Waste Management Technologies Research Articles

Sustainable waste management solutions: Optimization of hybrid and gasification waste-to-energy plants

This study investigates an urban waste management model to integrate different energy generation technologies and waste processing routes in a megastructure with thermal, biological, and recyclable superstructures. The model was simulated for three metropolitan regions in Brazil, with waste transportation between existing landfills to improve energy generation efficiency and financial income. The gasification appears as a promising alternative to the originally modeled hybrid incineration configuration. Results suggest that the overall financial performance of plants benefits when the utilization of the thermal superstructure is restricted in smaller plants, with waste mass flow of less than 6 kg/s. Gasification is preferred for bigger plants, with paybacks of up to 11 years, net present value of 2 billion dollars, and an internal rate of return of 20.32 % in the most likely scenario without subsidies. The study shows significant increase in attractiveness by the utilization of waste-collecting taxes, for which a payback of 6 years was reached, demonstrating it as a financially interesting. The internal rate of return results confirms the economic feasibility of the business for scenarios with waste-collection taxes. Integrating gasification technology in municipal waste management into the megastructure model emerges as a promising approach for sustainable waste management and energy generation.

Adoption potential of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.), Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae composting technology among smallholder farmers in Greater Ahafo-Ano, Ashanti region of Ghana

As the world’s population increases, the growing demand for food intensifies the generation of agricultural waste, leading to several environmental issues. Intensive research indicates black soldier fly (BSF) larvae Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) as efficient converters of organic waste into nutrient-rich biomass suitable for animal feed. Using a structured questionnaire and volunteer farmers (N = 595), we investigated the potential for adoption of BSF larvae composting technology for sustainable agricultural waste management in Greater Ahafo-Ano. Almost all surveyed farmers declared they generated a significant amount of biowaste on their farms and were willing to learn how to use the BSF-based technology to transform it into value-added products. The waste generated was mainly disposed of in pits at Ahafo-Ano South-East (56.2%), by composting at Ahafo-Ano South-West (34.9%) and by sale at Ahafo-Ano North (34.4%). Across the three districts, awareness of the BSF was very low – 14.5% in Ahafo-Ano South-East, 14.1% in Ahafo-Ano South-West and 0.5% in Ahafo-Ano North. However, high acceptance of the technology was recorded. It was found that about 8% of farmers surveyed in Ahafo-Ano South-East had already tried BSF farming on a small scale. Indicating this district as a good entry point to introduce the technology into Greater Ahafo-Ano.

Environmental Sanitation – A Therapy for Healthy Living for Sustainable Development. A Case Study of Argungu Township Kebbi State, North Western Nigeria

Environmental sanitation is the principle and practice of creating healthful and hygienic conditions in the environment to promote public health and welfare, improve quality of life and ensure a sustainable environment. However, environmental sanitation which remains a catalyst for achieving healthy living has been neglected in most developing countries. In Nigeria, it is common to see people defecating in the open. The ugly side of this is that street gutters are left untidy and filled with dirt, and marketplaces are covered with waste and discarded items. Worrisomely, the story remains the same in rural places where there is hardly any proper waste management technology. All types of waste are dumped into nearby bushes and forests while human faeces are discharged into streams and rivers from which people obtain their water. This is what motivated the researchers to investigate the level of sanitation in Argungu Township in Kebbi State. Data for this study was collected through a structured al interviewing method. The total number of households in five (5) metropolitan wards as contained in the national immunization house listing schedule is 16, 594. However, a systematic sampling method was applied to arrive at the sample. After every count of fifty households, one household was selected making a total of 313 households for the research. The study revealed that people have neglected the sanitation of their environment. In Conclusion, the study recommends the use of a community participation model of sanitation which outlines the role expected by each individual toward ensuring a free and hygienic environment.

Research Progress of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Removal in Food Waste During Anaerobic Digestion

Food waste is one of the important reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes （ARGs）, and its resource utilization has potential environmental risks. Anaerobic digestion （AD） technology can concurrently achieve resource recovery and ARGs removal, which is one of the popular resource technologies for food waste management. However, the removal efficiency of ARGs during the AD process is limited, and thus the safety of digestate for agricultural use is still questioned. Therefore, how to improve the performance of ARGs removal during the AD process is critical for efficient and environmentally friendly bioconversion of food waste. This study summarized the transmission pathways and mechanisms of ARGs in food waste； discussed the effects of different operation parameters on the transmission of ARGs in food waste during the AD process； described the research progress of exogenous addition of conductive materials, feedstock pretreatment, etc., strategies to enhance the removal of ARGs； and analyzed the migration regularity and removal mechanism of ARGs in food waste during the AD process, which mainly included microbial community structure evolution, mobile genetic element changes, and environmental factor changes. Finally, this study prospected the future improvement of methane yield and ARGs removal in the AD process of food waste based on the existing research.

