Technology Exports Research Articles

How does digital trade promote and reallocate the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry? Evidence from 30 Chinese provinces, 2011-2020.

It is important for China to break the "low-end lock" of the manufacturing value chain worldwide by revealing how digital trade promotes and reallocates the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. Panel data for 30 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020 were employed to measure the digital trade development and export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. Benchmark regression, intermediary effect regression, panel threshold and other models were used to test the promotion and reallocation of digital trade on the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. The findings are as follows: (1) Digital trade promotes the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry, with significant regional heterogeneity (eastern, central and western regions), and the most obvious promotion in technology-intensive manufacturing. (2) Technological innovation and human capital play a reallocation role in the process of digital trade, affecting the technological complexity of manufacturing exports, with mediating effects of 14.19% and 8.61%, respectively. (3) Digital trade promotes and reallocates the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry through industrial structure upgrading, and a nonlinear relationship was found. These results provide empirical support and a decision-making basis for digital trade in promoting the export technology complexity of the manufacturing industry. The development of digital trade should be encouraged; the differential development of digital trade in the eastern, central, and western regions should be boosted; importance should be attached to the intermediary incentive role of technological innovation and human capital; and the upgrading of the industrial structure should be promoted scientifically.

Unmasking the Term 'Dual Use' in EU Spyware Export Control

Abstract Spyware has been heralded as an essential tool for law enforcement and intelligence operations. However, examples abound of states that use it in a manner that violates human rights as well as undermines democracy and the rule of law. Against this backdrop, the European Union (EU) Dual-use Regulation was recast in 2021. It now makes an effort to control the export of cyber surveillance technologies, including spyware, which it defines as dual use. What narrative is created by framing spyware as ‘dual use’? This article illustrates how the term 'dual use' roots in a distinction between ‘peaceful’ and ‘non-peaceful’, or ‘civil’ and ‘military’ uses, and has gradually become associated with a broader dichotomy between ‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate’ purposes. Historically, this duality served not only to articulate the risks posed by certain technologies and indicate the rationale for their export control but also to justify their trade. Yet recourse by EU actors to dual use tilts the EU discourse on spyware export control towards state-centric security considerations and commercial interests over human rights. Unmasking how the term transposes a conceptually flawed, deceptive and empty duality to the spyware context, this article shows that the very concept of dual use may undermine human rights safeguards in spyware export control.

National Security as a Value-Added Proposition for Advanced Nuclear Reactors: A U.S. Focus

The U.S. has transitioned from being the 20th-century global leader in civilian nuclear power to a nation searching for ways to revive its once-dominant nuclear enterprise. The future of U.S. civilian nuclear power transcends that of a science and technology issue and, fundamentally, is a policy issue. This is a policy paper that uses a nuclear power policy framework to analyze current and historical U.S. civilian nuclear power policy and to identify weaknesses and deficiencies that need to be overcome in order for the U.S. to (1) leverage advanced nuclear reactors as a domestic technology to meet energy security and reliability objectives under carbon constraints, (2) operationalize national security as a priority objective and (3) restore the U.S. as a major global exporter of nuclear technology. The results of this analysis indicate that the national security implications of U.S. nuclear power have been marginalized in general due to the domestic market challenges of competing with less expensive and oftentimes more socially acceptable technologies, as well as the international challenges of competing with state-owned nuclear enterprises. The results are then discussed and used for making three following policy recommendations: (1) conduct a U.S. nuclear industrial base review; (2) create a demand signal using U.S. military installations; and (3) shift away from a sell-side nuclear vendor model for global exports to a buy-side model brokered by a third-party integrator that can work with multiple U.S. nuclear partners.

COĞRAFİ AĞIRLIKLI REGRESYON İLE YÜKSEK TEKNOLOJİ İHRACATININ MEKANSAL ANALİZİ

The development of High-Technology Exports (HTE) contributes to the increase of competitiveness and growth in national production, the development of commercial and economic cooperation with foreign countries, and the diversification of the economy. In addition, high technology exports reduce the current account deficit of the country's economy. Therefore, high-tech industries have become indispensable for economic development in a country. The aim of this study is to examine the existence of spatial (neighbourhood) relations of countries in high-technology exports. In this study, Exploratory Regression analysis was applied to determine the model that best explains HTE among the variables. Moran Index was used for spatial autocorrelation, Geographical Weighted Regression (GWR) method for spatial regression analysis, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, to compare with the GWR method. The GWR model established in this study showed that countries have a weak or strong spatial relationship with their neighboring countries in terms of HTE. It has been observed that this spatial relationship is strong in the countries neighboring China, which ranks first in HTE, while the spatial relationship is weak in countries where HTE is low.

