Feed Technology Research Articles

Algorithm for Automatic Rod Feeding and Positioning Error Compensation for Underground Drilling Robots in Coal Mines.

In the pursuit of automating the entire underground drilling process in coal mines, the automatic rod feeding technology of drilling robots plays a crucial role. However, the current lack of positional accuracy in automatic rod feeding leads to frequent accidents. To address this issue, this paper presents an algorithm for compensating positioning errors in automatic rod feeding. The algorithm is based on a theoretical mathematical model and manual teaching methods. To enhance the positioning accuracy, we first calibrate the pull rope sensor to correct its measurement precision. Subsequently, we establish a theoretical mathematical model for rod feeding positions by employing spatial coordinate system transformations. We determine the target rod feeding position using a manual teaching-based approach. Furthermore, we analyze the relationship between the theoretical rod delivery position and the target rod delivery position and propose an anisotropic spatial difference compensation technique that considers both distance and direction. Finally, we validate the feasibility of our proposed algorithm through automatic rod feeding tests conducted on a coal mine underground drilling robot. The results demonstrate that our algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of rod feeding positions for coal mine underground drilling robots.

Training and Implementation of Catfish Feed Technology in the Sedana Sari Fish Farmers Group in Selat Village, Abiansemal, Badung, Bali

Catfish is one type of freshwater cultured fish that has the potential to be developed. Cultivation with advanced technology in intensive systems requires more feed intake good quality pellet feed is needed but at an affordable price. The problem of the high cost of cultivating catfish is a challenge that must be resolved. Activities were carried out in 3 stages including counseling and workshops, planning, the practice of making fish feed pellets, and monitoring and evaluating. The results in the activities of catfish farmers conveyed problems and exchanged experiences of the problems experienced. Furthermore, to find out the sustainability of the program, the team conducted monitoring and evaluation and the activities continued even though there were few problems.

THEORETICAL RESEARCH OF PROCESS REGULARITIES OF GRINDING STRUCTURAL-HETEROGENEOUS ORGANIC MATERIALS

For the efficient functioning and successful development of the animal production sector, the key condition is correct feeding of animals. This feeding is only possible if enough feed is produced, nutrient losses during harvesting are reduced, and feed is correctly prepared for feeding. The introduction of concentrated feed helps to achieve a balance between energy, protein and amino acid content in the animal ration. Technologists compose and select components of feed rations based on the species, age group, morphological and biological characteristics of animals, as well as other factors. Despite the chosen technology and feeding strategy, concentrated feeds such as processed cereals based on wheat, barley, corn and other crops continue to be the main source of nutrients for animals. The quality of grinding concentrated feed is important for animal productivity. This treatment results in the formation of numerous particles with a larger surface area, which promotes faster digestion and better absorption. Grinding is one of the most high-energy processes used in animal feed technology. Since plant residues are structurally uneven, this makes it difficult to use conventional grinding methods efficiently, which reduces their energy efficiency and requires the use of several grinding stages with appropriate equipment. In order to ensure efficient processing of agricultural plant residues, it is important to create an appropriate technical infrastructure, given the significant energy costs associated with traditional processes of preparing biomass for granulation. To do this, it is necessary to conduct research aimed at solving the problem of energy-efficient grinding of structurally heterogeneous materials, in particular materials that contain a large amount of moisture. This is what determines the relevance of this research topic.

Examination of the vitality of black-colour (Hortobágy) Hungarian racka lambs

Hungary's sheep population is decreasing nowadays. On the first of December 2017, the herd consisted of more than 1.1 million sheep, and by June 2021, this number had barely reached 953 thousand. Based on data from the Central Statistical Office, on December 1, 2020, the sheep population numbered a total of 944 thousand individuals, of which 754 thousand were ewes (HCSO, 2020). Of this, native breeds account for 2.5%, and nearly half of this is accounted for by the Hungarian racka sheep (Hortobágy). This amounts to approximately ten thousand individuals (BODNÁR et al., 2016). For this small number of sheep, it is important to preserve their genetic values and avoiding inbreeding is even more important. This is particularly related to the fact that we need to examine the vitality of the lambs in order to produce even better breeding animals. It is important to monitor the behaviour of the sheep, the course of calving and the mother-lamb relationship, as this is of great importance in the development of technology. The observation of our farm animals influences feeding and husbandry technologies, thus we can create a better environment for them (BODNÁR et al., 2015).