Transforming waste to wealth: Impact of food waste‐derived soil amendments and synthetic nitrogen fertilizer on soil dynamics

AbstractApproximately one‐third of all food produced globally goes to waste, highlighting the need for sustainable waste management technologies like composting and anaerobic digestion. These technologies convert food waste into soil amendment products such as compost, liquid digestate (LD) and solid digestate (SD). However, these food waste‐derived soil amendments have relatively low nutrient contents compared with synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers such as urea, making their agricultural use challenging. Despite this, food waste‐derived soil amendments can enhance the physical and biological properties of soil, potentially creating synergistic effects when combined with synthetic N fertilizers. This study aimed to investigate effects of food waste‐derived amendments in soil applied at 50 kg ha−1 total N (compost, LD or SD) and synthetic N fertilizer [urea ammonium nitrate (UAN)] at 50 and 100 kg ha−1 total N. Over 56 days of soil incubation, greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O), soil chemistry (–N, –N, pH) and microbial biomass C (MBC) were measured. Results showed that LD + UAN 50 reduced cumulative N2O emissions by 23% compared with UAN 100, despite having the same total N and similar available N rate applied to soil. Replacing UAN with LD in farming practices can supply equivalent available N while lowering N2O emissions, offering a sustainable nutrient strategy. Moreover, applying food waste‐derived soil amendments can enhance N retention in soils, reducing the need for increased applications of synthetic N fertilizers to compensate for N deficits in farming. Food waste‐derived soil amendments can also act as a slower N release compared with UAN, reducing nitrogen run‐off. SD had the highest CO2 emissions, followed by LD and compost. SD + UAN 50 increased MBC levels because of higher carbon content and labile carbon, and available N because of the application of UAN. The major drawback of using SD compared with LD is that the process of evaporating LD to form SD causes high ammonia volatilization (ammonium in solution into ammonia gas) rates, reducing the available N in SD. Therefore, future studies should explore strategies to reduce ammonia volatilization of LD.

Analysis of the world market of waste management

This paper provides an overview of the solid waste management market, which is the object of the study, including the processes of collection, transportation, utilization and recycling, supervision and monitoring of these processes. The volume and dynamics of the global waste management market in 2023 and its forecasting until 2033 are considered. The problem solved in the article is to identify the key factors of influence and interconnection on the development of waste management market components to determine the directions of an effective sustainable development policy. The author analyzes the methods of waste management in different European countries and identifies the key factors influencing the market dynamics: the effects of urbanization, environmental regulations, waste-to-energy technologies, circular economy initiatives, smart waste management systems, increased waste recycling, and the development of green infrastructure. It is determined that the growing awareness of environmental problems and increasing public pressure are leading to an increase in government investment in the development of innovative technologies for effective waste management. It is established that the promotion of recycling infrastructure and the implementation of campaigns aimed at raising awareness among the population leads to an increase in the importance of responsible waste management, the introduction of public-private partnerships in the field of waste management and the development of green infrastructure. The market is analyzed by region, end user, and waste type. According to the regional analysis, North America has the largest market share, but Asia Pacific is showing the fastest growth. North America has a large waste management market due to its developed infrastructure and high level of environmental awareness. However, Asia-Pacific, particularly China and India, is emerging as a growth center due to rapid economic development, population growth, and rapid urbanization, indicating the potential for new waste management markets in this region. According to the analysis by waste type, industrial waste is the largest category, with the electronic segment showing dynamic growth. This analysis allows to forecast the market and trends in the waste management industry, which makes it possible to calculate costs and profits, scale global trends to Ukrainian realities, and offer promising investment opportunities, which is especially important in the times of recovery of Ukraine.

