Control Technology Research Articles

Adoption of green production technologies by farmers through traditional and digital agro-technology promotion–An example of physical versus biological control technologies

Traditional and digital agro-technology promotion are two critical methods for disseminating agricultural technology information, which effectively encourages farmers to employ green production technologies. This paper empirically examines the effects of traditional and digital agro-technology promotion on the adoption of green production technologies by 619 apple producers in the primary apple production area of Guanzhong Plain, China, using micro-survey data. The study's findings suggest that both promotion models significantly influence the adoption of green production technologies by farmers. This conclusion remains valid after the instrumental variables approach and a series of robustness tests are implemented to address endogeneity concerns. The heterogeneity analysis revealed that the impact of the two promotion modes on the adoption behavior of green production technologies by farmers varied by scale. Specifically, digital agro-technology promotion had a greater impact on the adoption of physical control technologies by small-scale farmers, while traditional agro-technology promotion had a greater impact on the adoption of biological control technologies by large-scale households. In addition, the technological differences between traditional agrotechnology promotion and digital agrotechnology promotion result in clear complementary and substitution effects. The two modes of promotion have evident complementary effects for biological control technologies. The two modalities of promotion for physical control technologies exhibit complementary effects between social communication-type promotions and traditional agro-technology promotions, as well as substitution effects between short-video promotions and traditional agro-technology promotions.

Direct Hydrogen Production Promoted by Laser-Induced Water Plasma.

Hydrogen, as a clean energy carrier, plays an important role in addressing the current energy and environmental crisis. However, conventional hydrogen production technologies require extreme reaction conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, and catalysts. Herein, we study the microscopic mechanism of laser-induced water plasma and subsequent H2 production with real-time time-dependent density functional theory simulations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate that intense laser excites liquid water to generate nonequilibrium plasma in a warm-dense state, which constitutes a superior reaction environment. Subsequent annealing leads to the recombination of energetic reactive particles to generate H2, O2, and H2O2 molecules. Annealing rate and laser wavelength are shown to modulate the product ratio, and the energy conversion efficiency can reach ∼9.2% with an annealing rate of 1.0 K/fs. This work reveals the nonequilibrium atomistic mechanisms of hydrogen production from laser-induced water plasma and shows far-reaching implications for the design of optically controllable hydrogen technology.

Managing tobacco black shank disease using biochar: direct toxicity and indirect ecological mechanisms.

Black shank disease in tobacco, caused by Phytophthora nicotianae, can lead to yield losses of 30%-50% upon outbreak. Recently, biochar derived from agricultural waste has shown significant potential in controlling soil-borne diseases, though its mechanisms remain unclear. Over a 3-year observation period, we found that the incidence of black shank was significantly lower in plots amended with biochar compared with normal cultivation plots. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, we studied both the direct and indirect effects of biochar on black shank. Direct antifungal assays indicated that biochar reduced the total number of sporangia by 53.91%. Further pot experiments revealed a 62.34% reduction in the P. nicotianae population in the soil following biochar application. Additionally, biochar application led to notable changes in soil physicochemical properties and microbial community composition. Microbial species analysis showed that biochar promoted the aggregation of beneficial microbes such as Sphingomonas, Flavisolibacter, and Mucoromycota. Functional predictions using the PICRUSt 2 software revealed that biochar enhances bacterial functions related to antimicrobial substance synthesis (Tetracycline biosynthesis), detoxification metabolism (D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism), and lipid and fatty acid metabolism (Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis), while fungal functions showed no significant changes. This suggests that rhizosphere bacteria play a more prominent role in the suppression of black shank by biochar, a finding supported by partial least squares path modeling analysis. Therefore, we hypothesize that biochar not only directly inhibits P. nicotianae growth but also regulates the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community, inducing the production of antimicrobial substances by rhizosphere bacteria, effectively preventing P. nicotianae invasion.IMPORTANCEBlack shank, a global soil-borne fungal disease in tobacco, currently lacks effective control methods. Notably, biochar derived from agricultural waste has shown significant potential in controlling soil-borne diseases. Over a 3-year observation period, we found that plots amended with biochar had a significantly lower incidence of black shank compared with normal cultivation plots. However, the mechanisms of disease suppression remained unclear. Through in vitro antifungal assays and pot experiments, we discovered that tobacco-derived biochar can directly inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Additionally, biochar regulates the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community, inducing rhizosphere bacteria to produce antimicrobial substances, effectively preventing pathogen invasion. This discovery reveals both the direct and indirect mechanisms by which biochar suppresses black shank in tobacco. It provides a scientific basis for developing green control technologies for black shank and offers theoretical support for the application of biochar in managing soil-borne diseases in tobacco cultivation areas.