Pushed to finance? Assessing technology export as a motivator for coal finance abroad

The construction of new coal-fired power plants is frequently financed by banks from abroad. Recent studies suggest that the opportunity to export technology is a relevant ‘push factor’ for such financing activities. In this paper, we provide first quantitative evidence for this hypothesis on a global scale. We construct a novel dataset that tracks both public and private financial involvement on a coal unit level, including information on equipment manufacturers and service providers. The findings indicate that financial institutions from various countries, including China, Japan, South Korea, and Western nations provide loans to coal units overseas. These finance flows, particularly from publicly owned banks, are accompanied by technology exports from the same country. Complementing our quantitative analysis with semi-structured interviews, we find indications that political economy factors, such as public banks’ requirement for participation of domestic firms in financing deals and the unlocking of export business opportunities for domestic industries in financing countries, contribute to this correlation. Our findings highlight the importance of financing countries and their domestic industries for low-carbon transitions globally.

Reducing carbon emissions with Geoscience solutions: A look at the contributions of nuclear energy, technology, and green finance

Standards for Low-Carbon Energy Portfolios (LC-EPS) mandate that a certain percentage of a region's electricity generation originate from zero- or low-emissions sources. From 1995Q1 through 2020Q4, the study used the ARDL-Bounds testing technique to estimate coefficient parameters, Granger causality to draw causal inferences, and variance decomposition analysis to anticipate the factors that will have the greatest impact on carbon emissions in the US economy. Nuclear power significantly impacts carbon emissions, as seen by an inverted U-shaped environmental Kuznets curve, whereas long-term impact of innovation leads to lower emissions. On the other hand, exports of sophisticated technology reduce carbon emissions. Economic growth has a discernible effect on carbon emissions, nuclear power, innovation, and environmentally friendly financing. High-tech exports will likely impact carbon emissions most, followed by a demand for nuclear power, innovation, economic expansion, and sustainable finance for the next ten years. These results give policymakers helpful insight into how the US economy may reduce carbon emissions and fight climate change via renewable energy and green finance.

Evaluating the U-shaped environmental kuznets curve in China: The impact of high technology exports and renewable energy consumption on carbon emissions

China's efforts to reduce carbon emissions have stagnated, raising doubts about its commitment to addressing climate change. This study examines the relationship between China's renewable energy, high-tech exports, coal combustion, inbound foreign investment, economic growth, and carbon emissions from 1995 to 2020. The findings reveal a U-shaped relationship between renewable fuel consumption and carbon emissions over the long term, while short-term results show a consistent decrease in emissions. High-tech exports have contributed to reducing carbon emissions, but foreign investment has led to increased emissions, supporting the pollution halo concept. Economic growth is linked to higher carbon emissions in the long run. The study emphasizes the need for China to upgrade its renewable energy initiatives and promote high-tech exports while being cautious about foreign investment. Effective coordination among sectors and stakeholders is essential for reducing carbon emissions in China's renewable energy industry.

Editorial Innovation and Engineering Management in Emerging Economies

Over the past two decades, the development of emerging economies as drivers of global economic growth has been one of the most fundamental trends. Emerging economies account for more of the world's exports, including technology exports, while emerging country firms have heightened their profile in the global innovation landscape [1], [2], [3], [4]. Such changes required the building of substantial technological and engineering capabilities, but this is not the entire picture. To move up from basic to advanced innovation capabilities, firms in emerging economies have undergone a process of change and improvement in their managerial skills, by means of developing and adopting best practices of innovation and engineering management. Managerial skills are an enabling factor for dealing with systemic innovation processes and complex engineering projects. Nevertheless, while there has been substantial research on technological catching up in emerging economies, concern with how they are facing the challenges of adoption of innovation and engineering management practices have received little attention. The purpose of this Special Issue is to report on the state of the art of, and emerging trends in, research and practice of innovation and engineering management in emerging economies.

