Biomass Conversion Technologies Research Articles

The controversial role of energy crops in the future German energy system: The trade offs of a phase-out and allocation priorities of the remaining biomass residues

Multiple global crises are adding new elements to the discussion on securing and shaping a resilient, renewable energy system in Germany. Biomass from residues, forest wood and energy crops are major renewable energy contributors in Germany today. The role of energy crops within that system is controversially discussed for a long time and a phase-out from cultivated biomass is again in the focus. But what kind of trade-offs would be connected with such a phase-out and what would be the optimal allocation priorities of the remaining biomass potential? Through a detailed representation of biomass potentials, prices and conversion technologies in an energy system optimisation model, it could be shown in a scenario analysis that a phase-out increases the demand for energy imports by 1400 PJ per year, which is associated with on-costs of €14–25 billion annually in the long term. Finally, the results show that the decision on whether to grow energy crops in the future is directly influencing the future transformation strategy for high-temperature industrial heat applications. Solid biomass is identified as the future cost-optimal solution to fully transform this sector. However, a phase-out of energy crops changes the cost-optimal allocation priorities completely.

A multicriteria approach for biomass availability assessment and selection for energy production in Burkina Faso: A hybrid AHP-TOPSIS approach

Burkina Faso's agricultural and industrial sectors are sources of biomass production which are not well tapped. However, the exact quantities available and mobilizable with connection to recovery technologies are not available in the literature. Also, there is very little data on the criteria for the optimal selection of the biomasses to be valorized. In this article, quantification of the main biomasses produced in Burkina Faso has been carried out. Additionally, sustainable biomass selection criteria have been established. A hybrid (AHP-TOPSIS) multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach was used to prioritize suitable biomass resources based on defined criteria for bioenergy production. Based on expert opinions and an in-depth review of the literature, six main biomass selection criteria were established: i) biomass availability and accessibility, ii) competitive uses, iii) pollution potential related to residue accumulation, iv) economic impact, v) biomass energy content, and vi) availability of appropriate biomass conversion technologies. Moreover, five potential biomasses were investigated, including cotton stalks, rice husks, cashew nutshells, mango peels, and mango pits. The results of the evaluation showed that cotton stalks were the best option.

Technologies and Innovations for Biomass Energy Production

Biomass is considered one of the prospective alternatives to energy and environmental challenges. The use of biomass as bioenergy has gained global interest due to its environmentally benign, renewable, and abundant characteristics. Numerous conversion technologies have been developed over time to convert biomass into various energy products. This review presents a summary of the different biomass conversion technologies used for bioenergy production. These include thermochemical, biological, physical, biochemical, and hybrid system technologies. It summarizes the production of different bioenergy products such as bio-oil, biodiesel, and fuel via various conversion technologies. The competitive advantages, potential environmental impacts, and challenges of these biomass conversion technologies are discussed. The recycling of biomass can solve a lot of current energy challenges. However, conversion technologies exhibit some challenges relative to upscaling and commercialization due to their immense operational and investment expenses and high energy usage.

Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Biomass Chemical Looping Gasification for Advanced Biofuel Production

Chemical looping gasification is a promising biomass conversion technology that could produce sustainable liquid transportation fuels on a large scale to reduce fossil fuel dependency. The current paper examines the technical, economic, and environmental performance of a biomass-to-liquid (BtL) process based on chemical looping gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Two biomass feedstocks, i.e., pine forest residues and wheat straw, are selected for assessing the complete BtL production chain. The results of process simulations showed that both biomass types are suitable gasification feedstocks, with an overall energy efficiency of 53% and 52% for pine residues and wheat straw, respectively. The economic results show that the breakeven selling prices (BESP) are €816 and €781 per m3 for the pine forest residues and wheat straw pellets, respectively. However, if low-grade excess heat valorisation and CO2 credits are considered, the BESPs could meet or become lower than the target value of €700 per m3, making the BtL plant competitive with other biofuel plants. The CO2 avoidance cost is estimated at €74.4/tCO2 for pine residues and €61.3/tCO2 for wheat straw, when replacing fossil fuels. The results of the life cycle assessment study showed that the produced biofuels fulfil the requirements of the EU Renewable Energy Directive II, achieving the reduction in greenhouse gases emissions of up to 79% without carbon capture and storage (CCS) and up to 264% with CCS compared to fossil fuels.