Compound disaster characteristics of rock burst and coal spontaneous combustion in island mining face: A case study

The island mining face in coal mines often encounters stress concentration and significant air leakage, elevating the risk of rock burst and spontaneous combustion of residual coal in the goaf. This study centers on the investigation of the 9305 island mining face within a mine situated in Shandong Province, China. Leveraging the features of coal spontaneous combustion and data from microseismic and gas monitoring throughout the mining process, a novel method for calculating safe mining speeds under compound disasters is introduced. The safe mining speed of the 9305 island mining face is stratified, and a prevention and control technology integrating long distance directional drilling for impact-spontaneous combustion compound disasters is proposed. Findings suggest that to mitigate spontaneous combustion of residual coal, considering the seam's spontaneous combustion tendency, the safe mining speed should exceed 3.7 m per day. Accounting for the distribution of microseismic events during coal seam extraction, the safe mining speed is maintained below 4.8 m per day in the unprotected mining area and capped at 8 m per day in the protected zone. Through a comprehensive analysis considering coal seam spontaneous combustion tendency, impact tendency, and time to coal seam oxidation to critical temperature, the safe mining speed for the island mining face ranges from 3.7 m per day to 4.8 m per day in the unprotected area and from 5.14 m per day to 8 m per day in the protected area. The proposed long distance directional drilling 'one hole, multiple purposes' scheme enables an integrated approach encompassing pressure relief before coal seam extraction, water injection during mining, and grouting post-mining. This method effectively prevents and controls the compound disasters of rock burst and coal spontaneous combustion, presenting innovative technical solutions for the safe extraction of coal resources.

The Application of Nano Zero-Valent Iron in Synergy with White Rot Fungi in Environmental Pollution Control.

Developing efficient and sustainable pollution control technologies has become a research priority in the context of escalating global environmental pollution. Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), with its high specific surface area and strong reducing power, demonstrates remarkable performance in pollutant removal. Still, its application is limited by issues such as oxidation, passivation, and particle aggregation. White rot fungi (WRF) possess a unique enzyme system that enables them to degrade a wide range of pollutants effectively, yet they face challenges such as long degradation cycles and low degradation efficiency. Despite the significant role of nZVI in pollutant remediation, most contaminated sites still rely on microbial remediation as a concurrent or ultimate treatment method to achieve remediation goals. The synergistic combination of nZVI and WRF can leverage their respective advantages, thereby enhancing pollution control efficiency. This paper reviews the mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages of nZVI and WRF in pollution control, lists application examples, and discusses their synergistic application in pollution control, highlighting their potential in pollutant remediation and providing new insights for combined pollutant treatment. However, research on the combined use of nZVI and WRF for pollutant remediation is still relatively scarce, necessitating a deeper understanding of their synergistic potential and further exploration of their cooperative interactions.

Online characterization of primary and secondary emissions of particulate matter and acidic molecules from a modern fleet of city buses