How Foreign Direct Investment and Other Belt and Road Initiative Aspects Shape Sustainable Economic Development in Middle East Nations

Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) aspects, i.e. open trade (OT), foreign direct investment (FDI), capital formation, and information and communication technology (ICT) exports, are fundamental for any nation’s sustainable Economic Development (ED). The paper seeks to examine the effect of those aspects on the ED of Saudi Arabia and other Middle East nations which participate in BRI. The study uses the yearly cross-sectional time-series data from 2013 to 2022. The dual-stage Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is employed in the sample because the sum of parameters is smaller than the sum of moment clauses. The findings reveal that capital formation and FDI significantly and positively affect the ED, while OT and ICT exports negatively and insignificantly affect it. The general findings show that China’s external FDI has increased the ED in Saudi Arabia and other Middle East nations whereas OT shows an insignificance as the majority of emerging nations should capitalize industrial development and hearten export expansion. This study is an initial effort to examine the relationships among BRI aspects and sustainable ED in Middle East Nations using the GMM method.

The Convergence between Digital Industrialization and Industrial Digitalization and Export Technology Complexity: Evidence from China

The wave of digitalization is driving the restructuring of the global value chain, providing an excellent opportunity for China to leapfrog into the digital era. The convergence between digital industrialization and industrial digitalization (hereinafter referred to as CDIID) is an indicator to measure the sustainability of the digital economy. The main objective of this paper is to measure the level of CDIID in China and verify the impact of CDIID on export technology complexity and its mechanism. The nonparametric stochastic frontier method is used to measure the level of CDIID of each province in China from 2013 to 2019, and the fixed-effect model is used to investigate the impact effect and mechanism of CDIID on export technology complexity. Empirical research finds that the level of CDIID plays a positive role in promoting the export technology complexity, and in the short term, more attention should be paid to the development of industrial digitalization to enhance export technology complexity. The mechanism test results show that CDIID enhances export technology complexity through the channels of industrial structure upgrading and innovation ability improvement. In terms of industrial digitalization driven by digital industrialization, the channel of innovation ability improvement has a significant impact. In terms of the path of industrial digitalization to promote digital industrialization, it has an inhibitory effect on both channels in the short run. This paper provides empirical evidence and a decision-making basis for China to promote the sustainable development of the digital economy and build new advantages in international competition.

The Mediator Role of Global Competitiveness in the Relationship between High Technology Export and Coverage Ratio

The Mediator Role of Global Competitiveness in the Relationship between High Technology Export and Coverage Ratio

In the name of Asian solidarity: Sino–Japanese competition for technology diplomacy in Burma, 1955–1965

A decade after the 1955 Bandung Conference, China and Japan engaged in a competition for technological exports to Burma. 1 During this process, technocrats in Beijing and Tokyo mobilized non-governmental collaborators—local Chinese industrialists and Japanese businesses seeking overseas expansion—as proxies to maximize their technological output to Burma. The Burmese, on the other hand, used the competition between Beijing and Tokyo as a bargaining tool, and pressed the two regional powers to provide at Rangoon's request. The technical aid Burma received was also affected by its shifting visions for development. Factionalist struggles between 1958 and 1962 changed not only Burma's political landscape but also its leadership's mind-set regarding the economy: the nation moved away from aid-driven industrial modernization towards a self-reliant, agricultural economy based on limited foreign technologies. Consequently, the meaning of the term ‘technological aid’, though used throughout the decade, became flexible and indistinct, carrying vastly different connotations at different stages of the Burmese state-building process. In this way, Burma's experience as an aid-receiving country in Cold War Asia may speak to the flexible power dynamics between the aiding and the aided countries, and shed light on the diversified means through which states employed science and technology as diplomatic tools in Cold War competition.

Examining the impact of high technology exports on environmental sustainability? An empirical insight

Over the last few decades, countries have been highly dependent on exports leading to negative effects on environmental sustainability. Several studies have examined the link between exports and CO2 emissions. However, a huge gap exists in understanding the relationship between high technology exports (HTE) and environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of HTE on environmental sustainability by providing deeper empirical insights. We controlled the effects of urbanization, industry, and economic growth (GDP). The present study extracted data from the World Development Indicators (WDI) database covering the period 2009 to 2018, with particular attention paid to 25 countries that are considered technologically advanced. The analysis is conducted using both ordinary least squares and robust tests. The results reveal a positive impact of HTE on the carbon intensity level. Additionally, a positive moderating effect of human capital is found. The findings present useful, practical implications to policymakers and academicians. This study enriches the existing research on technology exports and provides a theoretical framework for governments to implement in formulating policies.

