Many Areas Of Engineering Research Articles

Fast High-Efficiency Photon-Number-Resolving Parallel Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detector

Photon-number-resolving (PNR) single-photon detectors are an enabling technology in many areas, such as photonic quantum computing, nonclassical light-source characterization, and quantum imaging. Here, we demonstrate high-efficiency PNR detectors using a parallel superconducting nanowire single-photon-detector (P-SNSPD) architecture that does not suffer from crosstalk between the pixels and that is free of latching. The behavior of the detector is modeled and used to predict the possible outcomes given a certain number of incoming photons. We apply our model to a four-pixel P-SNSPD with a system detection efficiency of 92.5%. We also demonstrate how this detector allows reconstructing the photon-number statistics of a coherent source of light, which paves the way towards the characterization of the photon statistics of other types of light source using a single detector.

Enhanced digital water level measurement for irrigation channel

Indonesia needs to improve its irrigation system by implementing respectable technology. Recently, Indonesian irrigation systems have intended to switch from analog to digital technology. However, it appeared that Indonesia was having some issues applying digital technology in many areas. For instance, delivering water from water sources to irrigation subversives requires a computer infrastructure. A manual water level monitoring tool has been used in irrigation canals to gauge the water level that flows through them. The major goal of this project is to design a digital measuring device for water level and water temperature in the irrigation channel. The appropriate information must be entered into the irrigation channels. An experimental investigation has been conducted into the accuracy of digital instrument design for detecting water level and water temperature in irrigation channels. The creation of the digital water level measurement design will be tested against manual measurement to determine the percentage difference. The percentage difference between the traditional water level measurement and the digital water level measurement is the anticipated outcome. It is possible to infer that it is crucial to use digital tools, especially when determining the water level in irrigation channels.

Use of a Software Application to Generate a Sequence for Simulation Model Creation

The use of simulation models is currently a necessity, considering the complexity of the problems solved in many areas of engineering and scientific work (including logistics). This fact places high demands on their creation, use, and possible modification. When implementing simulation models, we often encounter limitations (depending on the software used), for which an effective solution is the application of the additional programming method. However, the method’s implementation is often associated with problems, the solution to which is, for example, the use of third-party services. Ultimately, this is an effective but lengthy process. The paper presents a new approach to the method of additional programming, which is based on using an addressable software application as a tool for generating sequences according to defined input parameters. The research was carried out using the simulation software Tecnomatix Plant Simulation and the software tool Simtalk, which is part of it.

In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on SiO x /Si: Interface dipole and persistent surface groups

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has become an essential technology in many areas. To better develop and use this technology, it is of the pivot to understand the surface chemistry during the ALD film growth. The growth of an ALD oxide film may also induce an electric dipole at the interface, which may be further tuned to modulate the flat band voltage for electronic device applications. To understand the associated surface chemistry and interface dipole formation process, we herein employ an in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique to study the ALD growth of Al2O3, from trimethylaluminum and H2O, on the SiO x /Si surface. We find that an electric dipole is formed at the Al2O3/SiO x interface immediately after the first Al2O3 layer is deposited. We also observe persistent surface methyl groups in the H2O half-cycle during ALD, and the amount of the persistent methyls is particularly higher during the initial Al2O3 ALD growth, which suggests the formation of Si−CH3 on the surface. These findings can provide useful routes and insights toward interface engineering by ALD.

Corrosion Inhibition, Inhibitor Environments, and the Role of Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is providing a new design paradigm for many areas of technology, including corrosion inhibition. However, ML models require relatively large and diverse training sets to be most effective. This paper provides an overview of developments in corrosion inhibitor research, focussing on how corrosion performance data can be incorporated into machine learning and how large sets of inhibitor performance data that are suitable for training robust ML models can be developed through various corrosion inhibition testing approaches, especially high-throughput performance testing. It examines different types of environments where corrosion by-products and electrolytes operate, with a view to understanding how conventional inhibitor testing methods may be better designed, chosen, and applied to obtain the most useful performance data for inhibitors. The authors explore the role of modern characterisation techniques in defining corrosion chemistry in occluded structures (e.g., lap joints) and examine how corrosion inhibition databases generated by these techniques can be exemplified by recent developments. Finally, the authors briefly discuss how the effects of specific structures, alloy microstructures, leaching structures, and kinetics in paint films may be incorporated into machine learning strategies.