Abstract. The potential impact of transitioning from conventional fossil fuel to a non-fossil-fuel vehicle fleet was investigated by measuring primary emissions via extractive sampling of bus plumes and assessing secondary mass formation using the Gothenburg Potential Aerosol Mass (Go:PAM) reactor from 76 in-use transit buses. Online chemical characterization of gaseous and particulate emissions from these buses was conducted using chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) with acetate as the reagent ion, coupled with the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO). Acetate reagent ion chemistry selectively ionizes acidic compounds, including organic and inorganic acids, as well as nitrated and sulfated organics. A significant reduction (48 %–98 %) in fresh particle emissions was observed in buses utilizing compressed natural gas (CNG), biodiesels like rapeseed methyl ester (RME) and hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), and hybrid-electric HVO (HVOHEV) compared to diesel (DSL). However, secondary particle formation from photooxidation of emissions was substantial across all the fuel types. The median ratio of particle mass emission factors of aged to fresh emissions increased in the following order: DSL buses at 4.0, HVO buses at 6.7, HVOHEV buses at 10.5, RME buses at 10.8, and CNG buses at 84. Of the compounds that can be identified by CIMS, fresh gaseous emissions from all Euro V/EEV (Enhanced Environmentally friendly Vehicle) buses, regardless of fuel type, were dominated by nitrogen-containing compounds such as nitrous acid (HONO), nitric acid (HNO3), and isocyanic acid (HNCO), alongside small monoacids (C1−C3). Notably, the emission of nitrogen-containing compounds was lower in Euro VI buses equipped with more advanced emission control technologies. Secondary gaseous organic acids correlated strongly with gaseous HNO3 signals (R2=0.85–0.99) in Go:PAM, but their moderate to weak correlations with post-photooxidation secondary particle mass suggest that they are not reliable tracers of secondary organic aerosol formation from bus exhaust. Our study highlights that non-regulated compounds and secondary pollutant formation, not currently addressed in legislation, are crucial considerations in the evaluation of environmental impacts of future fuel and engine technology shifts.

Combining Pretty Good Privacy and Role-Based Access Control Technologies for Access Protection to Confidential Data

Combining Pretty Good Privacy and Role-Based Access Control Technologies for Access Protection to Confidential Data

Observer-based decoupling control of air flow and pressure in fuel cell systems

This paper investigates the control of the air supply system for marine proton exchange membrane fuel cells. A mathematical model of the air supply system is established, and a sliding mode diagonal decoupling controller based on a state observer is proposed. The control effectiveness is validated through experiments and simulations. A decoupling control strategy for the air supply system of marine fuel cells is presented. First, the load input current of the fuel cell system is selected according to the load characteristics of the target vessel, ensuring that the load current meets the power level of the fuel cell system model. Second, the impact of the cathode pressure on the fuel cell system is analyzed. An observer-based measurement method is proposed to address the measurement issue of cathode pressure. On this basis, a decoupling control strategy combining a diagonal decoupling matrix and sliding mode variable structure control theory is proposed. Finally, the effectiveness of the decoupling controller is validated through Matlab/Simulink. The results show the proposed decoupling controller exhibits superior performance to existing controllers with environmental disturbances, continuous time-varying loads, and step loads. The maximum relative error is 2.95%, the average relative error is 0.022%, and the longest adjustment time is 0.5 s. These results indicate that the control performance of the proposed decoupling controller is superior to that of diagonal PI controllers and sliding mode controllers, thereby validating the superiority of the sliding mode decoupling controller. This article provides a useful method for the development and application of control technology for the air supply system of marine fuel cells.

B-195 Accelerating Molecular Diagnostics: Development of a novel Rapid, Integrated PCR System for Acute Respiratory Infections Detection

