Biomedicine Technology Research Articles

PEGylation in Pharmaceutical Development: Current Status and Emerging Trends in Macromolecular and Immunotherapeutic Drugs.

The purpose of the research is to examine the advantages and difficulties of target-site drug delivery methods, with an emphasis on the application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance drug solubility, bioavailability, and immune response characteristics. It has been demonstrated that this method lowers immunogenicity, enhances pharmacokinetics, and helps drugs pass the blood-brain barrier while reducing reticuloendothelial system clearance. PEG and its derivatives are being used more and more to alter therapeutic substances, offering an escape from some of the drawbacks of conventional medication formulations. In the review, different PEGylation tactics are examined, including cutting-edge methods for reversing multi-drug resistance in nanocarriers. PEGylation has a number of benefits, but there are still drawbacks, including the immunogenic reaction to PEG, which is sometimes referred to as "anti-PEG antibodies," and stability problems that call for the creation of countermeasures. The study devotes a large amount of its space to listing FDA-approved PEGylated medications, emphasizing their therapeutic advantages and clinical uses in a range of medical specialties. The research also explores the regulatory environment that surrounds PEG, closely examining its effectiveness and safety in medication compositions. The review goes beyond PEGylation and includes lipid-based nanocarriers, including liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Because these nanocarriers can target specific tissues or cells, improve bioavailability, and encapsulate pharmaceuticals, they are becoming more and more significant in drug delivery systems. The Target Product Profile (TPP) and Quality by Design (QbD) principles serve as the foundation for the creation and characterization of these lipid-based systems. These tools direct the methodical assessment of material properties and risk assessments during the formulation phase. This method guarantees that the finished product satisfies the appropriate requirements for efficacy, safety, and quality. The regulatory status and safety profile of nano lipid carriers are covered in the paper's conclusion, which emphasizes the importance of careful examination and oversight in bringing these cutting-edge products to market. Overall, this thorough analysis highlights the revolutionary potential of lipid-based nanocarriers and PEGylation in improving drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy, but it also draws attention to the continued difficulties and legal issues that need to be resolved in order to fully reap the benefits of these technologies in biomedicine.

Exploring Nanohydrogels: Crafting Innovations for Biomedical Advancements

AbstractHere in, we discuss different types of nanohydrogels in the field of biomedicine, highlighting their unique properties such as size, biocompatibility, and tuneable drug release capabilities. Nanohydrogels are considered versatile tools for applications in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and diagnostics, with the ability to target specific sites and release therapeutic agents in a controlled manner. The controlled‐release characteristics of nanohydrogels are particularly emphasized for targeted drug delivery, potentially transforming therapies for conditions like cancer by maximizing treatment efficacy while minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Several research articles published on nanohydrogels has been steadily increasing over the years, indicating growing interest and research activity in this field. This review provides an overview of contemporary methodologies employed in nanohydrogel design, their utilization in biomedical contexts, and their pivotal role in shaping advanced therapeutics. Recent investigations on nanohydrogels are scrutinized for their extensive utility in devising strategies conducive to finely tuned biological applications. Challenges and obstacles associated with the nanohydrogel technology in biomedicine also has been discussed. Cautious handling of the interaction of nanohydrogels with complex biological systems is also emphasized for the successful integration of this technology into medical applications.

Sequencing the transcriptome of single cells: a path to discovering cellular biodiversity

Single-cell transcriptomics (scRNA-Seq) is a breakthrough technology that has opened the way to characterizing gene expression with unprecedented resolution. It has enabled the discovery of the cellular diversity of organisms and tracing their developmental processes. A range of technological solutions have been developed to allow analysis of tens of thousands to even a million cells in a single experiment, as well as an extensive set of tools for bioinformatics analysis of the generated data. The wealth of information provided by scRNA-Seq and the possibility of using this method to study cells, organoids, tissues and even entire organisms determine its wide range of applications. In this paper, we present the experimental and computational parts of the scRNA-Seq procedure, as well as the most important applications of this technology in biomedicine, developmental biology and plant biology.