Syngas methanation over a metal hydride catalyst: Technology performance, efficiency and economic profitability

In the last decade, biomass has been considered one of the main renewable energy sources to replace fossil fuels and consequently, biomass conversion technologies for the production of alternative fuels will play a specific role in the future energy as green biofuels for the transport sector or a power generation at small-scale distributed plants. During the thermal conversion - gasification, biomass is converted into more valuable products - syngases which could be used for biomethane production. Though, some challenges still exist related to the broad applicability of the thermal conversion of biomass to biomethane: costly short-life catalysts and a low conversion efficiency due to the high amount of carbon monoxide/dioxide in syngas.To overcome these challenges, an innovative biomethane production concept based on the plasma-assisted gasification and conversion of synthetic gases to biomethane was developed and tested, including research on the adaptability of two catalysts, magnesium nickel and magnesium nickel hydride, for raw syngas conversion. The performance of catalysts was investigated in a fixed bed type reactor using raw syngas obtained from plasma-assisted gasification.The results indicate the magnesium nickel hydride catalysts' good activity and functionality for converting carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide-containing syngas. A high conversion of 0.997 is reached. Determined that the surplus of hydrogen promotes the conversion of carbon oxides, though the volumetric concentration of methane (the maximum of 86.4 vol%) in product gas is reduced. Considering that the developed technology concept can be integrated into small combined heat and power plants, bio-waste generating plants, or decentralized areas as an additional source of renewable energy or biofuel production, the energy-mass balance and economic analysis for the optimization of 1 MWh bio-CH4 production concept was provided.

Photocatalytic Production of Syngas from Biomass.

ConspectusAs a renewable solar energy and carbon carrier, biomass exploration has received global attention. Photocatalytic valorization of biomass into fuels and chemicals is a promising and sustainable method for future chemical production. Photocatalysis has the potential to accomplish reactions under ambient conditions due to the unique reaction mechanisms involving photoinduced charge carriers and has recently been recognized as an efficient and feasible technology for biomass conversion. Biomass is widely used as sacrificial agent to scavenge holes in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, and the carbon is eventually degraded to CO2 with a minor amount of CO. The generation of CO instead of CO2 is more economical and promising but also a challenge under photoreforming conditions.This is a new research direction, while until now there has still been the lack of a comprehensive review article to summarize and provide prospects for this topic. This Account will highlight our contributions in the research direction of the photocatalytic reforming of biomass into syngas (CO + H2). In 2020, we first reported the photocatalytic conversion of biopolyols and sugars into syngas by employing a defect-rich Cu-TiO2 nanorod photocatalyst and found that formic acid is a key intermediate to CO. Further study revealed that a facet-dependent electron-trapping state on anatase TiO2 will affect the photocatalytic dehydration activity for formic acid intermediates by regulating the electron transfer process during the reaction, and the selective generation of FA or CO from photocatalytic biomass reforming was achieved via exposing the (100) or (101) facets, respectively. Visible light-driven syngas generation was further achieved over a CdS-based photocatalyst. Sulfate modification of CdS ([SO4]/CdS) was constructed as the proton acceptor, thus efficiently facilitating the proton-coupled electron transfer process. Besides, we put forward an oxygen-controlled strategy to increase the CO generation rate without a significant decrease in CO selectivity via controlling the O2/substrate ratio. Based on this system, a Z-scheme CdS@g-C3N4 core-shell structure and CdO-CdS semicoherent interface were created to facilitate charge transfer and enhance the O2 activation, thus increasing the CO generation rate. Moreover, we also developed a photoelectrochemical approach to separately produce CO and H2 from biomass. Nitrogen doping of a hexagonal WO3 nanowire array was used to produce the photoanode. The built-in electric field generated via nitrogen doping promoted charge transfer, hence improving the efficiency of PEC reforming of biopolyols and sugars. This Account will systematically analyze the challenges in this research direction, the reaction route in the photocatalytic biomass reforming, and the factors affecting CO selectivity and give insight into the design of efficient photocatalytic systems.

Pyrolysis of pine needles: Parameter optimization using response surface methodology

Pine needles are forest residue-based biomass abundantly available in the Uttarakhand state of India. The presence of stranded pine needles in the forest land causes fires. At the same time, switching from fossil resources to renewable ones is the need of the hour. Among the available biomass conversion technologies, pyrolysis is a well-established and commercialized process. Therefore, the pyrolysis of pine needles to produce bio-oil with high yield and quality could be the best option for a sustainable future. Central composite design-based response surface methodology was employed to design the experiments. The study involved optimizing the process parameters such as temperature, residence time, and gas flow rate. The maximum bio-oil yield of 38.1 wt% was achieved at 500 °C, 30 min, and 50 mL·min−1 and the highest biochar yield of 60 wt% with a high heating value of 25.40 MJ/kg was obtained at 232 °C, 60 min, and 100 mL·min−1.