Evaluasi Pengelolaan Sampah Menggunakan Climate Resilient and Inclusive Cities (CRIC) Waste Assessment Tool Kota Palembang

Waste is a problem that cannot be ignored because it is always generated in all aspects of life. The Climate Resilient and Inclusive Cities CRIC Waste Assessment Tool helps in analyzing the current situation in the city and provides important and practical recommendations from both technical aspects, governance, and social issues. The research aims to evaluate urban waste management using the Climate Resilient and Inclusive Cities (CRIC) Waste Assessment Tool based on management technology in Palembang City. A quantitative strategy was used in this research, along with a descriptive and verification research method. Secondary data is taken from the national waste management information system and other literature to fill in the CRIC Waste Assessment Tool application. Data analysis using CRIC Tool covers waste management, governance, economy and knowledge of citizens, GHG emissions. The results of measuring waste management performance with CRIC show that waste management in the city is still low, most of the waste is disposed of uncontrollably, resulting in SLCPs. Waste banks and TPS3R are still lacking. Achievement of waste management to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has only reached 50% of the recommended target. Proper waste handling is still lacking, such as reduced dumping, open burning, and better composting practices. This will support modifications in waste handling from the community, which can support waste management technology development.

INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH CIRCULAR ECONOMY

This study analyzes contemporary innovative approaches and technologies aimed at reducing construction waste and promoting its recycling, while also exploring their implementation potential within a circular economy framework. The scientific novelty lies in the examination of innovative strategies enhancing construction waste management within the circular economy context, contributing significantly to understanding and utilizing such technologies. Additionally, the practical value of this work is underscored by its provision of actionable insights and global best practices in implementing innovative technologies for construction waste management. The article delves into the significance and opportunities of utilizing innovative technologies within the context of a circular economy, addressing pertinent issues, expanding the understanding of circular economy concepts in construction, and offering practical examples and recommendations for implementation. The impact of circular economy principles on waste reduction and resource optimization in construction is thoroughly analyzed, with a focus on tools and technologies such as secondary resource utilization, 3D printing, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence to enhance waste management processes, ensuring their sustainability and efficiency. Furthermore, the article showcases successful innovative projects and initiatives globally while examining challenges and future prospects. It advocates for the active adoption of innovative technologies in construction and waste management to foster sustainable development and environmental preservation. By highlighting the intersection of cutting-edge technology and environmental sustainability, this study provides a comprehensive overview of how the construction industry can evolve to meet contemporary environmental challenges, ultimately contributing to a more sustainable and efficient construction sector. The research emphasizes the critical role of integrating technological advancements with circular economy principles to address the mounting issue of construction waste. It explores how the adaptation of these advanced technologies can lead to substantial reductions in waste generation, improved resource efficiency, and the development of sustainable construction practices. The study also underscores the importance of policy support and stakeholder collaboration in facilitating the widespread adoption of these innovative solutions. In conclusion, this article not only presents a detailed analysis of current trends and technologies in construction waste management but also offers a forward-looking perspective on the future of the industry. It serves as a call to action for policymakers, industry professionals, and researchers to embrace and invest in innovative technologies that align with the principles of the circular economy, ensuring a resilient and environmentally responsible construction sector for future generations. Keywords: technologies, management, waste, innovations, economy, efficiency, resources, sustainability, materials, cycle

Household adoption of modern waste management technologies in Ilala Municipal Council, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Household adoption of modern waste management technologies in Ilala Municipal Council, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Challenges and Remediation Strategies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Contamination in Composting

Abstract: Municipal solid waste (MSW) is projected to rise to 3.4 billion tonnes by 2050, with only 33% undergoing environmentally friendly management practices. Achieving a circular economy involves sustainable approaches, among which diverting waste from landfills to composting plays a crucial role. However, many of the products society uses and discards in MSW daily contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), raising concerns that composts may inadvertently introduce PFAS into the environment, posing a significant challenge to waste management and environmental sustainability. PFAS have been detected in compost at concentrations ranging between 1.26–11.84 µg/kg. Composts are therefore a source of PFAS contamination, posing risks to human and ecosystem health. Impactful technologies are therefore required for PFAS remediation during the composting process. This review examines the composting process as a sustainable organic waste management technology, examining the various systems employed, compost quality, and uses, particularly emphasising the challenge posed by PFAS contamination. The review provides novel insights into possible PFAS remediation technologies. A comprehensive understanding of PFAS origin, fate, and transformation during the composting process is lacking, creating substantial knowledge gaps regarding the inputs processes contributing most to PFAS accumulation in the final product. Addressing these gaps in future studies is crucial for minimising PFAS discharge into the environment and developing an effective remediation approach. This review highlights the urgent need for innovative solutions to mitigate PFAS contamination in compost and the importance of advancing research and technology to achieve sustainable waste management objectives.