The application and significance of 3D printing technology in biomedicine

3D printing technology, also known as rapid prototyping technology, is an emerging production and manufacturing method. Medical researchers can create various medical devices for patients' bodies with greater accuracy by converting 3D digital graphics from computer-aided design into physical entities and printing 3D objects layer by layer. Thriving as medicine is, 3D printing, being a widely used and promising technology, will make significant contributions to the progress of biomedical science in multiple directions. The fundamental principle of this technology is akin to building blocks, where small parts are assembled into a comprehensive structure, utilizing materials such as plastic, metal, ceramics, etc. In the production of medical equipment under traditional manufacturing methods, a significant amount of manual debugging is sometimes necessary, which often results in the waste of considerable time and resources. Nonetheless, the manufacturing technique of 3D printing can rapidly and precisely create intricate instruments, as well as produce implants or tissue models. The main focus of this article is to analyze recent progress, applications and restriction prospects of 3D printing in medical applications. The advancement that 3D technology gains across different domains and levels is poised to significantly influence future medical treatment. The significance is to clarify the application and significance of 3D printing technology in the biomedical field. Through the review and analysis of relevant literature, a comprehensive understanding of the research progress and existing problems on 3D printing in the biomedical domain be gained, providing references and inspiration for future research.

3D printing in biomedicine: advancing personalized care through additive manufacturing

The integration of three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques into the domains of biomedical research and personalized medicine highlights the evolving paradigm shifts within contemporary healthcare. This technological advancement signifies potential breakthroughs in patient-specific therapeutic interventions and innovations. This systematic review offers a critical assessment of the existing literature, elucidating the present status, inherent challenges, and prospective avenues of 3D printing in augmenting biomedical applications and formulating tailored medical strategies. Based on an exhaustive literature analysis comprising empirical studies, case studies, and extensive reviews from the past decade, pivotal sectors including tissue engineering, prosthetic development, drug delivery systems, and customized medical apparatuses are delineated. The advent of 3D printing provides precision in the fabrication of patient-centric implants, bio-structures, and devices, thereby mitigating associated risks. Concurrently, it facilitates the ideation of individualized drug delivery paradigms to optimize therapeutic outcomes. Notwithstanding these advancements, issues concerning material biocompatibility, regulatory compliance, and the economic implications of avant-garde printing techniques persist. To fully harness the transformative potential of 3D printing in healthcare, collaborative endeavors amongst academicians, clinicians, industrial entities, and regulatory bodies are paramount. With continued research and innovation, 3D printing is poised to redefine the trajectories of biomedical science and patient-centric care. The paper aims to justify the research objective of whether to what extent the integration of 3D printing technology in biomedicine enhances patient-specific treatment and contributes to improved healthcare outcomes.

<i>In vitro</i> production of myeloid-derived suppressor cells from peripheral blood monocytes

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are of interest as key regulators of the immune response for the development and improvement of cellular technologies in biomedicine. Enhancing the suppressive activity of these cells is important for developing therapies for autoimmune diseases and miscarriages, and their suppression may be useful in the treatment of cancer, since MDSCs are known to suppress antitumor immunity. However, there is a problem that prevents the active study of MDSCs, i.e., the difficulty in obtaining sufficient numbers of this cell population. Isolation of MDSCs in cancer patients poses an ethical challenge. Moreover, these MDSC may differ in subpopulation composition and suppressive activity due to individual factors. Researchers who generate human MDSC from bone marrow cells may also face similar problems. Therefore, finding a reliable and affordable source of these cells to facilitate the study of their functions is extremely important. Attempts to obtain human MDSCs in vitro have been ongoing for a long time. GM- CSF, IL-6, IL- 1β, IL-4, PGE2, LPS, M-CSF, IFNγ are described as factors that induce the ex vivo MDSC differentiation. However, despite multiple factors used, not all protocols are clearly reproducible, leading to generation of a sufficient number of cells in the target population. Previously, we had also developed a scheme for MDSC differentiation from CD11b+ cells derived from human peripheral blood, which made it possible to obtain a tangible but still insufficient percentage of cells to study functional activity.
 To increase the number of MDSCs in cultures, we developed a protocol aimed for differentiation of these cells from peripheral blood monocytes (CD14+ cells) previously transformed into PCMO (programmed cells of monocytic origin). The monocytes isolated by immunomagnetic separation were cultured in a de-differentiating medium (complete culture medium supplemented with M-CSF, IL-3 and β-mercaptoethanol) for one week. Later on, the medium was replaced by the addition of GM-CSF, being cultured for three days, followed by addition of LPS and IL-1β in order to induce suppressive activity. We have found that culturing CD14+ cells on a two-week schedule with prior creation of dedifferentiation conditions resulted in a slightly decreased percentage of viable cells in culture. However, there was a trend towards an increased ratio of MDSCs in culture (from an average of 34 to 40%) and an increase in their suppressive activity (arginase and IDO expression). The percentage of Arg+ cells increased by average of 10%, and IDO+ cells, by 16%. Moreover, the percentage of mature M-MDSCs was significantly (several-fold) higher when compared with differentiation protocol using CD11b+ cells. Hence, this method of MDSCs production enables us to increase the number of cells belonging to the conditionally “mature” monocyte subpopulation of MDSCs, as well as the percentage of functional suppressor cells in the population. The described scheme may be used to improve the quality of studies aimed at modulating MDSC functions in order to develop new therapeutic approaches.