Prospect of biomass to bioenergy in India: An overview

Energy is the most essential commodity for a rising nation like India. India's population has grown beyond 1.4 billion, driving a rapid rise in energy consumption. To meet this demand, India must explore all available energy sources, including bioenergy. Bioenergy is a renewable energy created from materials that were once alive, known as “biomass.” This article examines the current energy situation in India and different biomass conversion technologies that can convert it into bioenergy.

A review of Canadian wood conversion technologies for the production of fuels and chemicals

AbstractCanada has 347 million ha of forest cover, contributing to the potential large availability of wood‐based resources. Although Canada's forest sector contributed $23.7 billion to the national nominal gross domestic product (GDP) in 2019, the GDP contribution of the wood product manufacturing subsector shrank by 6%. To reposition the Canadian forest industry, new forest management practices and wood‐based conversion technologies should be applied. In this context, the use of woody biomass in biorefineries to produce clean energy, fuels, and chemicals is becoming increasingly significant. There is a need to understand the current status and challenges of the wood‐based biomass conversion technologies that have been and are being developed in Canada. This information will help decision‐makers in formulating and implementing forest sector‐related policies for a sustainable bioeconomy in Canada. This study is focused on a review of Canadian woody biomass conversion technologies. Our critical review identified considerable potential biomass conversion technologies specialized for woody feedstock, all in the Canadian setting. We focused on the prospects of revitalizing Canada's pulp and paper industry through the integration of pre‐treatment processes and biochemical technologies. The thermochemical conversion pathway was identified as the dominant route for woody feedstock valorization. The review also identified pathways with the potential to diversify the existing product mix that generate products from wood streams, such as chemicals and biomaterials. Most of the biochemical and thermochemical research done in institutional and multi‐institutional research collaborations from laboratory scale to industrial scale will boost the chances of the commercialization of a wood‐based biorefinery in Canada.

Forestry based products as climate change solution: Integrating life cycle assessment with techno-economic analysis

This study establishes an integrated life cycle analysis and techno-economic assessment to evaluate costs and carbon footprint impacts of an integrated forest biorefinery that produces lumber, industrial sugar and wood pellets in a planned biomass conversion center in the Pontiac region of Quebec (Canada). An integrated evaluation approach combining levelized cost and carbon footprint accounting was adopted for assessing the implementation of this novel advanced biorefinery concept taking into account different biomass feedstock, diversified product portfolio (sugar, lignin, bio-oil, electricity and lumber) and multiple biomass conversion technologies. The conclusion of this study is that if the GHG emission is considered as the basis of the ranking system, the production of wood pellets would emit less (1.2 kg/T) and that of lumber, and sugar would emit most respectively (3.3 kg/T and 98.4 kg/DT). This is whereas if the ranking would be performed based on the cost, the sequence would be the production of lumber, pellet, and sugar.

Bibliographical review on assessment methodologies to evaluate the electrical energy recovered from biomass conversion technologies

Biomass conversion technologies offer clean, sustainable, and renewable electrical energy from biogas that is leaking into landfills. This energy based organic largely replaces fossil fuels in industrial and manufacturing activities, without forgetting its contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gases. In this work, we have indicated the methodology to evaluate the energy recovery of biomass that any operator in this field of activity can use to anticipate, control, and improve the productivity and the functioning of the landfill controlled site. The interest of the use of a combinatorial methodology between the three experimental, theoretical and numerical models offers the advantages for anticipate all the problems, using the most common solutions such as installing all the possible equipment for the permanent verification of the site impermeability by detecting the oxygen content, of the degradation, of the mechanical system of the site by measuring the hydrogen sulphide concentration, of breakdowns detections, and loss of methane. In addition, the artificial intelligence applications can be implemented to predict of biomass feedstock properties, process optimization and design for biomass conversion, optimal utilization of bioenergy, and supply chain design and planning respectively using four categories.