END-OF-LIFE PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES: LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT AND SENSIBILITY ANALYSIS

The use of photovoltaic (PV) systems in energy generation has been grown worldwide. In Brazil, this continuous growth is seen in the increase in the number of consumer units. The expected useful life of PV modules is estimated to be between 25 and 30 years. Therefore, most of these units will be deinstalled in the near future. It is important to evaluate the environmental impacts of the technology in order to safely adopt the use of PV energy. The environmental impact of PV modules is a widely studied topic, often using life cycle analysis (LCA). However, these studies emphasize the production phase and exclude or fail to analyze in detail the uninstallation and disposal phase of PV modules. The use of precious metals and components that contain materials classified as hazardous waste has sparked recent interest in highlighting the impacts and likely benefits related to the end-of-life management of PV modules. In this context, the purpose of work is to analyze the environmental impacts of the phase of uninstallation and disposal of photovoltaic (PV) system for Brazil waste management technologies: Recycling, incineration and landfill. The life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied in three scenarios for disposal of modules: Recycling, incineration and landfill. ReCiPe 2008 method was useful to calculating the environmental impacts, with assistance of SimaPro 8.3 software. The results showed that the recycling scenario had a lower environmental performance compared to the other scenarios. The main cause is the high consumption of electricity in metal recovery stage. Besides, this scenario produces a high amount of waste (residual liquid and sludge). The scenario of recycling will be attractive with technological investment in energy efficiency. The advantage of this scenario is the material recovery (precious metal and materials classified as hazardous waste), as consequence will bring environmental benefits.

Waste-to-Energy Processes as a Municipality-Level Waste Management Strategy: A Case Study of Kočevje, Slovenia

The escalating challenge of waste management demands innovative strategies to mitigate environmental impacts and harness valuable resources. This study investigates waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies for municipal waste management in Kočevje, Slovenia. An analysis of available waste streams reveals substantial energy potential from mixed municipal waste, biodegradable waste, and livestock manure. Various WtE technologies, including incineration, pyrolysis, gasification, and anaerobic digestion, are compared. The results show that processing mixed municipal waste using thermochemical processes could annually yield up to 0.98 GWh of electricity, and, separately, 3.22 GWh of useable waste heat for district heating or industrial applications. Furthermore, by treating 90% of the biodegradable waste, up to 1.31 GWh of electricity and 1.76 GWh of usable waste heat could be generated annually from biodegradable municipal waste and livestock manure using anaerobic digestion and biogas combustion in a combined heat and power facility. Gasification coupled with a gas-turbine-based combined heat and power cycle is suggested as optimal. Integration of WtE technologies could yield 2.29 GWh of electricity and 3.55 GWh of useable waste heat annually, representing an annual exergy yield of 2.98 GWh. Within the Kočevje municipality, this amount of energy could cover 23.6% of the annual household electricity needs and cover the annual space and water heating requirements of 10.0% of households with district heating. Additionally, CO2-eq. emissions could be reduced by up to 20%, while further offsetting emissions associated with electricity and district heat generation by 1907 tons annually. These findings highlight the potential of WtE technologies to enhance municipal self-sustainability and reduce landfill waste.

Comprehensive review of solid waste management strategies and disposal approaches

Solid waste management is a worldwide concern with substantial environmental, social, and economic ramifications. This review provides a complete assessment of solid waste management from an Indian viewpoint. It presents an overview of the current state, difficulties, and prospects in solid waste management, focusing on environmental sustainability and public health. The goal is to give a comprehensive overview of many approaches utilized to manage and reduce the expanding problem of solid waste. It examines a variety of waste management techniques, such as landfill disposal, recycling, composting, waste-to-energy practices, and waste elimination and minimizing. Many municipalities across the country prefer landfilling for the removal of solid waste. In landfills, waste is transformed through chemical, biological, and physical processes, functioning as an environmental furnace. Therefore, soil cover thickness, barriers, leachate collecting, landfill gas recovery, and flaring facilities are essential for sustainable landfilling. The benefits of composting and anaerobic breakdown for decreasing the environmental effect of biological waste are examined in this review. Hazardous chemicals in landfills can have severe ecological and public health consequences. It looks into the benefits of effective dangerous waste disposal, such as pollution control and resource recovery. Mining and reusing landfills for diverse uses, such as renewable energy generation and recreational areas, have the potential to be beneficial. The article discusses upcoming solid waste management trends and technologies such as intelligent garbage collection mechanisms, reuse and recycling concepts, and sustainable packaging solutions. It emphasizes the potential of these advances to improve overall waste management effectiveness and sustainability.