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic and acute respiratory infections have underscored the necessity for high-throughput and timely molecular diagnostics. Existing molecular diagnostic methods are labor-intensive, a challenge particularly evident in large-scale testing. This study aims to streamline the nucleic acid testing process by integrating extraction and detection in PCR testing, thereby optimizing efficiency. Methods We developed 'EXP-160R', an integrated PCR system capable of rapid thermal cycling. This innovation employs advanced temperature control technology to markedly reduce heating, cooling, and annealing-extension times. The PCR reagent-kit (Zybio Inc.) was optimized to complement the instrument's capabilities, aiming for pathogen nucleic acid detection in acute respiratory infections within 25 minutes. The precision of in-tube temperature during rapid amplification was validated by using temperature-sensitive molecular probes in system development stage. Performance evaluation used the WHO International Standard for SARS-CoV-2 RNA to assess sensitivity and detection limits. We also analyzed 500 clinical samples from multiple Chinese hospitals, including 295 COVID-19 positives and 205 negatives, comparing the EXP-160R system's performance with an NMPA-approved PCR kit. Results The innovative system significantly improved PCR cycle times, enabling detection of 16 samples in 22 minutes and a throughput of 2400 tests per day, without compromising sensitivity or specificity. Validation confirmed a detection limit of 200 copies/mL, and the system achieved a 100% detection rate for medium and high viral load samples, with a coefficient of variation (CV) for Ct values ≤ 5%. Clinical trial comparisons with clinical standard diagnostics revealed a sensitivity of 98.05%, specificity of 100%, accuracy of 99.2%, and a Kappa coefficient of 0.984. When compared to the established PCR kit, our system showed comparable efficacy, with a sensitivity of 98.50%, specificity of 98.67%, accuracy of 98.6%, and a Kappa of 0.971. Conclusions The rapid PCR system represents a significant advancement in molecular diagnostics, offering rapid, high-throughput, and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2. This system is particularly beneficial in urgent testing scenarios, such as airports and fever clinics. It addresses current pandemic needs and sets a new benchmark for future respiratory and infectious disease diagnostics, enhancing both efficiency and user experience.

Online control of educational results of the unit “Electricity” in the conditions of blended learning

Abstract The article describes the technology of online control of educational results of the unit “Electricity” in the conditions of blended learning. It was determined that during the online stages of studying unit “Electricity”, reverse communication is an urgent issue when receiving information in a distance format, and online control is designed to support the organization of a modern training session. Three topics have been singled out in the unit, in the context of which it is appropriate to develop control measures. Topic I “Electric Field in a Vacuum” focuses on the study of electric field strength, potential, the relationship between strength and potential, the electric dipole, and the circulation and flow of an electric field. Topic II “Electric Field in a Substance” involves the study of the electric field in dielectrics and conductors in an electric field. Topic III “Electric Current” includes general laws of electric current, electric circuit, current in a circuit with a capacitor, and current work and power. There are outlined the different types of tests: graphical, calculation, animated, audio that form the means of online control in the context of the outlined unit. The developed technology of online control of educational results of the unit “Electricity” provides for an organic combination of the presentation of educational materials with control measures. The research methodology involved the analysis and synthesis of scientific, pedagogical, methodological sources and empirical methods, as well as the analysis of the obtained results. Before the introduction of the developed technology and after the completion of the experimental work, a study was conducted, which included an analysis of the quality of knowledge when studying the specified topic. The obtained results before and after the experiment were tested using the Pearson statistical test χ 2.

Combined performance of upper-room UVGI and ceiling-mounted air cleaners for removing active bioaerosol

Upper-room ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UR-UVGI) and ceiling-mounted air cleaner (CM-AC) technologies contribute to curbing the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. However, there is a lack of detailed studies on the performance differences between these two control technologies for reducing viral concentrations and infection risk in isolation ward environments with different ventilation modes, especially when used alone versus in combination. Therefore, this study performed numerical simulations under three ventilation modes, namely, downward ventilation (DWV), stratum ventilation (SV), and displacement ventilation (DV), by the Eulerian-Lagrangian method combined with the UV inactivation model. The viral disinfection performance of UR-UVGI and CM-AC was parametrically analyzed. The effectiveness of the combined application of these two control technologies in wards was evaluated. The results showed that expanding the irradiation range was more effective in enhancing the UR-UVGI performance with the same total UV flux. When using UR-UVGI only, DWV disinfected better at the same irradiation flux. In CM-AC cases, the viral aerosol removal efficiency was the greatest in DV. UR-UVGI and CM-AC had advantages in active bioaerosol removal in overall and localized indoor spaces, respectively. The combined application was recommended to maximize the air cleanliness. Under the role of UR-UVGI, a high level of disinfection could be achieved using CM-AC with low ventilation rates. When the CM-AC ventilation rate was 150 m3/h and the UV irradiance was 30 μW/cm2, the viral disinfection of DV exceeded 90%, while that of DWV was also close to 90%. The findings could provide insights to further lower the transmission risk of infectious diseases.

