality. The results show that technology licensing networks gradually transformed from sparse to dense from the preclinical to marketed stages. There is obvious synergy and complementation among universities, multinational enterprises, and mid- and small-sized enterprises. R&D organizations represented by universities denote themselves as upstream in the pharmaceutical R&D chain. As a hub, multinational enterprises play an important role as technology integrators and show the most frequent technology licensing, both in technology inflows and outflows, whereas various small firms are viewed as satellite partners around multinational enterprises. This work provides valuable insights for pharmaceutical researchers, investors, policymakers, and technology brokers not only in the field of the discovery of cardiovascular drugs but also of other therapeutic drugs.

Exploring the survival of patent licensing: some evidence from French foreign agreements

This paper aims to determine the factors that impact on the duration of technology licensing contracts. Using a transaction costs framework, we derive some propositions related to the influence of the contractual safeguards and of institutions on the failure rate of such agreements. We conduct an empirical investigation based on a new dataset of 250 contracts from the French National Institute of Intellectual Property. We show that the actual duration of licensing agreements (a) is positively associated to their profitability and to the level of technological competition, (b) is positively associated to the presence of a renegotiation clause, and (c) is independent of other contractual or institutional safeguards.

Corneal sensitivity after small-incision lenticule extraction and laser in situ keratomileusis

To longitudinally evaluate corneal sensitivity after small-incision lenticule extraction and compare the results with those in previous studies. London Vision Clinic, London, United Kingdom. Retrospective case series. Consecutive myopic eyes treated with small-incision lenticule extraction using the Visumax femtosecond laser were studied. Corneal sensitivity was measured centrally and at 4 paracentral locations using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer preoperatively and 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results were compared with averaged results from previous laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and small-incision lenticule extraction studies. The mean spherical equivalent was -6.85 diopters (D) ± 2.57 (SD). The mean age was 36 ± 11 years. After small-incision lenticule extraction, the preoperative mean central corneal sensitivity dropped from 54 mm preoperatively to 33 mm 1 day postoperatively, rising to 40 mm, 45 mm, 48 mm, 54 mm, and 55 mm over 12 months; it reached baseline at 6 months (P > .05). For 21 LASIK studies, the mean central corneal sensitivity dropped from 56 mm preoperatively to 6 mm at 1 day, rising to 14 mm, 23 mm, 34 mm, 45 mm, and 51 mm over 12 months. For 8 small-incision lenticule extraction studies, central corneal sensitivity dropped from 57 mm preoperatively to 39 mm at 1 week, then rose to 39 mm, 42 mm, 49 mm, 52 mm, and 54 mm over 12 months; it was higher than after LASIK at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months (P < .05). Recovery of central corneal sensitivity to baseline was reached by 6 months after small-incision lenticule extraction and was higher than after LASIK for the first 6 months after surgery. Dr. Reinstein is a consultant to Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, has a proprietary interest in the Artemis technology (Arcscan, Inc.), and is an author of patents related to very high-frequency digital ultrasound administered by the Center for Technology Licensing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Corporate Venture Capital as an Ex-Ante Evaluation Mechanism in the Market for Technology

Despite the fact that one of the main goals of corporate venture capital (CVC) investments in high-tech industries is to gain a window on future technologies, the relationship between CVC investments and strategies used to acquire technologies in the markets, such as licensing, has not been adequately explored. To address this gap, we build on the real option literature suggesting that CVC investments can be used as real options in the markets for technology. Accordingly, we formulate hypotheses about key drivers of the option value of CVC investments and the decision to exercise the option. Using a longitudinal dataset based on 604 dyads formed by a sample of global pharmaceutical firms and their external technology partners, we find that corporate investors’ scientific capabilities, technological domains, research pipelines, and the resolution of exogenous uncertainty related to partner firms’ technologies impact investors’ decisions on CVC investments and ex post technology acquisition. In our research setting, the most common way to exercise the option post-CVC investment is via technology licensing.

The Evolution of Open Innovation

The discipline of Innovation is constantly evolving and we are now arguably at a strategic inflection point where a new paradigm of innovation is emerging. In the last century often it was a brilliant scientist at a Bell Lab or IBM lab which drove new inventions and subsequent innovations. Then along came Open Innovation which was neatly conceptualized by Henry Chesbrough (2003) and concerns a systematic process where ideas can pass to and from different organizations and travel on different exploitations vectors for value creation. Open Innovation was based on the idea that not all of the smart people in the world can work for your company or organization and that you also have to look outside the organization for ideas. At this point Open Innovation was still seen a linear process which had an emphasis on licensing of technologies. (...)