Bayesian optimization for mixed-variable, multi-objective problems

Optimizing multiple, non-preferential objectives for mixed-variable, expensive black-box problems is important in many areas of engineering and science. The expensive, noisy, black-box nature of these problems makes them ideal candidates for Bayesian optimization (BO). Mixed-variable and multi-objective problems, however, are a challenge due to BO's underlying smooth Gaussian process surrogate model. Current multi-objective BO algorithms cannot deal with mixed-variable problems. We present MixMOBO, the first mixed-variable, multi-objective Bayesian optimization framework for such problems. Using MixMOBO, optimal Pareto-fronts for multi-objective, mixed-variable design spaces can be found efficiently while ensuring diverse solutions. The method is sufficiently flexible to incorporate different kernels and acquisition functions, including those that were developed for mixed-variable or multi-objective problems by other authors. We also present HedgeMO, a modified Hedge strategy that uses a portfolio of acquisition functions for multi-objective problems. We present a new acquisition function, SMC. Our results show that MixMOBO performs well against other mixed-variable algorithms on synthetic problems. We apply MixMOBO to the real-world design of an architected material and show that our optimal design, which was experimentally fabricated and validated, has a normalized strain energy density $10^4$ times greater than existing structures.

Технологические и организационные инструменты гостиничных инноваций: мировая и региональная практика

In conditions of the modern market successful management of placement enterprises requires strategic and innovative approaches to updating the quality characteristics of products and services, because now is the time of high technologies and automated systems that greatly simplify and accelerate work, almost the whole world develops, implements and implements innovative technologies in many areas of activity, including industry hospitality. At the same time, the world and Russian practice of implementing innovations in hotels shows their uneven distribution at the regional level. The introduced innovations of the most high-tech hotels in the world are analyzed. Technological innovations are stated to make the process of serving guests more convenient, faster and safer. In Russia, most of the hotels that use modern high-tech innovations are located in the capital. Based on the domestic and international experience of innovative development of the hotel business, there has been developed a model for using the hotel innovations at the regional level, and the leading hospitality enterprises in Vladivostok are taken as an example. The innovations in the hotels Lotte Hotel Vladivostok (5 stars), Azimut (4 stars), Equator Art Congress Hotel (3 stars) are considered in detail. There has been considered the author's classification of innovative technologies in the hotel business. The systematization of the data of the innovation rating and the number of rooms of the Primorsky Kray, the hotel infrastructure of Vladivostok and the level of use of innovative technologies in the hotel enterprises of Vladivostok has been carried out.

Quantification of Spent Coffee Ground Extracts by Roast and Brew Method, and Their Utility in a Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology has become increasingly important in modern society, and nanoparticles are routinely used in many areas of technology, industry, and commercial products. Many species of nanoparticle (NP) are typically synthesized using toxic or hazardous chemicals, making these methods less environmentally friendly. Consequently, there has been growing interest in green synthesis methods, which avoid unnecessary exposure to toxic chemicals and reduce harmful waste. Synthesis methods which utilize food waste products are particularly attractive because they add value and a secondary use for material which would otherwise be disposed of. Here, we show that spent coffee grounds (SCGs) that have already been used once in coffee brewing can be easily used to synthesize gold and silver NPs. SCGs derived from medium and dark roasts of the same bean source were acquired after brewing coffee by hot brew, cold brew, and espresso techniques. The total antioxidant activity (TAC) and total caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) of the aqueous SCG extracts were investigated, showing that hot brew SCGs had the highest CQA and TAC levels, while espresso SCGs had the lowest. SCG extract proved effective as a reducing agent in synthesizing gold and silver NPs regardless of roast or initial brew method.

INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING CURRICULUM AS B.TECH. (HONS) BY INTEGRATING STEAM, ESEP & IPR

Innovation in course curriculum is a continuous process in the higher education system (HES). As the amount of published information growing with time at geometric progression, it is necessary to increase the depth and breadth of the HES curriculum of every course with time. Engineering education is one of the prominent areas in science & technology education, finding many opportunities and facing many challenges in the 21st century due to the accelerated advancement of technologies in many areas. Keeping students in pace with such developments and adopting such newly emerging areas of technology in the current curriculum is an essential requirement of the education industry’s progress. In this paper, we have proposed improvement in engineering education in India at the undergraduate level by means of six innovations to improve the depth, breadth, and vigorousness of the B.Tech. programme by suggesting a Student integrated development Framework in engineering based on STEAM-Employability Model with a focus on experimental learning. The six innovations proposed in this model upgrades the B.Tech. (Pass) programme into B.Tech. (Honours).

Utilizations of IoT In Education for Visual Impairment Students

IoT intelligence can help ease daily tasks with the use of intelligent environments where it combines human interaction and IoT technology. The IoT has a great context-sensitive delivery feature in supporting and focusing on the use of technology in increasingly sophisticated education. Being born with a disability or getting a disability impairs daily tasks and provides additional challenges in continuing education. This challenge is highly dependent on the type of disability which may be either a physical disability or a mental disability. People with Disabilities are people who have physical and/or mental disorders, which can interfere with or are obstacles and barriers for them to perform activities normally. Such disabilities can come physically, mentally as well as both. Disorders are problems with body function or structure, activity restrictions are difficulties faced by individuals in performing tasks or actions, while barriers to engagement are problems experienced by individuals in engaging in life situations. high to pursue education in various domains. To address this, assistive devices that integrate IoT technology are growing rapidly especially for students with visual impairments. After that, the exploration of IoT applications and assistive devices in education continues. The advancement of IoT is used in various ways to develop current technologies in many areas of technology. Efforts to improve the well-being of learning and teaching for the disabled based on the use of tools to help the disabled are very useful. Many assisted technologies available in the market to accommodate each of these groups have the same opportunity in all aspects of life and livelihood of the disabled, especially students in the market at a very cheap price and easily available. In addition, it can also attract students with disabilities to carry out daily work activities and smooth learning as possible. For this reason, IoT-assisted technology should be able to help visually impaired and blind students to continue their education comfortably.

Student's t-Kernel-Based Maximum Correntropy Kalman Filter.

The state estimation problem is ubiquitous in many fields, and the common state estimation method is the Kalman filter. However, the Kalman filter is based on the mean square error criterion, which can only capture the second-order statistics of the noise and is sensitive to large outliers. In many areas of engineering, the noise may be non-Gaussian and outliers may arise naturally. Therefore, the performance of the Kalman filter may deteriorate significantly in non-Gaussian noise environments. To improve the accuracy of the state estimation in this case, a novel filter named Student’s t kernel-based maximum correntropy Kalman filter is proposed in this paper. In addition, considering that the fixed-point iteration method is used to solve the optimal estimated state in the filtering algorithm, the convergence of the algorithm is also analyzed. Finally, comparative simulations are conducted and the results demonstrate that with the proper parameters of the kernel function, the proposed filter outperforms the other conventional filters, such as the Kalman filter, Huber-based filter, and maximum correntropy Kalman filter.

Role of beryllium oxide on the thermal efficiency of microchannel heat exchanger with an optimum fin structure

High-efficiency microchannel heat exchangers (MHEs) can remarkably meet the thermal requirements in many areas of technology. Several active and passive techniques can improve the efficiency of heat exchangers; the improvement enables engineering processes to decrease operational costs through waste heat reduction. In the present article, two different passive techniques are applied to improve the heat transfer efficiency of a counter-flow heat exchanger. To do this, four various microchannels with airfoil fins, circular fins, trapezoidal fins, and triangular fins are designed. First, the temperature distribution and effectiveness for each microchannel are calculated and compared with each other. Results of the comparison showed that the optimum structure belongs to the microchannel with trapezoidal fins. Second, BeO ceramic is utilized as the microchannel heat exchanger's material. At a given mass flow rate of 30.5 kg/h, the superior thermal features of BeO lead to more uniform temperature distribution, and also it makes an improvement of 219% in the effectiveness of MHE with trapezoidal fins compared to alumina-made MHE with simple channels.