Exergy Analysis of Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Waste Management

In recent years, there have been increasing concerns over the detrimental effects of irreversible linear patterns of material and energy consumption, which have led to an enormous generation of municipal solid waste (MSW). Concepts like waste-to-energy (WtE) and recycling have gained increasing recognition and support as responses to these challenges. This study assessed the exergetic potential of four WtE technologies (landfill gas-to-energy, anaerobic digestion, incineration, and plasma gasification) in the context of the MSW characteristics of Maiduguri, Borno State. The population of Maiduguri, waste generation rate, waste composition, and the ultimate and proximate analysis of the MSW were used for the assessment. Exergetic potential in the form of electrical energy generation and three exergy-based indicators (exergy efficiency, exergy defect, and improvement potential) were evaluated for each WtE option. The results reveal that anaerobic digestion and plasma gasification are viable options based on the exergetic potential and the measured exergy performance indicators. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and waste management authorities, facilitating informed decisions to address environmental concerns and promote resource-efficient urban development in Maiduguri and similar regions.

Black soldier fly-based bioconversion of biosolids: Microbial community dynamics and fate of antibiotic resistance genes

Biosolids as by-products of wastewater treatment can contain a large spectrum of pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Insect-based bioconversion using black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is an emerging technology that has shown to reduce significant amounts of biosolids quickly and produce larvae biomass containing low heavy metal concentrations. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the transfer of pathogens and ARGs from biosolids into the process' end-products, BSFL and frass. We hypothesized that BSF-based bioconversion can decrease the abundance of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs in biosolids. In this study, we performed BSFL feeding trials with biosolids blended or not blended with wheat bran, and wheat bran alone as a low bioburden diet (control). We conducted 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to monitor changes of the BSFL-associated microbial community and the fate of biosolids-associated pathogens. A diverse set of ARGs (ermB, intl1, sul1, tetA, tetQ, tetW, and blaCTX-M-32) were quantified by qPCR and were linked to changes in substrate- and BSFL-associated microbiomes. BSF-based bioconversion of biosolids-containing substrates led to a significant reduction of the microbial diversity, the abundance of several pathogenic bacteria and the investigated ARGs (< 99 %). Feeding with a high bioburden biosolid diet resulted in a higher microbial diversity, and the accumulation of pathogenic bacteria and ARGs in the BSFL. Results of this study demonstrated that BSF-based bioconversion can be a suitable waste management technology to (1) reduce significant amounts of biosolids and (2) reduce the presence of pathogens and ARGs. However, the resulting larvae biomass would need to undergo further post-treatment to reduce the pathogenic load to allow them as animal feed.

Design of sustainable supply chains for managing plastic waste: The case of low density polyethylene

Plastic waste management presents a significant challenge that requires the integration of supply chain and sustainability principles. This study proposes a comprehensive supply chain model for plastic waste and management, specifically low-density polyethylene (LDPE), focusing on economic and environmental considerations. A model based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is developed to address the type of plastic waste management technology, their location through the United States East Coast and the effect of transitioning to an electrified transportation. The model determines plastic waste pyrolysis as the preferred technology to maximize profitability, and mechanical recycling combined with hydrogenolysis and hydrocracking to minimize the global warming potential (GWP). The mix of technologies for minimizing the GWP is highly correlated with the type of transportation, being desired to remove hydrogenolysis when electric trucks are introduced. This electrification of the transportation reduces the emissions by 23 %, but with an increase in the costs by 4 %.

Efektivitas Pengolahan Limbah Fisik (Padat Dan Cair) Dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Inovatif

Background: Management of physical waste (solid and liquid) is an important aspect in maintaining environmental sustainability. In recent years, innovative technology has become a major focus in efforts to increase the effectiveness of physical waste management. The aim of this research is to examine the effectiveness of physical waste processing using innovative technology for each type of waste. Method: The research method that will be used in this research includes a literature review. The research method that will be used in this research is a key step to test and evaluate the effectiveness of innovative technology in physical waste processing. Results: Physical waste, such as plastic, electronics, and paper, has become an increasing global environmental problem. The impacts include soil, water and air pollution as well as human health risks. Effective physical waste management is important to reduce its negative impacts. Solutions include public education, government-industry collaboration on policy, and technological innovation. With good collaboration, it is hoped that effective solutions can be created to maintain environmental sustainability and human health. Innovative technologies in solid and liquid waste management provide advantages such as solutions to environmental problems, increased efficiency, and the creation of new, better products. However, challenges such as high investment costs, inadequate infrastructure and limited regulation need to be overcome. To overcome these challenges, cooperation between government, companies, academics and society is needed.