Research on the Impact of Producer Service Quality on Export Technological Complexity of Manufacturing Enterprise

Abstract Based on the world Input-output data, Chinese industrial enterprise data and customs data from 2000 to 2013, this paper examines the effect of producer service quality on export technology complexity and its transmission mechanism. The results show that improving the quality of producer service inputs can significantly increase the export technological complexity of manufacturing enterprises, which is consistent with the endogenous and robustness test. The heterogeneity study finds that the quality of producer services has a significant effect on the export technological complexity of capital-intensive and technology-intensive manufacturing enterprises, but has no significant effect on the export technological complexity of labor-intensive manufacturing enterprises. The quality of domestic-sourced producer services has a significant positive effect on the export technological complexity of manufacturing firms, while the effect of foreign-sourced producer services is not significant. From the perspective of influence mechanism, the improvement of enterprise R&D innovation level and export product diversity will strengthen the positive correlation between the quality of input producer services and enterprise export technology complexity. Keywords: Productive service quality, Export technology complexity, Manufacturing Industry.

The Consequences of COVID-19 Disruption on Sustainable Economy in the Top 30 High-Tech Innovative Countries.

This study aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the innovation index, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), high technology exports, and human development (HDI) in the world's leading 30 high-tech innovative countries. Using grey relational analysis models, the association between COVID-19 and other economic development indices was investigated. The model selects the country least affected by the pandemic from the top 30 innovative countries through a conservative (maximin) method based on grey association values. Data was collected from World Bank databases and analyzed to compare pre- and post-COVID-19 periods (2019, 2020). The outcomes of this study provide essential recommendations for industries and decision-makers with suitable action plans to preserve economic systems from further harm caused by the global COVID-19 outbreak. The ultimate goal is to boost the innovation index, GDP, high-tech exports, and HDI of high-tech economies and pave the way for a sustainable economy. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to develop a multidimensional framework to assess COVID-19's impact on the sustainable economy of top 30 high-tech innovative countries, and to conduct a comparative analysis to identify the strong and weak effects of COVID-19 on sustainable economic growth.

Xi's Global Campaign for Chinese Security

Xi's Global Campaign for Chinese Security Carla P. Freeman (bio) Since the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic, China's leader Xi Jinping has frequently invoked the Chinese idiom that in crisis, there is opportunity (CGTN 2020). In 2022, even as China continued its COVID state of emergency, Xi Jinping doubled down on promoting China as a source of answers to the world's security challenges. Making a case that the US-led international order lacks the capacity to address current international threats and is also a source of instability, Xi began a global campaign to assert that China had an alternative and better vision for managing global security. Beijing has yet to provide many details about what it has in mind for a new global security order. What can be inferred is that China perceives the current fraught international environment as a chance to win support for security norms that align more closely with its national capabilities and preferences. Beijing's principal vehicle in this undertaking is a "Global Security Initiative" (GSI), introduced by Xi at the Boao Forum in April 2022 (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2022). The initiative is purposively bold: as then Chinese foreign minister Wang Yi elaborated soon after Xi's roll out of the concept, it promises nothing less than "a new approach to eliminating the root causes of international conflicts" (Wang 2022). A GSI concept paper published by China's Foreign Ministry in February 2023 repeats this phrase, adding that "China stands ready to work with all countries and peoples…to create a better future for mankind …" (Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2023). It remains to be seen if the GSI concept will itself win China significant international followership as it takes form. Chinese media reports that 80 countries have already endorsed it (Global Times Editors 2023). Public commentary in non-aligned countries suggests, however, that there are concerns the GSI could be a new bloc in the making (Giri 2022). What is clear is that Chinese arguments that something needs to [End Page 313] be done to improve global security resonate with large swathes of the global public (Yiu 2022). Beijing has almost certainly launched the GSI with multiple policy outcomes in mind. At minimum, the GSI provides a framework for China to amplify its preferred narrative that the US-led international environment is deteriorating and strengthens perceptions that China is a willing provider of global security (Sun 2022). At the time it was launched, Beijing may have seen the GSI as an opportunity to buffer China from criticism on a number of fronts. First, that its own zero COVID policies had contributed to the global economic slowdown; at minimum, it has used narratives critical of Western handling of not just international security but also the pandemic to win support for the GSI in the developing world. Second, the GSI may also have been timed to counter rhetoric that Beijing sought to maximize its opportunities in the Ukraine crisis by maintaining an ambiguous position on Russia's invasion. In early 2023, Beijing associated the GSI with a number of high profile diplomatic initiatives, including a position paper enumerating principles for a political settlement of the Ukraine war and a key role in brokering a rapprochement between Iran and Saudi Arabia. Recent developments also offer evidence that the GSI could be operationalized as a channel for the export of Chinese technologies and techniques China uses to implement its domestic security goals (Freeman and Stephenson 2022b). As this suggests, the development of a new international security architecture with Chinese characteristics is about much more than just buttressing Chinese hard power or diplomatic influence: it is about enhancing a comprehensive vision of Chinese security that encompasses the entire state, domestic society, and, to an increasing degree, the international community as well. 2012–2021 Comprehensive National Security with Xi Jinping Characteristics Securing China has been a dominant theme of Xi Jinping's leadership since he succeeded Hu Jintao a decade ago. A number of institutional changes and new policies that followed the 18th Party Congress and the 2018 Two Sessions made clear that, under Xi's leadership, China would pursue a security strategy that...