Semantic segmentation based mapping systems for the safe and precise landing of flying vehicles

Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are a promising technology for many areas, including transportation, agriculture, inspection, and rescue missions. However, to enable a high level of autonomy, including Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) filght, the drones should be able to perform safe landings in unknown areas without an operator. Hence there is a need for development of safe landing methods for autonomous drones. The autonomous UAVs can often be operated more economically than the conventional manned aircraft. As technology advances, autonomous UAVs are expected to play an increasingly important role in a variety of industries and applications. In this paper we have explored a semantic segmentation-based approach for the problem of autonomous landing.

Strategies and System Implementations for Secure Electronic Written Exams

The pandemic has accelerated the process of digitization in many fields, highlighting some critical issues that have slowed the development of digital technologies in many areas. One of these is undoubtedly that of skills assessment, which on a digital platform is a more streamlined, reliable and faster process and allows some individuals from disadvantaged groups to be able to carry out the exam more easily. We present some strategies for enabling online remote secure written exams and their implementation through the open-source system LibreEOL. The system can be used for university exams (in presence or from remote locations) and training courses of all types to evaluate the effectiveness of learning in itinere, i.e., before, during and after a course, to provide quantitative data on training effectiveness. We outline the architecture of the services underpinning the system and the logical organisation of the various user roles and content relating to questions and exam delivery. We describe the algorithms that have allowed us to develop an environment that appears to be an essential aid both for teachers and students in light of the questionnaires conducted on students. The system is successfully used in the EchemTest, promoted by the European Chemistry Thematic Network, and allows comparison of chemistry training outcomes in different European countries. Despite the importance, it has taken on in the last two years due to the pandemic, such a system makes it possible to carry out a valuable skills assessment.

Ritz Vectors-Based Deflation Preconditioner for Linear System with Multiple Right-Hand Sides

Computational mathematics have many tools to solve the large systems of equations which may be linear or nonlinear. Iterative methods are used to solve the nonsymmetric definite system of linear equations like Krylov methods. Linear systems with multiple right-hand sides find application in many areas of engineering and science. Considering generality and indefiniteness, Krylov subspace methods are frequently used for such problems. However, problem with system with multiple right-hand side vectors requires constructing subspace for every right-hand side. GMRES produces Ritz vectors, approximation to eigenvectors during iterations. These Ritz values, recycled vectors are used in Krylov solve while solving system with second and subsequent right-hand side vectors. This is applied as a deflation preconditioner to GMRES. The numerical results show that the computational time, residuals and number of iterations is reduced as compare to simple GMRES. Deflation technique with Ritz vectors is not expensive as compare to the GMRES and as well as exact eigenvectors deflations.

Features of the financial services market and consumer behavior on it in the context of digital transformation

The digital transformation of modern economic life has actually «opened the door» for the penetration of breakthrough innovative technologies in many areas, and, above all, in the financial services market. Breakthrough innovations such as artificial intelligence, robotics, blockchain technologies, the Internet of Things, Big Data, cryptocurrency, etc., having become commonplace today, «provoked» the destruction of traditional systems in the financial services market and the formation of ecosystems, more and more, «Blurring» the boundaries of the specified market and financial activities, in particular. As a result, a symbiotic model is replacing the traditional bank–based model and market–based model; conditions were created for the emergence of a non–bank financial intermediation model.The key competitive advantage of modern companies is the use of innovative technologies for remote access and personalization of services.Today we can talk about the massive nature of the introduction of financial technologies in all segments of the modern market, which, of course, could not but affect consumer behavior. Particularly interesting for companies in the financial services sector are the behavioral features of modern young people as the most valuable target audience, as a segment that in the near future may become a «core of loyalty».The subject of the research in this article is the features of the modern financial services market, which is transforming under the pressure of digital «expansion» of breakthrough innovative technologies, and the behavior of modern student youth on it as a bright representative of the generation of centennials (buzzers). The object of the research is financial technologies and their perception by student youth who do not have special financial education. It is this target audience that is most significant for assessing the impact of fintech on behavioral models.