Dynamic modeling and analysis of compressed air energy storage for multi-scenario regulation requirements

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) technology has received widespread attention due to its advantages of large scale, low cost and less pollution. However, only mechanical and thermal dynamics are considered in the current dynamic models of the CAES system. The modeling approaches are relatively homogeneous. CAES power stations have gradually increased the demand for auxiliary services such as frequency modulation mode and voltage regulation mode in addition to the peak regulation mode. Therefore, it is urgent to pay attention to the dynamic response characteristics at shorter time scales. Due to the lack of an accurate and complete dynamic model of the CAES system for multi-scenario adaptation requirements, the development of system optimization design and control technology has been severely limited. The paper establishes a dynamic model of advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage (AA-CAES) considering multi-timescale dynamic characteristics, interaction of variable operating conditions and multivariate coordinated control. The simulation data is compared with the measured data of the peak regulation, frequency regulation and voltage regulation scenarios of the Jintan Salt Cave CAES (JTSC-CAES). The results show that the deviation of the dynamic model is <7 %, which verifies the validity and accuracy of the proposed AA-CAES dynamic model. The established model and research results provide the theoretical model foundation for dynamic characteristic research, system design and optimization control of the JTSC-CAES.

2025 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications [Conference Reports

2025 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications [Conference Reports

N-doped titania nanoparticles containing Mo6 bromide and iodide clusters: Activity in photodegradation of rhodamine B and tetracycline

Contamination of water sources is a major environmental problem with far-reaching consequences for humanity. Organic substances are among the most widespread and persistent pollutants. Advanced oxidation processes, especially photocatalysis, have been considered as one of the most promising technologies for organic pollution control. In this study, hybrid photocatalysts based on N-doped TiO2, which exhibits activity in the visible region of the spectrum, and different content of octahedral Mo6 bromide and iodide cluster complexes were synthesized to achieve the highest efficiency of the formed S-scheme photocatalytic system under white light irradiation. According to the data obtained, the resulting materials are nanoparticles with a diameter of ∼10 nm exhibiting absorption up to ∼550 nm. Photocatalytic studies were performed using model organic molecules – the more colored rhodamine B (RhB) and the less colored antibiotic tetracycline (TET). The most active samples showed high efficiencies against both pollutants with keff ∼0.3–0.4 and 0.4–0.5 min−1, respectively, while the activity of iodide complexes was ∼1.3 times higher than that of bromide complexes. The stability of the catalysts is preserved for up to 5 cycles of TET photodegradation.

Robust adaptive prescribed performance control for nonlinear systems with arbitrary initial states

The initial state of nonlinear MIMO strict feedback systems is often unpredictable and random, and existing prescribed performance control (PPC) techniques can only guarantee system output constraints within a fixed initial value performance boundary. In this paper, an adaptive PPC method tailored for nonlinear systems was introduced, enabling the system stable tracking regardless of the arbitrary initial states. To guarantee that the tracking error consistently meets the prescribed performance boundary(PPB) envelope, we introduce a nonlinear mapping between the initial value of the prescribed performance functions(PPFs) and the system tracking errors, resulting in an asymmetric time-varying performance boundary. Building upon this foundation, an adaptive PPC scheme is proposed under the backstepping framework, integrated with a nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO). This method ensures that the tracking error remains within the desired PPB, regardless of external disturbances or system initial states. To prevent ‘complexity explosion’, a dynamic surface control (DSC) technology is employed to filter the virtual control signals of each subsystem. Furthermore, the ultimate uniform boundedness of the closed-loop signal has been demonstrated, and a practical flight vehicles roll control case was introduced to validate the efficacy of the proposed method.

Pandemic Action Plan: Phase 3-Lessons Learned from Implementation. "What Did We Learn?"