Determinants of profitability of dairy farming enterprises among smallholder dairy farmers in south-west Nigeria

Dairy farming is essential to most developing economies, including Nigeria, due to its contribution to livelihoods in terms of food supply, income and employment generation. This study examines the determinants of profitability of dairy business among smallholder dairy farmers in Nigeria. Data were collected from 150 dairy farmers selected through a multistage sampling procedure and analyzed using descriptive statistics and the ordinary least square (OLS) regression method. The majority of the dairy farmers had primary education (45.45%). Most were married (92.91%), while many were economically active (60.67%). Most (50%) of the respondents had 7 household members and above and the majority (76.67%) had 20 years of experience in dairy farming. Age, vocational education, other forms of education, herd size and total production cost significantly influence the profitability of the dairy business. Major constraints include insufficient forage access, low-quality fodder and lack of credit. Feed technology training, health care management and dairy cooperatives are strongly advocated. Dairy cooperatives are also important for better bargaining in input delivery and better prices for output supply to the market. It will also enable the farmers to pull resources together and guarantee access to benefits like soft loans, literacy programmes, and social protection, among others.

Pemanfaatan Silase Ransum Komplit Berbasis Ampas Tebu (Bagasse), Indigofera dan Molases sebagai Pakan Alternatif

Bagasse has not been utilized optimally because it has low nutrient content, it was necessary to add feed ingredients such as indigofera which has high nutrition and molasses was needed for further processing utilizing anaerobic fermentation or silage. This study aims to determine the nutritional quality of complete ration silage based on bagasse, indigofera and molasses with different compositions. Silage was carried out at the Laboratory of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau. The proximate test was carried out at the Laboratory of the Center for Biological Resources and Biotechnology Research, Agricultural University of Bogor. This study used a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern consisting of 2 factors, each treatment unit was repeated 3 times. Factor A was the level of bagasse + indigofera, namely A1 = 100% bagasse + 0% indigofera; A2 = 50% bagasse + 50% indigofera; A3 = 75% bagasse + 25% indigofera and factor B was the level of molasses, namely B0 = 5% molasses and B1 = 10% molasses. The variables measured were crude fat, ash content and BETN. The data obtained were analyzed based on analysis of variance by using Duncan's test at 5% and 1%. The results of this study indicated that there was an interaction between factor A and factor B (P<0.01) on crude fat content, ash content, and BETN. Factor A had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on the crude fat content, ash content, and BETN. Factor B had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on crude fat and BETN, but did not affect the ash content. It was concluded that treatment A2, namely the composition of bagasse 50% + 50% indigofera and treatment B0, namely molasses 5%, obtained the best results.

Algorithm for Evaluation of the Molecular Characteristics of a Polymer Product under Conditions of Multipoint Control

Introduction. Under conditions of high demand for rubber products, continuous modernization of technological processes of continuous production is carried out. One of the tools to control the physical and chemical parameters of the resulting product is the technology of multipoint feeding of controlling impurities that can significantly affect the molecular characteristics of polymers. However, it is difficult to experimentally select the technology of multipoint feeding of controlling impurities to achieve the given molecular characteristics of polymers. Aim of the Article. To create a methodology that allows using the tools of model system description to carry out directed regulation and construction of the technological process to achieve a given molecular weight distribution. Materials and Methods. For more accurate mathematical modeling of polymer synthesis processes, two approaches to the model description of the system under study are considered: 1) Kinetic approach. In this case, the developed algorithm is based on the method of moments in combination with numerical methods for solving systems of ordinary differential equations that characterize the change in the material balance for each reaction component. When describing large-tonnage production, a modular principle is proposed, according to which the kinetics model is supplemented by hydrodynamic regularities that depend on the reactor type. 2) Statistical approach (Monte Carlo method). The algorithm for implementing the statistical approach is based on the probabilistic nature of elementary reactions. To describe the process in the reactor cascade, a systematic approach to the organization of calculations is proposed. Results. Using kinetic and statistical approaches new dependences of conversion and characteristic viscosity on polymerizer number were obtained, which showed satisfactory agreement with the values of the experimental results. Comparative analysis of calculated molecular-mass distribution curves of obtained product was carried out. The analysis confirms the significant influence of different modes of regulator feeding on molecular characteristics of polymer. Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the molecular chain structure of the copolymerization product under conditions of adding the third control point characterizes the decrease in rigidity and increase in elasticity of the resulting product, and the created digital evaluation tools allow by means of computational experiments to select optimal parameters of the regulator feeding in order to obtain polymers with a given molecular mass.