Resource recovery from soiled sanitary napkin waste-a state-of-the-art review.

With ever-improving social and medical awareness about menstrual hygiene in India, the demand for sanitary napkins has increased significantly. The utilization of high-quality and environment-friendly raw materials to produce these pads is further supporting the growth of the market. However, with improving demand and usage, the need for proper disposal techniques becomes more relevant, since all of these pads get contaminated with human blood which makes them a biohazard and can cause significant damage to human health and the environment. One sanitary pad takes around 800years to degrade naturally and the plastic and super absorbent polymers (SAPs) in sanitary pads are non-biodegradable and can take multiple decades to degrade. Waste management technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, and resource recovery can be adopted to manage tons of sanitary waste. Currently, sanitary waste treatment mainly focuses on landfilling, incineration, and composting, where biohazard wastes are mixed with tons of solid waste. Disposable sanitary pads have a high carbon footprint of about 5.3kg CO2 equivalent every year. Innovative solutions for sanitary pad disposal are discussed in the manuscript which includes repurposing of derived waste cellulose and plastic fraction into value-added products. Future aspects of disinfection strategies and value addition to waste cellulose recovered from napkins were systematically discussed to promote a circular economy.

Performance of feeding black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae on shrimp carcasses: A green technology for aquaculture waste management and circular economy

Over 944 thousand tonnes of shrimp carcasses are produced worldwide during the shrimp production cycle, and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are a potential solution for this shrimp carcass accumulation. In this study, we evaluated the performance of BSFL feeding on shrimp carcasses. Six combinations of wheat bran and shrimp carcass powder (with replacement increments of 20 %) and one whole shrimp carcasses treatment were tested. The bioconversion rate (27.15 ± 3.66 %; p = 0.001), crude protein (55.34 ± 1.27 %; p < 0.001), and crude lipid (14.37 ± 1.86 %; p = 0.007) values of BSFL reared on whole shrimp carcasses were significantly higher than those of BSFL reared on wheat bran. Increasing the shrimp carcass amount in the feeding media resulted in significant increases in BSFL docosahexaenoic acid (with the highest value occurring for BSFL reared on whole shrimp carcasses; 1.46 ± 0.09 %; p < 0.001). Conversely, BSFL docosahexaenoic acid was not detected for BSFL reared on wheat bran. The detected heavy metal concentrations in BSFL were below the limits of the published international guidelines for animal feed. In the obtained BSFL, Salmonella was not detected, and the mould count was <10 CFU/g. The total bacterial count (Lg transformation) of obtained BSFL ranged from 7.88 to 8.07 CFU/g, and no significant differences among all treatments (p = 0.424). Overall, this study demonstrates that BSFL-based bioconversion presents a resource recovery technology for converting shrimp carcasses into high-value nutritional biomass.

Sustainable waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy through various waste management technologies.

Inappropriate waste management is a considerable ecological risk, leading to detrimental effects on the soil, air, and water quality. It is imperative to address these concerns promptly to minimize the repercussions of solid waste on public health and the ecosystem. It is evident that the level of economic growth directly impacts waste generation. This study intends to use the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique to evaluate the environmental impacts of four alternative municipal solid waste (MSW) management scenarios in Peshawar City, Pakistan. The goal is to discover an option that is both sustainable and minimizes environmental damage. The study examined the system boundaries encompassing the collection and transportation of MSW, along with its processing and final disposal, employing composting, anaerobic digestion (AD), material recovery facilities (MRF), and landfill methods. Comprehensive field studies and an in-depth literature review provided the data regarding Peshawar's existing MSW management system and the proposed scenarios, all of which was inventoried in the OpenLCA 1.10.3 database. Following data collection, the CML-IA technique was employed to analyze the data, measuring the environmental footprint in terms of climate change potential, human toxicity, acidification potential, photochemical oxidation, and eutrophication. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to identify the influence of varying recycling rates on the environmental strain correlated with the proposed scenarios. The analysis results indicated that scenario S2, which combined composting, landfilling, and MRF, exhibited the least environmental impact compared to the other considered scenarios. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis reflected an inverse correlation between alterations in the recycling rate and the total environmental impact. To counter the environmental problems arising from waste generation, it is essential to incorporate principles of the circular economy into the MSW management approach.