The COVID-19 pandemic created critical challenges for hospitals and health care providers. Suddenly clinics were forced to close; elective procedures were delayed; scheduled visits were canceled; emergency rooms were overcrowded; hospital beds, equipment, and personal protective equipment (PPE) were in short supply; and staff were faced with rapidly changing circumstances, care protocols, trauma, and personal risk. To better address challenges of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and prepare for future pandemics, the National Telemedicine Technology Assessment Resource Center (TTAC) was asked to develop a Pandemic Response Action Plan that would allow its users to address critical issues with available telemedicine and related technologies. The project was constructed in 3 phases. Phase 1-Develop a Pandemic Response Action Plan and a Pandemic Response Action Plan Policy and Regulatory Summary, which identifies the regulatory challenges as well as policy recommendations. Phase 2-Publish the Action Plan and the Policy and Regulatory Summary. Phase 3-Look at health care providers who used the approaches, tools, and technology in the Pandemic Action Plan and document the results. This document represents Phase 3. This document is Phase 3. In this report we look back at health care providers who used the approaches in the Phase 1 Pandemic Response Action Plan as published in Phase 2. In this document we report on the challenges and results of implementing parts of the Pandemic Action Plan. It records the findings, conclusions, and recommendations resulting from the experience of health care providers and the professional experiences of the team and their organizations in implementing parts or all of the plan. Methods: The same multidisciplinary team that constructed Phase 1 and Phase 2 were engaged to develop this Phase 3 report. The members of the team represent leadership expertise and key stakeholders in health care delivery during a pandemic (administration, infection control, physicians, nurses, public health, contingency planning, disaster response, and information technology) as well as a facilitator. For Phase 3, the group used structured brainstorming to define the findings, issues, and results of their own organizations' digital health response to the pandemic. In addition, eight health care providers (hospitals) identified by the Telemedicine Resource Centers' (TRCs) organizations, who used the Pandemic response Plan (created in Phases 1 and 2), were interviewed. All interviews were conducted by the same facilitator with leaders (CEO, and leaders of the telemedicine programs) in each of the eight programs, using a standard questionnaire created by the team. Current literature references are included in this report to illustrate when findings are known to have broader applicability. Conclusions: The impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic was severe and identified multiple critical challenges and weaknesses. Applying the approaches, tools, and technology outlined in the Pandemic Response Action Plan proved to be effective in addressing critical provider challenges. However, implementing these tools during a crisis was difficult unless the organization had experience with the tools and necessary workflows in advance. Implementing these tools as part of standard workflows and everyday operations increased the capabilities and resilience of these organizations in the provision of care during this and for future pandemics.

Jerk limited continuous tool path generation for flexible systems in non-cartesian coordinate systems

Inspired by computer numerical control (CNC) technology and drastic changes in the world of electronics and microcontrollers, the idea of using non-cartesian coordinate system for CNC machines became a topic of interest. Non-cartesian coordinate systems provide freedom of movement in systems with large working spaces where high dimensional accuracy is not a prime concern. Applications of such systems can be found in murals, where a painting is applied to a large wall of any arbitrary build material. In the present paper, a new design was introduced to automate the process of drawing murals on large surfaces. The proposed mechanism utilized chain and sprocket to overcome the size limitations of traditionally available x-y tables. In addition to that, the developed mechanism does not utilize the common robust structures used in the conventional CNC systems and the tool motion is created using flexible arms that are not heavily constrained. The effect of systems unwanted vibration has been eliminated using continuous trajectory and kinematic profiles. Parametric curve interpolation algorithms for trajectory planning were implemented to increase the flexibility of drawing complex curves. Parametric curves such as B-spline and non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) were employed to generate a jerk limited trajectory for motion control and extraction of kinematic profiles. Such trajectory constrains the jerk of the system and guarantees a smooth motion free of feed-rate fluctuations. Compared to other methods available for extracting the kinematic profiles, jerk limited method decreases the travel time and trajectory error. Ultimately, motion commands were produced by using kinematic profiles and the second order Taylor interpolator. STM32746ZG card was used as the main processor and two stepper motors controlled by a Bit Pattern interpolation algorithm were utilized to drive the proposed mechanism. The input pulses of stepper motors were stored as binary bits and transmitted to drivers in real-time. The feedback was also evaluated by two rotary encoders, placed at the end of the motors’ shafts. Encoder data were acquired and transmitted using a TCP/IP protocol to guarantee zero data loss during the transmission.