Vibration diagnostics of hydraulic dozer drives

The most labor-consuming maintenance element in mining is repair—it can amount to 70 % of total by-work load. Improvement of repair methods and reduction in number of equipment failures can save cost of repair. An important task in operation of mining machines is studying the feasibility of transition from the scheduled maintenance and repair to the condition-based maintenance. To this effect, it is necessary to upgrade diagnostic techniques. Hydraulic drives are widely employed in mining machines. One of the ways of trouble-shooting improvement is advancement of vibration diagnostics advantageous for the eliminated assembling–dismantling, simplicity of the vibration sensor installation, and low sensitivity to various exposures of a mining machine. Vibration diagnostics enjoys wide application in many areas of engineering and is highly promising for diagnosing of hydraulic dozer drives. This article presents the experimental studies into vibration spectra of walls in the pressure and drain lines in some dozers. The studies have found that the main harmonics of feed pulsations governed by operation of volumetric pumps is observed along the whole length of the pressure line. Therefrom, the authors put forward an idea of detecting spillovers in hydraulic systems. The theoretical computations of vibration parameters are currently very complicated. The leading part in the vibration diagnostics development should belong to the experimental research.

Active spintronic-metasurface terahertz emitters with tunable chirality

The ability to manipulate the electric-field vector of broadband terahertz waves is essential for applications of terahertz technologies in many areas, and can open up new possibilities for nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy and coherent control. Here, we propose a novel laser-driven terahertz emitter, consisting of metasurface-patterned magnetic multilayer heterostructures. Such hybrid terahertz emitters can combine the advantages of spintronic emitters for being ultrabroadband, efficient and flexible, as well as those of metasurfaces for the unique capability to manipulate terahertz waves with high precision and degree of freedom. Taking a stripe-patterned metasurface as an example, we demonstrate the generation of broadband terahertz waves with tunable chirality. Based on experimental and theoretical studies, the interplay between the laser-induced spintronic-origin currents and the metasurface-induced transient charges/currents are investigated, revealing the strong influence on the device functionality originated from both the light-matter interactions in individual metasurface units and the dynamic coupling between them. Our work not only offers a flexible, reliable and cost-effective solution for chiral terahertz wave generation and manipulation, but also opens a new pathway to metasurface-tailored spintronic devices for efficient vector-control of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz regime.

Isogeometric Analysis for Tire Simulations: From Mesh Generation to High Precision Results

ABSTRACTIsogeometric analysis (IGA) has become an alternative to standard finite element analysis (FEA) in many areas of engineering. Its powerful tools for model generation and flexibility of basis functions make this relatively new approach attractive for tire analysis and its computational challenges.This contribution summarizes the benefits of IGA for complex tire simulations starting from model generation and the subsequent transition to the environment of numerical analysis without losing accuracy at the parametrizing stage. It presents results of further development work on earlier pioneering examples of the application of IGA in pneumatic tire analysis. In addition to the analysis of vertical stiffness, for the first time, velocity and acceleration fields are addressed and compared with experimental results and standard FEA simulations, with a focus on benefits of the continuity of basis functions within the contact patch. The numerical issues that arise in IGA at the enforcement of contact and the application of inelastic materials with inclusions of reinforcing layers are studied. Moreover, the important advantages of the possibility to use higher order functions for simulations of tire maneuvers are addressed within the steady-state framework. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the capabilities of IGA. Concluding remarks on the results close the publication.

Does knowledge matter? The role of m-Health literacy to the acceptance of m-Health applications

With the proliferation of the Internet and wireless technology in many areas of people's life; the use of mobile phones; especially smartphones for health practices and information (mHealth) has increasingly been prevalent. Based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT); this study examined the role of mHealth literacy and other factors toward the adoption of wellness apps among the users in Danang city. The results confirmed the impact of mHealth Literacy on (1) intention to use health apps (2) the perceived usefulness and (3) the perceived ease of use. While the perceived usefulness and the perceived ease of use are found to exert influence on the intention of use; the role of privacy and security concerns on intention to use was rejected.