Adoption of dairy feed technology bundles improves smallholder dairy farmers' milk production

PurposeThis study examined the effects of adopting dairy feed technology bundles on the milk production of smallholder dairy farmers.Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on Multinomial Endogenous Switching Regression (MESR) to estimate the effects of the adoption of three feed technology bundles on milk production using data collected from 518 dairy farm households in West Java, Indonesia.FindingsThe findings indicated that adopting technology bundles had positive and robust effects on milk production, with gradual positive effects between non-adoption and the adoption of different bundles of technologies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study focused on the association between the adoption of feed technology bundles and milk production. However, further analysis of the causal links between the adoption of feed technologies and milk production as well as the inclusion of other outcomes in the analysis, such as production costs and risk mitigation, are required.Originality/valueMost of the literature on agricultural technology adoption focuses on the adoption of individual technologies, crop farming and conservation practices. Therefore, this study examined the effects of the adoption of dairy feed technology bundles.

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat melalui Peningkatan Keterampilan dan Produktivitas Usaha Peternakan Domba Berbasis IPTEK

Kertosono Village is a village located in Sidayu District, Gresik Regency, Community Empowerment Through Improving Skills and Productivity of Science and Technology-Based Sheep Livestock Business is an effort to increase community skills and productivity in managing livestock business through fermentation technology. Most of the people's livelihood is farming and animal husbandry. The average population there owns livestock which are kept either in cage groups or kept around their homes. The main problem currently being faced is the limited productivity of the livestock business. Farmers still work individually and traditionally with limited knowledge and skills, and view livestock business as a side job. This is due to the lack of awareness, knowledge, and skills to utilize technology as a means of supporting improving skills and productivity of livestock business. The purpose of this empowerment is to improve the skills and productivity of the community in the manufacture of fermented feed technology, increase the types of livestock products and the quality of livestock products and modern marketing.

Оптимизация производства красноклешневых раков в УЗВ на раковой ферме Алтая

Experimental work has been carried out to optimize the feeding conditions and keeping of red claw crayfish in the conditions of a recirculation aquaculture system (RAS) to increase growth during artificial cultivation and to determine design standards. The lack of functional complete feed and methodological approaches to the maintenance of red claw crayfish necessitated developing the effective methods for the practical implementation of feeding technology and minimizing the impact of side factors. The experiment involved 105 species of Cherax quadricarinatus weighing more than 10 g, which were kept in containers with an area of 1.5 m2 and a volume of 0.3 m3, equipped with shelters, with water artificial aeration, filtration and heating. Three options for compound feed formulations are proposed based on the low-calorie compound feed “Coppens Vital”, which was supplemented with vegetable and animal additives (pollock, cereals, gammarus, bloodworm, pumpkin, carrots). With a daily feeding rate making 4-6% of body weight, there was established a feeding regimen 2 times a day. The absolute and average daily growth in three experimental groups of hydrobionts, the average daily growth rate and the mass accumulation coefficient were calculated. As a result, the composition of a complete diet has been optimized, which makes it possible to increase and stabilize the percentage of leaders and the average group in terms of growth. It is noted that the uneven population growth rate requires sorting depending on the mass and planting density while maintaining the composition of the diets. The study of different stocking densities in fish tanks was carried out on the basis of measuring fish-breeding and biological indicators, which complement the general characteristic of the limiting values of RAS operation when keeping objects, which can be used as regulatory documentation for stabilizing economically important features of grown aquaculture objects. The information obtained is opportune and helps avoid technological losses in the production of aquaculture products.