Emerging technologies for conversion of sustainable macroalgal carrageenan biomass into L-lactic acid: A state-of-the-art review

The environmental awareness and concerns (plastic pollution) worldwide have driven the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly biopolymer derived from renewable materials. Biopolymers, especially L-lactic acid (L-LA) have played a crucial role in manufacturing polylactic acid, a biodegradable thermoplastic. Recently, L-LA production from non-edible macroalgal biomass has gained immense attraction due to it offers the simplest saccharification process for the biorefinery route. However, the commercialization of macroalgal-based L-LA is still limited due to high production costs. This paper has comprehensively reviewed the potential and development of third-generation feedstock for L-LA production, including significant technological barriers to be overcome for potential commercialization purposes. Then, an insight into the state-of-the-art hydrolysis and fermentation technologies using macroalgae as feedstock are also deliberated in detail. Furthermore, this review provides a conceivable picture of macroalgae-based L-LA biorefinery and future research directions that can be served as an important guideline for scientists, policymakers, and industrial players.

Catalytic production of 1,2-propanediol from sucrose over a functionalized Pt/deAl-beta zeolite catalyst.

To eliminate the dependence on fossil fuels and expand the applications of biomass conversion, an efficient Pt/deAl-beta@Mg(OH)2 catalyst was designed, with dealuminated beta zeolite loaded with Pt as the core and Mg(OH)2 as the shell. The catalyst was used to produce 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) from sucrose. The preparation and reaction conditions of the catalyst were optimized. The optimal yield of 1,2-PDO was 33.5% when the conditions were 20 h of dealumination, 3.0 wt% Pt loading, 5.0 wt% Mg(OH)2, 200 mg of catalyst, 10 mL (11.25 mg mL-1) of sucrose solution, an initial H2 pressure of 6 MPa, 200 °C, and 3 h. The core-shell structure of the modified beta zeolite shows good stability, yielding more than 30.0% after three cycles of reuse. Firstly, the molecular zeolite can host more acid sites after dealumination by concentrated nitric acid and this can prolong the catalyst's service life. Secondly, the loading of Pt increases the distribution of acid sites and improves the shape selectivity of the catalyst. The introduction of alkali produces many alkaline sites, inhibits the occurrence of side reactions, and increases the product yield. The above modification methods increase the production of 1,2-PDO by promoting isomerization between glucose and fructose from sucrose hydrolysis and the reverse aldol condensation (RAC) reaction. This paper provides a theoretical basis and reference route for applying biomass conversion technology in practical production, which is of great significance for developing biomass resources into high-value-added chemical products.

Valorization of Lignocellulose by Producing Polyhydroxyalkanoates under Circular Bioeconomy Premises: Facts and Challenges

In light of the current concerns about environmental issues caused by the excessive use of fossil resources, more emphasis has been paid to the transition to a sustainable and circular economy. Bioplastics as eco-friendly products originating from biomass wastes have gained much attention to solve the problem of plastic pollution. Among them, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are microbial polyesters produced using various feedstocks─renewable or recycled waste materials─contributing to a more sustainable commercial plastic life cycle by being a part of a circular bioeconomy. However, the scale-up of the PHA process cost effectively and sustainably remains challenging for large-scale industrial applications. This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of the current insights into lignocellulosic biomass’s role in achieving a circular bioeconomy. Emerging greener biomass conversion technologies are discussed to characterize energy demand, cost, and sustainability within biorefinery PHA production. In addition, recent advances in synthetic biology and fermentation processes for PHA production are discussed. Technological challenges, i.e., bioreactor setup, downstream operation, and inconsistent properties to improve the sustainable production of PHAs and to help transfer this technology to real-world applications, are also addressed.

Enabling the complete valorization of hybrid Pennisetum: Directly using alkaline black liquor for preparing UV-shielding biodegradable films.

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into various high-value chemicals has been a rapid expanding research topic in industry and agriculture. Among them, alkaline removal and utilization of lignin are important for the accelerated degradation of biomass. Modern biorefinery has been focusing the vision on the advancement of economical, green, and environmentally friendly processes. Therefore, it is indispensable to develop cost-effective and simple biomass conversion technologies to obtain high-value products. In this study, the black liquor (BL) obtained from the alkaline pretreatment of biomass was added to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and used to prepare degradable ultraviolet (UV) shielding films, achieving direct and efficient utilization of the aqueous phase from alkaline pretreatment. This method avoids the extraction step of lignin fraction from black liquor, which can be directly utilized as the raw materials of films preparation. In addition, the direct use of alkaline BL results in films with similar UV-shielding properties, higher physical strength, and similar thermal stability compared with films made by commercial alkaline lignin. Therefore, this strategy is proposed for alkaline-pretreated biorefineries as a simple way to convert waste BL into valuable products and partially recover unconsumed sodium hydroxide to achieve as much integration of biomass and near zero-waste biorefineries as possible.