Intersection of nanomaterials and organoids technology in biomedicine.

Organoids are stem cell-derived, self-organizing, 3D structures. Compared to the conventional 2D cell culture method, 3D cultured organoids contain a variety of cell types that can form functional "micro-organs" and can be used to simulate the occurrence process and physiological pathological state of organ tissues more effectively. Nanomaterials (NMs) are becoming indispensable in the development of novel organoids. Understanding the application of nanomaterials in organoid construction can, therefore, provide researchers with ideas for the development of novel organoids. Here, we discuss the application status of NMs in various organoid culture systems and the research direction of NMs combined with organoids in the biomedical field.

A Deep Neural Network Approach on Spleen Cancer Detection using DenseNet-201

Abstract: Spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ and play a crucial role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune. Among all cancers, spleen cancer is one of the serious diseases which effects minor population across the globe but is potentially fatal, especially if diagnosed in a later stage of development with a 20% survival rate at 6 months. Given the intricacy of the problem, several computer-aided diagnostic methods have been proposed and developed to increase the survival rate Spleen Cancer is a malignancy of white blood cells involving tumour deposits in the spleen. Most splenic cancer do not start in the spleen, and those that do, are almost always lymphomas. Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that develops in the lymphatic system. Although there are many systems available with the medical industry, but this research is proposed to improve the performance of existing system by employing deep learning feature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) using Convolution Neural Networks (CNN), where Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) has been implemented using DenseNet-201. This research accomplished the desired parameters with values to achieve 99.60% accuracy and 0.1240 % loss while training and testing the model. The research has been supported with the datasets from Kaggle, IEEE transactions on information technology in biomedicine and IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging. The data set contains three clinical types spleen cancer, such as CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia); FL (follicular lymphoma); MCL (mantle cell lymphoma).

Multifunctional rare earth ions-doped Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals for simultaneous temperature sensing and photothermal therapy

As an urgent problem, cancer has boosted the development and application of many treatment technologies in biomedicine. Photothermal therapy with precise control for tumors has gained more and more attention as a promising technology in biomedical fields. In this work, rare earth ions-doped Ba2LaF7 nanocrystals have been successfully developed by the high-temperature solid-phase method as the core material in a multi-functional system. Optical temperature measurement based on fluorescence intensity ratio improves sensitivity by widely separating Er3+ and Nd3+ emission bands. Meanwhile, the relative sensitivity increases with increasing temperature. From the comparison between the fitting curve and the actual temperature, it can be concluded that the nanocrystals have a good photothermal response to the laser pumping power and can even be used for photothermal imaging. On this basis, to study its optical measurement and photothermal conversion performance, we made a multifunctional system acting on biological tissues. The results suggest that the developed material has a potential application in bio-targeted photothermal therapy.

Generation of neutral pH high‐strength plasma‐activated water from a pin to water discharge and its bactericidal activity on multidrug‐resistant pathogens

AbstractPlasma‐activated water (PAW) is emerging as a green alternative technology in biomedicine due to its rich and diverse aqueous reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RONS). This study explores how to configure a pin to water (P2W) discharge to generate neutral pH high‐strength plasma‐activated water (hs‐PAW) and its bactericidal activity on hypervirulent multidrug resistance (MDR) pathogens. The factors affecting the strength of PAW, namely: water type, PAW temperature, plasma enclosure, and activation time, were studied and optimized to generate hs‐PAW having 650 ± 40 mg/l of and 215 ± 15 mg/l of H2O2 at a pH of 7. This study demonstrates a simple P2W discharge set up to handle the MDR pathogens and can be easily scalable for real‐world medical applications.

A review of graphene quantum dots and their potential biomedical applications.