PENGEMBANGAN COOKIES BERBASIS TEPUNG BIJI KLUWIH (Artocarpus Communis)

Cookies are a snack favored by Indonesians because they have an attractive taste and shape. Currently the use of flour from tubers and other local foods such as kluwih seed flour in making cookies can increase the nutritional value of cookies as well as reduce dependence on flour. This study aims to determine the effect of adding kluwih seed flour on the organoleptic and chemical properties of cookies, using an experimental method with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 1 treatment factor, namely the difference in the addition of kluwih seed flour (10%, 15% and 20%). The research was conducted at the Organoleptic Laboratory of the Department of Nutrition, Health Polytechnic of the Aceh Ministry of Health and the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Feed Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. Statistical analysis using the ANOVA test. On average, the panelists gave favorable responses (4.16 - 4.38) to the color, taste, aroma and texture of cookies with the addition of 10% kluwih seed flour (F1), while for cookies with the addition of 15% kluwih seed flour (F2) and 20% (F3) of the panelists gave somewhat favorable response (3,77−3,86). The results of the chemical properties test showed that the three treatments for cookies had an average moisture content of 2.69-3.02%, ash 1.17-2.57%, fiber 1.70-3.55%, protein 5.16-6. , 03% fat 23.82-23.98% and carbohydrates 65.74-66.30%. Conclusion, the addition of kluwih seed flour had a significant effect on the organoleptic properties of cookies (Pvalue 0.05), and had no significant effect on the chemical properties of cookies (Pvalue 0.05). Keywords: Cookies, kluwih seed flour, chemical test, organoleptic test

Implementasi Teknologi pada Aspek Pakan dan Pemasaran di Kelompok Usaha Ransum Pakan Ternak di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman

The community engagement team of the Animal Science Faculty of Andalas University conducted community services in the Animal Feed Ration Business group in Jorong Batang Sarik, Nagari Katapiang, Batang Anai District, Padang Pariaman Regency. The problems in the target group were 1) the business group still needs to get a permit to do business, and 2) it still needs to gain skills in processing feed for cattle based on agricultural waste. The activity aimed to assist business groups in obtaining Business Permit Numbers (BPN) and transferring agricultural waste-based feed technology for beef cattle. The transfer of knowledge and technology in service activities was carried out by mentoring, demonstration, and training methods regularly and continuously. The action resulted that the target group having a business permit in the form of BPN and the business group having knowledge and skills in producing feed for beef cattle in the form of Complete Ration Silage (CRS) based on corn straw.

Physical Composition Of Beef Carcass To Selling Price

The cattle industry in Indonesia is very important because it can provide an adequate supply of meat for the community. However, the cattle industry in Indonesia still faces various challenges, such as increasing production costs and low productivity. One way to overcome these challenges is to feed cattle with technology. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the physical composition of beef carcasses on the selling price of beef fed with technological feed. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected using observation and literature study techniques. The results showed that the physical composition of cattle carcasses affects the selling price of beef. Cattle with heavier carcasses and a higher percentage of meat tend to have a higher selling price. In addition, cattle with a lower percentage of fat also tend to have a higher selling price. These findings suggest that the use of feed technology can improve the physical composition of cattle carcasses and increase the selling value of beef

Budidaya Sapi Perah Melalui Aplikasi Teknologi Fermentasi Hijauan Pada Kelompok Peternak Andini Lestari

The Andini Lestari Dairy Farmers Group (ALDFG) runs traditional dairy farming. Farmer members are not able to store forage when conditions are in excess nor are they able to provide good forage substitutes during shortages. The aim of this activity is to apply feed fermentation technology in the ALDFG to increase livestock productivity through the feed. The target activity are 17 farmers. The method was socialization, counseling, making demonstration plots, and evaluation. All the results of the activities are discussed descriptively. The results of the activity showed that the demonstration plot for making fermented feed was successfully carried out with the output of fresh grass silage and fermented rice straw. The quality of livestock milks also improved after the application of fermented feed as supplementation of 40% forage in the ration. The survey results showed that 64.71% of farmers were interested, 23.53% said they were not interested, and 11.76% said they were hesitant to apply the fermented feed technology that had been given in the extension, there are 3 (17.65%) farmers who still consistently apply fermented feed. This activity concludes that the application of forage fermentation technology in ALDFG can improve the quality of milk and increase the interest 17.65% of the farmer to consistently apply the technology.