Comparison of the predictability of refractive cylinder correction by laser in situ keratomileusis in eyes with low or high ocular residual astigmatism

To compare the manifest refractive cylinder (MRC) predictability of myopic astigmatism laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) between eyes with low and high ocular residual astigmatism (ORA). London Vision Clinic, London, United Kingdom. Retrospective case study. The ORA was considered the vector difference between the MRC and the corneal astigmatism. The index of success (IoS), difference vector ÷ MRC, was analyzed for different groups as follows: stage 1, low ORA (ORA ÷ MRC <1), high ORA (ORA ÷ MRC ≥1); stage 2, low ORA group reduced to match the high ORA group for MRC; stage 3, grouped by ORA magnitude with low ORA (<0.50 diopters [D]), mid ORA (0.50 to 1.24 D), and high ORA (≥1.25 D); stage 4, high ORA group subdivided into low (<0.75 D) and high (≥0.75 D) corneal astigmatism. For stage 1, the mean preoperative MRC and mean IoS were -1.32 D ± 0.65 (SD) (range -0.55 to -3.77 D) and 0.27, respectively, for low ORA and -0.79 ± 0.20 D (range -0.56 to -2.05 D) and 0.37, respectively, for high ORA. For stage 2, the mean IoS increased to 0.32 for low ORA. For stage 3, the mean IoS was 0.28, 0.29, and 0.31 for low ORA, mid ORA, and high ORA, respectively. For stage 4, the mean IoS was 0.20 for high ORA/low corneal astigmatism and 0.35 for high ORA/high corneal astigmatism. The MRC predictability was slightly worse in eyes with high ORA when grouped by the ORA ÷ MRC. Matching for the MRC and grouping by ORA magnitude resulted in similar predictability; however, eyes with high ORA and high corneal astigmatism were less predictable. Dr. Reinstein is a consultant to Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, has a proprietary interest in the Artemis technology (Arcscan, Inc.), and is an author of patents related to very-high-frequency digital ultrasound administered by the Center for Technology Licensing at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA. No other author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.

Strategic Choices Between Enterprise Merging and Technology Licensing:Based on Different Competition Modes

Strategic Choices Between Enterprise Merging and Technology Licensing:Based on Different Competition Modes

The impact of R&amp;D and knowledge diffusion on the productivity of manufacturing firms in Turkey

As the experiences of newly industrialized economies have shown, R&D and knowledge diffusion can play a crucial role in spurring the innovation capacity and productivity of emerging economies. Using firm level manufacturing data from 2003 to 2007, this paper investigates whether R&D intensity and various channels of knowledge diffusion affect productivity in Turkey—one of the fastest-growing emerging economies of the past decade. We find that an increase in the foreign ownership share in firms and technology licensing increases firms’ productivity—although the conditional effect of the latter is significant only above a threshold of technological capability. Moreover, an increase in R&D intensity raises productivity only in firms with a threshold of technological capability, while industry level R&D spillovers do so only in firms with above average technological capability. These results support the view that emerging economies such as Turkey would benefit greatly from investing in technological capacity building, technology licensing as well as from attracting greater foreign direct investment.

SME Internationalization Through Global Value Chains and Free Trade Agreements: Malaysian Evidence

Growing internationalization of firms in Asia through participation in global value chains (GVCs) and free trade agreements (FTAs) has focused attention on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Yet there is scant literature on the characteristics of SMEs involved in GVCs and FTAs. Malaysia is reputed for its engagement in GVCs and is actively pursuing FTAs. Drawing on a survey of Malaysian enterprises, this paper examines the characteristics of SMEs in GVCs and FTAs and explores the policy implications. It finds that even among SMEs, firm size matters for participation in GVCs and FTAs. But size is not the whole story for SME internationalization. Licensing of foreign technology and investment in research and development are also positively associated with SMEs joining GVCs. Furthermore, increased exposure to international trade, knowledge of FTA provisions and central location positively affects the use of FTAs by SMEs. More business support for SMEs can help them to engage in GVCs and FTAs.

A Principal-Agent Explanation for Technology Transfer

Technology licensing and transfer is subject to problems of asymmetric information including moral hazard. This study explores the effects of informal governance, knowledge tacitness, and organizational receptivity on the preference of variable royalty scheme in the context of technology licensing. Drawing on the classic principalagent model, we assume that the variable royalty scheme is a process-based contract where the licensee is the principal and the licensor is the agent. The results show that informal governance facilitating goal alignment is positively associated with the variable royalty scheme (i.e. the process-based contract). Organizational receptivity promotes the legitimacy to imposing routines, evaluating the technology, and forming expectation, and is positively associated with the variable royalty scheme. Knowledge tacitness is negatively associated with the variable royalty payment, which implies less transfer programmability moves payment from variable royalties to a fixed fee. Our arguments are significantly different from classic principal-agent relationship that does not involve the dimension of licensee transfer and monitoring capacity.