Today, nanobiotechnology is a pioneering technology in biomedicine. Every day, new nanomaterials are synthesized with elevated physiochemical properties for better diagnosis and treatment of diseases. One advancing class of materials is the Graphene family. Among different kinds of graphene derivatives, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) show fantastic optical, electrical, and electrochemical features originating from their unique quantum confinement effect. Due to the distinct properties of GQD, including large surface-to-volume ratio, low cytotoxicity, and easy functionalization, this nanomaterial has gone popular in biomedical field. Herein, a short overview of different strategies developed for GQD synthesis and functionalization is discussed. In the following, the most recent progress of GQD based nanomaterials in different biomedical fields, including bio-imaging, drug/gene delivery, antimicrobial, tissue engineering, and biosensors, are reviewed.

Biodegradable Polymers and their Applications: A Review.

Polymers have an endless scope due to their flexibility, amendment, and modification with the organic and inorganic compounds. There is an intense competition between natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers concerning biodegradability and compatibility with modern technology. Biodegradable polymers play a significant role in sustaining humanity on the earth due to nonenvironmental hazards. These polymers play a crucial role in biomedicine technology, such as tissue engineering, preparation of different scaffolds, drug delivery systems, industrial sector, agriculture, and food packaging. Here, we probed on various applications, challenges, and the limitations of biodegradable polymers in life.

Special Issue: Deep Learning and Neuro-Evolution Methods in Biomedicine and Bioinformatics

Emerging technologies in biomedicine and bioinformatics are generating an increasing amount of complex and heterogeneous data [...]

Current landscape of gene-editing technology in biomedicine: Applications, advantages, challenges, and perspectives.

The expanding genome editing toolbox has revolutionized life science research ranging from the bench to the bedside. These “molecular scissors” have offered us unprecedented abilities to manipulate nucleic acid sequences precisely in living cells from diverse species. Continued advances in genome editing exponentially broaden our knowledge of human genetics, epigenetics, molecular biology, and pathology. Currently, gene editing‐mediated therapies have led to impressive responses in patients with hematological diseases, including sickle cell disease and thalassemia. With the discovery of more efficient, precise and sophisticated gene‐editing tools, more therapeutic gene‐editing approaches will enter the clinic to treat various diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency sydrome (AIDS), hematologic malignancies, and even severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. These initial successes have spurred the further innovation and development of gene‐editing technology. In this review, we will introduce the architecture and mechanism of the current gene‐editing tools, including clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated nuclease‐based tools and other protein‐based DNA targeting systems, and we summarize the meaningful applications of diverse technologies in preclinical studies, focusing on the establishment of disease models and diagnostic techniques. Finally, we provide a comprehensive overview of clinical information using gene‐editing therapeutics for treating various human diseases and emphasize the opportunities and challenges.

Terahertz anisotropy in fascia and lean meat tissues

Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy provides multifaceted capabilities for observing low-energy responses of macromolecules, cells and tissues, understanding THz biophysical effects, and expecting to realize the application of THz technology in biomedicine. However, its high-frequency characteristics of limited penetration depth and strong absorption of water in the body comparable to microwaves are impeding the proliferation of THz spectroscopy. Here we show that THz spectroscopy makes possible the observation of THz anisotropy phenomena for the first time in fascia and lean tissue. Through optical microscopy, we infer that the microscopic mechanism of THz anisotropy comes from the periodic stripe structure of the biological tissue. The above related experimental findings may be expected to promote the application of THz technology in biomedicine.

Advanced Materials and Sensors for Microphysiological Systems: Focus on Electronic and Electrooptical Interfaces

Advanced in vitro cell culture systems or microphysiological systems (MPSs), including microfluidic organ-on-a-chip (OoC), are breakthrough technologies in biomedicine. These systems recapitulate features of human tissuesoutside of the body. They are increasingly being used to study the functionality of different organs for applications such as drug evolutions, disease modeling, and precision medicine. Currently, developers and endpoint users of these in vitromodels promote how they can replace animal models or even be a better ethically neutral and humanized alternative to study pathology, physiology, and pharmacology. Although reported models show a remarkable physiological structure and function compared to the conventional 2D cell culture, they are almost exclusively based on standard passive polymers or glass with none or minimal real-time stimuli and readout capacity. The next technology leap in reproducing in vivo-like functionality and real-time monitoring of tissue function could be realized with advanced functional materials and devices. This review describes the currently reported electronic and optical advanced materials for sensing and stimulation of MPS models. In addition, an overview of multi-sensing for Body-on-Chip platforms is given. Finally, one gives the perspective on how advanced functional materials could be integrated into in vitro systems to precisely mimic human physiology.