Sustainable assessment and resource recycling opportunities identification for China's pig industry: Integrating environmental, economic and social perspectives

Livestock plays a vital role in the livelihoods and nutritional security of people worldwide and leads to significant environmental challenges. Manure management is a major hurdle for sustainable livestock development and serves as a critical source of natural fertilizer and green energy. Given that pork accounts for the highest meat production and consumption share, this study systematically evaluates China's pig production and main manure resource utilization scenarios from life-cycle environmental, economic, and social perspectives. Results show that China's pig production poses considerable potential environmental risks, primarily in the categories of fossil depletion, freshwater ecotoxicity, particulates formation, global warming, and water depletion. Feed production coupled with traditional manure treatment scenario contributes to 94.4 %–98.4 % of the key environmental impact categories and socioeconomic impact, with 32.0 % to 38.3 % of the economic costs also stemming from feed costs. In the energy utilization scenario, the potential benefits of fossil depletion and global warming categories resulting from the replacement of synthetic fertilizers with manure-based organic fertilizers in the traditional pig manure treatment scenario could be expanded by 89.6 % and 39.2 %, respectively. China's pig production contributed 0.72 % of the national carbon emissions in 2020. Fully utilizing energy potential and organic fertilizer from pig manure would achieve 0.63 % of national carbon reduction potential, as well as an economic benefit of $1.45 × 1012 and a social benefit of $8.89 × 109. Precision feeding technology, rebuilding the spatial connection between pig farms and arable land, and internalizing external costs were recommended to ensure the sustainable development of China's pig industry.

PENGARUH LAMA PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP KADAR AIR, ABU DAN BAHAN ORGANIK WAFER PAKAN KOMPLIT JERAMI JAGUNG

Corn straw contains dry matter and organic matter which are nutrients that are needed by livestock, but have high crude fiber, low digestibility and protein content, are bulky (voluminous) and are not economical and inefficient to be transported to areas other. One of the technologies that can be used is a complete wafer-shaped feed technology that consists of fiber feed, namely corn straw and concentrate with a composition based on the nutritional needs of livestock, efficient in storage and transportation and ensures availability in the season of feed shortages. Based on this, this research was carried out with the aim of knowing the effect of different storage periods on water content, ash content, and organic matter of corn straw complete feed wafers. The materials used in this study were corn straw, finished feed concentrate, additives/complementary materials. The tools used in this research are: lawn mowers/waste such as sickles and choppers, milling machines, presses, heaters and molds with a size (15 x 15 x 5) cm. Parameters measured were water content, ash content, and organic matter. The results of the analysis of diversity showed that the effect of storage time on complete feed wafers of corn straw had a significantly different effect (P0.05) on moisture content and ash content and organic matter of complete feed wafers. Further test Honest Significant Difference on water content and ash content of P0 treatment had no significant effect (P 0.05) with P1; but significantly different (P0.05) higher with P2 and P3, while P2 had the same effect as P3. BNJ test for organic matter treatment P0 was significantly different (P0.05) with P1; P2 and P3; Likewise, P1 was significantly different (P0.05) with P2 and P3, while P2 and P3 were not significantly different (P0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that complete feed wafers based on corn straw can be stored for up to 6 weeks, based on moisture content, ash content and organic matter.