Основные тенденции и перспективы трансфера российских технологий: статистическое исследование

The main problems of technological transfer between Russia and India are revealed through the analysis of the structure of technology imports and exports for the period 2019–2021. The reasons and consequences of the prevailing growth of technology exports from the Russian Federation over imports are determined by analyzing the dynamics and structure of indicators of the volume of payments for the import and export of technologies, the R&D investment volume , the level of patent activity of residents and non-residents of Russia, as well as comparison with similar indicators for foreign countries.

The impact of technology export regulations on corporate R&D investments

We use a difference-in-difference research design to examine the effect of an exogenous shock to a firm’s R&D investment from Chinese regulations regarding technology exports revised in 2008. We document that these technology export restrictions (TERs) decrease a firm’s R&D investment. Specifically, the TERs reduce corporate R&D investment by 114 percent compared with that by an average firm in the sample. Additional analysis suggests that the TERs also reduce outbound direct investment and the number of firms’ patent applications. Overall, TERs prevent firms from investing in innovation projects. Hence, relaxing TERs would enhance corporate R&D investment and promote general economic development.

The Impact of Energy Transition and Eco-Innovation on Environmental Sustainability: A Solution for Sustainable Cities and Communities of Top Ten Asian Countries

Environmental sustainability is an obligatory practice to conserve natural resource and safeguard eco system at present and in the future. Thereby, it is worthy to evaluate the association of energy transition and eco-innovation with environmental sustainability. The present study investigates the impact of energy transition (renewable energy output (REO) and renewable energy consumption (REC), eco-innovation, research and development (R&D) expenditures, technology exports, and industrialization on environmental sustainability (Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions) in ten most populated countries in Asia. The data for this study collected from OECD and WDI covering the time frame 2006-2020. The study opted two methods to develop the comprehensive empirical analysis; CUP-FM and CUP-BC. Findings revealed that REO and REC, eco-innovation, R&D expenditures, and technology exports are positively associated with CO2 emissions. The findings also revealed that industrialization positively and significantly affects CO2 emissions. This study guides the policymakers that they should establish the policies related to the environmental instability by enhancing the REO and innovation adoption.

Evolution of the arctic strategy of the Federal Republic of Germany

The article traces the development of the Arctic strategy of the Federal Republic of Germany in order to identify the evolution of its priorities and main factors. In the understanding of the Arctic strategy, two opposite approaches were formed among German official circles: pragmatic, aimed at maximum extracting economic benefits with rather modest claims for international legal regulation of the Arctic regime and ecocentric which proceeds from the environmental protection priority of the Arctic region and insists on more active international positioning of Germany to solve these problems. Each approach was represented by certain political forces, groups of interests and even ministries. During the 2010s, the pragmatic approach was gradually being replaced by the ecocentric. On the other hand, Germany was more and more skeptical about the possibility of preventing a geopolitical race in the Arctic and therefore systematically expanded its military presence in the region. German Arctic policy is based on current international law and institutions, as well as focuses on the aspiration to bring more strict environmental and technical standards to them, and wide financial support of Arctic research and the assertion of its freedom; synchronization with the Arctic policy of the EU; consideration for the interests of the indigenous population; technological export; active prevention of global warming and expansion of marine protected areas in the Arctic.