Performance evaluation and experimental verification of optimizing fin angles in adjustable- configuration heat sinks

Current heat sink designs typically assume uniform heat flux densities. However, applications such as integrated circuit chips and aircraft power modules often face nonuniform or even time-varying heat fluxes. Under these conditions, conventional fixed-configuration heat sinks are inadequate, and corresponding research is insufficient. This paper presents an adjustable-configuration heat sink with a rotatable fin and explores its flow and heat transfer characteristics under water cooling via simulations and experiments. Genetic algorithms optimize the fin angles for various heat flux densities to reduce the substrate temperatures, and compute numerical control (CNC) technology is used to fabricate and adjust the experimental components for optimal performance under different conditions. The proposed adjustable-configuration heat sink exhibited superior temperature uniformity and cooling performance under various heat flux density conditions. Under uniform heating, peak substrate temperatures are reduced by 15.68 and 14.01 K for the I-type and Z-type adjustable configuration heat sinks, respectively, compared to conventional multi-channel heat sink. For non-uniform heating, the optimized configurations lowered the temperatures in the high-heat regions by 2.8 to 5.1 K. This design, which incorporates an adjustable heat sink configuration, effectively adapts to varying heat flux density scenarios, making it a strong candidate for advanced thermal management applications.

Congested traffic patterns of mixed lattice hydrodynamic model combining the perceptual range differences with passing effect

With the aid of Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) technologies for network connectivity, connected autonomous vehicles (CAVs) can broaden the drivers' perceptual boundaries and receive a greater quantity of exogenous vehicle information, thereby governing the vehicle's acceleration information of the next moment. Nonetheless, constrained by contemporary communication networks and sophisticated vehicle control technology, the process of promoting CAVs is long-lasting, and throughout this stage of transition, both CAVs and human-driven vehicles (HDVs) will happen on the road. Moreover, passing behaviour is uncommon in the traffic flow model despite being a fundamental microscopic driving behaviour, particularly within mixed-traffic situations. To bridge that hole, we introduce the percentage ratios of CAVs into the lattice hydrodynamic model by integrating the perceptual range differences between two different types of vehicles with passing effects. Subsequently, the stability norm associated with the new model is ascertained by performing the linear stability analysis. When the above-mentioned stability condition is not achieved, we investigate the complex behaviour of the new model, and the associated existing conditions, as well as the modified Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) equation, are determined simultaneously. When the passing ratio is inadequate, no jam and kink jam make up the whole phase region; while when the passing ratio surpasses the minimum, the initial unstable region can be segregated into two extra segments: the chaotic sub-region and the kink jam sub-region, the density wave progressively transitioned from being a kink-Bando traffic wave to a chaotic phase. Lastly, the findings of the numerical experiment identify with the theoretical derivation made above.

Iterative learning robust security predictive tracking control for small delay batch processes: Deception attacks on unreliable network channel

During the batch process, the need for security control is becoming increasingly urgent with the gradual penetration of network control technology. For small time delay batch processes subject to deception attacks, an iterative learning robust security predictive tracking control approach is developed. Reviewing previous studies for iterative learning control, the issue that the repetitive character of the batch process would mask the characteristics of deception attacks was not considered. Moreover, the gains of iterative learning control law are utilized offline, which makes large deviations for the system state as the operating time increases. This will lead to “excessive-input” conditions for control inputs, which means more consumption of energy and production resources. To address these challenges, we introduce robust security invariant sets to improve the robustness of the system by constraining the system state to be in a safe range. Also, the design of the iterative learning controller incorporates deception attack data for historical batches, which is continuously improved and optimized to withstand deception attacks. Meanwhile, by calculating stability conditions online, the real-time control law gain is obtained, which could make the control inputs adjusted online based on the real-time system’s dynamic characteristics, avoiding excessive inputs and improving the efficiency of energy and resource utilization. Additionally, the stability analysis proves that the system is input to state stability. Ultimately, simulation verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the developed method.