Fiber and ash content of fermented palm oil fronds using liquid organic supplements as potential feed ingredients for ruminant

Inadequate feed causes low productivity of livestock, which is indicated by a slow rate of development and low body weight. Alternative non-conventional feed ingredients derived from oil palm waste have shown the potential to be used as livestock feed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fiber and ash content of palm fronds fermented with liquid organic supplements. The waste raw material was obtained after grinding the palm fronds and followed by a fermentation process using liquid organic supplements. This process was continued with fiber and ash analysis at the Laboratory of Nutrition Science and Feed Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University. A complete randomized design was employed with four treatments using liquid organic supplements at levels of 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8%, with four replications. The measured parameters were water content, crude fiber, ash, and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). The results showed that the addition of liquid organic supplements had no significant effect (P0.05) on the levels of crude fiber, ash, NFE, and water content. Among all treatments, the results were observed in the P3 treatment (8%) which had the lowest crude fiber content and ash content, namely 22 ± 0.589 and 3.72 ± 0.112, as well as had the highest NFE and water content of 78.15 ± 0.501 and 57.9 ± 0.304, respectively. This indicated that the use of liquid organic supplements had the potential to improve the quality of oil palm midrib fiber and positively impact animal feed.

Evaluasi Penggunaan Tepung Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum) terhadap Kualitas Fisik Jagung Pecah setelah Penyimpanan

The purpose of this research is to find out about the evaluation of using clove leaves powder with different percentages on the physical quality of corngrit that is being stored for two months. This research is done in the Feed Technology and Engineering Laboratory of the animal husbandry department, Faculty of Agriculture, Pattimura University in the period of September to November 2022. This research consists of 4 treatments and 4 repetition, P0 = 1500g corn grit + 0g clove leaves powder (0%); P1 = 1500g corn grit + 225g clove leaves powder (15%); P2 = 1500g corn grit + 450g clove leaves powder (30%); P3 = 1500g corn grit + 675g clove leaves powder (45%). The variables that are being observed in this research include weight, color, smell, lice, and fungus. The result of the research shows that the addition of 30% and 45% clove leaves powder in 1500g of corn grit gives better results to the physical quality of grit because they suppress lice infestation and fungus growth. The treatments also give distinct fragrant clove leaves, instead of the usual musty odor that appears on the corn grit that has been stored for 2 months.

On demand feeding and the response of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to varying dietary protein levels in semi-intensive pond production

Feed is one of the primary costs associated with commercial production of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This high cost is the combined outcome of feed cost and feed management. As feeding technology evolves, specifically the use of automated feeding systems, it is vital to reevaluate the optimal protein levels in diets for the best production outcomes. The use of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) adds another level of complexity to how shrimp respond to feed because it has the potential to automatically adjust feed offerings based on protein because of the shrimp's response. In this research, four diets with various protein levels (40, 35, 30, and 25%) were fed to shrimp which were stocked (0.045 g, 25 shrimp/m2) into 16 ponds (0.1 ha) and cultured for an 85-day production cycle. Shrimp were fed on demand using an automatic feeding system with passive acoustic feedback. Final individual weights were significantly smaller for shrimp fed the 25% diet (31.22 g) compared to all other diets. The total biomass of all ponds ranged from 6928 to 7878 kg/ha for shrimp offered the 25%- 40% diets, respectively. Other than final weight, analysis of total biomass and all other production data showed no differences between treatments (p > 0.05). Whole-body analysis revealed significant differences in fat (p = 0.0002), copper (p = 0.018), and apparent net protein retention (p = 0.0025). Analysis of economic values indicated a statistically significant difference between treatments for feed cost (p = 0.020). The significantly lower individual weights from shrimp fed the 25% diet and the notably lower total biomass resulted in a subsequent difference in class size distribution. This ultimately led to a difference in the market value of shrimp ranging from $60,383 to $71,247. Although the 40% protein diet was significantly higher in cost it showed no differences in production or economic outcomes and higher level of water born TAN as compared to the other diets. Overall, these results indicate that a 30–35% protein diet would be the most efficient for use in pond production of Pacific white shrimp under the culture conditions examined in this study.

Economic Indicators of Animal Husbandry of Different Cattle Breeds by Groups

Productive longevity of cattle is associated with the selection process. For the first time in the Sheki-Zakatala and Nagorno-Shirvan economic regions of Azerbaijan, Holstein cows were bred from Israeli selection. The resulting animals have a higher milk production, are highly adaptable to various feeding technologies. The genetic resources of Israeli breeding animals can be widely used to improve the productivity and breeding qualities of animals in various economic regions located in the Sheki-Zakatala and Nagorno-Shirvan zones.