Terahertz (THz) biophotonics technology: Instrumentation, techniques, and biomedical applications

Terahertz (THz) technology has experienced rapid development in the past two decades. Growing numbers of interdisciplinary applications are emerging, including materials science, physics, communications, and security as well as biomedicine. THz biophotonics involves studies applying THz photonic technology in biomedicine, which has attracted attention due to the unique features of THz waves, such as the high sensitivity to water, resonance with biomolecules, favorable spatial resolution, capacity to probe the water–biomolecule interactions, and nonionizing photon energy. Despite the great potential, THz biophotonics is still at an early stage of development. There is a lack of standards for instrumentation, measurement protocols, and data analysis, which makes it difficult to make comparisons among all the work published. In this article, we give a comprehensive review of the key findings that have underpinned research into biomedical applications of THz technology. In particular, we will focus on the advances made in general THz instrumentation and specific THz-based instruments for biomedical applications. We will also discuss the theories describing the interaction between THz light and biomedical samples. We aim to provide an overview of both basic biomedical research as well as pre-clinical and clinical applications under investigation. The paper aims to provide a clear picture of the achievements, challenges, and future perspectives of THz biophotonics.

Numerical Optimization of Refractive Index Sensors Based on Diffraction Gratings with High Aspect Ratio in Terahertz Range.

Terahertz surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors have been regarded as a promising technology in biomedicine due to their real-time, label-free, and ultrasensitive monitoring features. Different authors have suggested a lot of SPR sensors, including those based on 2D and 3D metamaterials, subwavelength gratings, graphene, and graphene nanotube, as well as others. However, one of the traditional approaches to realize high sensitivity SPR sensors based on metal diffraction gratings has been studied poorly in the terahertz frequency range. In this article, a linear metal rectangular diffraction grating with high aspect ratio is studied. The influence of the grating structure parameters on the sensor sensitivity is simulated. Effects arising from different ratios of depth and width were discovered and explained. The results show that the sensitivity can be increased to 2.26 THz/RIU when the refractive index range of the gas to measure is between 1 and 1.002 with the resolution .

Simulation and modeling of physiological processes of vital organs in organ-on-a-chip biosystem

The limited adequacy of animal cell cultures and models to mimic the complexity of human bodies in laboratory conditions has emphasized researchers to find its quintessential bioelectronic alternative with improved competence. In this regard, tissue engineering has emerged as one of the most precise biomaterial technologies in terms of creating new tissues to model vital organs. An organ-on-a-chip biosystem has shown a plethora of applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Organ-on-a-chip is a microfluidic device that provides a completely controlled microenvironment, similar to the natural tissues for the cultured cells of an organ, by amalgamating cell biology and biomaterial science. The device contains several microchambers and microchannels embedded in a layer of a biocompatible polymer, such as polydimethylsiloxane. Microchambers house the cells, while microchannels provide nutrients and growth factors. Over the past few years, organ-on-a-chip technology has displayed ample applications in the field of biomedicine, not only by simulating the normal functions of disparate organs, but also by understanding the inter-relation between diversified systems. In this review, we have spotlighted recent advancements and applications of organ-on-a-chip biosystems to construct physiological models for the heart, lung, kidney, liver, and brain. Part of this review is also concentrated on abridging the desperate essentiality as well as future perspectives of organ-on-a-chip technology in biomedicine, disease modeling, and drug development process.

Research progress, models and simulation of electrospinning technology: a review.

In recent years, nanomaterials have aroused extensive research interest in the world's material science community. Electrospinning has the advantages of wide range of available raw materials, simple process, small fiber diameter and high porosity. Electrospinning as a nanomaterial preparation technology with obvious advantages has been studied, such as its influencing parameters, physical models and computer simulation. In this review, the influencing parameters, simulation and models of electrospinning technology are summarized. In addition, the progresses in applications of the technology in biomedicine, energy and catalysis are reported. This technology has many applications in many fields, such as electrospun polymers in various aspects of biomedical engineering. The latest achievements in recent years are summarized, and the existing problems and development trends are analyzed and discussed.