Study for Technology Commercialization Ecosystem Models through Case Studies in the Southern Region of the United States

Many universities, specifically their technology licensing offices, are very active in technology transfer and technology commercialization. In addition to that, part of technology transfers and commercialization are being done by venture capitalists due to complex processes with TLO-mediated commercialization processes. However, it seems that a combined model with these two models can make up for disadvantages from each model to enhance the rate of successful technology transfer or commercialization. Some cases occurred in the southern part of United States will be discussed for these model analysis.

Measuring an Entrepreneurial Ecosystem

How do you measure your entrepreneurial ecosystem? How should you interpret the data about your startup community? What economic indicators should matter for vibrancy and growth? These questions come up repeatedly in conversations with entrepreneurs, program heads, event organizers, investors, policymakers, and others. The frequency of these queries reflects the phenomenon: With the rapid spread of efforts to build entrepreneurial ecosystems, it’s only natural to wonder what outcomes should be tracked. And, what you track depends on what you’re trying to achieve.In some places, the desired outcome is simply more: more entrepreneurs, more companies, and more jobs. Other communities design their ecosystem efforts around a particular type of company or type of job. Some regions, moreover, see the “entrepreneurial ecosystem” as a marketing effort, and focus on a particular type of individual they hope to attract to their area. For other cities, the only thing that matters is the “exit” - initial public offerings and acquisitions. These are all worthy objectives, and communities must define their own goals. Yet where most places fail is in reliance on a handful of limited input metrics rather than outcomes. To judge the vibrancy of their entrepreneurial ecosystems, many states and regions focus on things like research and development funding at universities, available investment capital, and engineering degrees. These may be associated with more entrepreneurial activity, but they are inputs, not necessarily the outcomes to be tracked. Other regions focus on patents or technology licenses out of universities - these are a piece of the puzzle, but they’re not necessarily the leading indicators of entrepreneurial vibrancy. At the other end of the spectrum is the kitchen-sink approach - because every part of an entrepreneurial ecosystem is critically important, you must track everything. This approach has the admirable quality of avoiding Campbell’s Law but provides no sense of prioritization or focus for those community leaders involved in the ecosystem. There must be some middle ground between trying to capture every dimension of an entrepreneurial ecosystem and overly focusing on only one or two indicators. There are also different levels of measurement for entrepreneurial ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the overall performance of the ecosystem in terms of outcomes and vibrancy. In future work, we will explore measurement indicators that can be instituted at the level of programs and organizations.

Managing technology licensing for stochastic R&D: from the perspective of an enterprise information system

Enterprise information technology (IT) plays an important role in technology innovation management for high-tech enterprises. However, to date most studies on enterprise technology innovation have assumed that the research and development (R&D) outcome is certain. This assumption does not always hold in practice. Motivated by the current practice of some IT industries, we establish a three-stage duopoly game model, including the R&D stage, the licensing stage and the output stage, to investigate the influence of bargaining power and technology spillover on the optimal licensing policy for the innovating enterprise when the outcome of R&D is uncertain. Our results demonstrate that (1) if the licensor has low (high) bargaining power, fixed-fee (royalty) licensing is always superior to royalty (fixed-fee) licensing to the licensor regardless of technology spillover; (2) if the licensor has moderate bargaining power and technology spillover is low (high) as well, fixed-fee (royalty) licensing is superior to royalty (fixed-fee) licensing; (3) under two-part tariff licensing and the assumption of licensors with full bargaining power, if a negative prepaid fixed fee is not allowed, two-part tariff licensing is equivalent to royalty licensing which is the optimal licensing policy; if negative prepaid fixed fee is allowed, the optimal policy is two-part tariff licensing.

Promoting 'Academic Entrepreneurship' in Europe and the United States: Creating an Intellectual Property Regime to Facilitate the Efficient Transfer of Knowledge from the Lab to the Patient

In 2014, the European Commission announced the launch of a study of knowledge transfer by public research organizations and other institutes of higher learning “to determine which additional measures might be needed to ensure an optimal flow of knowledge between the public research organisations and business thereby contributing to the development of the knowledge based economy.” As the European Commission has recognized, the EU needs to take action to “unlock the potential of IPRs [intellectual property rights] that lie dormant in universities, research institutes and companies.” This article builds on our earlier work on structuring efficient pharmaceutical public-private partnerships (PPPPs) but focuses on the regulatory infrastructure necessary to support the efficient commercialization of publicly funded university medical research in both the European Union and the United States. Our comparative analysis of the EU and U.S. approaches to translational medicine shows that there are lessons to be shared. The EU can apply the experiences from the U.S. Bayh-Dole Act and PPPPs in the United States, and the United States can emulate aspects of the open innovation aspects of the European Innovative Medicines Initiative and the tighter patenting standards imposed by the European Patent Office. Thus, a secondary purpose of this article is to suggest amendments to the U.S. laws governing the patenting and licensing of government-funded technology to prevent undue burdens on the sharing of certain upstream medical discoveries and research tools.