Sustainable value methodology to compare the performance of conversion technologies for the production of electricity and heat, energy vectors and biofuels from waste biomass

The Sustainable Value methodology was used to compare and rank eight combinations of waste biomass types and conversion technologies on a common assessment basis to produce energy, energy vectors and advanced biofuels. The studied combinations included agricultural and agro-industrial residues, slurries and effluents, pulp and paper mill sludge, piggery effluents and organic fractions of municipal solid waste, to produce biodiesel by (trans)esterification, biogas by anaerobic digestion, ethanol by fermentation, hydrogen by dark fermentation, electricity and heat by combustion, biogas and synthesis gas by gasification, and bio-oils by pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction. The numerator “Functional Performance” of the Sustainable Value indicator was estimated according to 14 criteria of process technology, material and energy inputs and outputs, and acceptance by the stakeholders. The performance of the technologies was classified based on the values of relative importance (φ) and level of satisfaction ( S ) attributed to each criterion. The gasification of residues from the olive-oil industry reached the highest “Functional Performance”, followed by anaerobic digestion of chestnut processing residues and pig-rearing effluents. The Sustainable Value denominator “Costs” depended mainly on the degree of maturity of the technologies, which penalised pyrolysis, hydrothermal liquefaction and dark fermentation. The final ranking of the Sustainable Value indicator was gasification > combustion > anaerobic digestion > (trans)esterification > pyrolysis and fermentation to ethanol > hydrothermal liquefaction > dark fermentation, respectively for the most adequate waste biomass types under study. Thermochemical conversions were mainly impacted by process and input criteria, while output and social acceptance criteria were more decisive for the biochemical conversions. • Sustainable Value (SV) analysis applies to waste biomass-to-energy (WBtoE) conversion • SV indicator enables the ranking of bio- and thermochemical WBtoE technologies • Costs uncertainty of low-maturity WBtoE technologies negatively impacts the SV score • Gasification of olive-oil industrial residues delivers the highest SV score of 4.09 • Biogas production by codigestion can further increase the SV score to 6.76

Comparative energy and environmental analysis of different small-scale biomass-fueled CCHP systems

Biomass combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems promote energy efficiency and reduce overhead costs in bioenergy production. On the necessity of assessing the sustainability of bioenergy technologies, this study performs a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of small-scale biomass CCHP technologies regarding technical alternatives. The novelty stems from comparing configurations based on sustainability indicators, the energy payback time, and conflicting objectives (maximizing energy revenues and minimizing environmental costs). Accordingly, four configurations attributed to biomass conversion technologies (organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and gasifier) and cooling units (electric heat pump, absorption chiller) are considered for LCA modeling. The results reveal that the highest share of human health (70–85%), ecosystem quality (50–60%), climate change (60–80%) and resources (70–80%) in all configurations belongs to biomass conversion technologies. In terms of Global warming, impacts related to gasification-ICE-based configurations outweigh ORC-based configurations (30–47%) due to higher auxiliary energy demand in the gasification process. In contrast, the CCHP systems driven by ORC are more reliable in refunding primary energy in the short term, 2.4–2.8 years. As a final result, the gasifier coupled with the electric heat pump is the most optimum configuration due to higher energy profits and lower environmental costs.

Application of nanomaterials in anaerobic digestion processes: A new strategy towards sustainable methane production

Anaerobic digestion is an established biomass conversion technology that is renewable, environmentally friendly, and technologically robust. However, to turn it into a more profitable and sustainable business model, stringent research into process optimization strategies is required. As a result, there is a continuous search for strategies and pathways to improve process stability as well as product quality and yield and to decrease the production of inhibitory compounds. More recently, nanoparticles have been utilized as catalysts to enhance the performance of anaerobic digestion technologies. The current paper provides a state-of-the-art review on utilizing nano-catalysts in the biomass anaerobic digestion process. The potential of several kinds of nano-catalyst has been discussed to enhance biogas production with a cost-effective approach. The results of this research suggest that while nanoparticle supplementation is a promising strategy, further research is required to address the energetic, technological, and economical utilization of nanoparticles in anaerobic digestion processes.

Glucose Hydrogenolysis into 1,2-Propanediol Using a Pt/deAl@Mg(OH)2 Catalyst: Expanding the Application of a Core-Shell Structured Catalyst.

To substitute fossil resources, it is necessary to investigate the conversion of biomass into 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO) as a high-value-added chemical. The Pt/deAl-Beta@Mg(OH)2 catalytic system is designed to obtain a higher 1,2-PDO production yield. The optimal yield of 1,2-PDO is 34.1%. The unique shell-core structure of the catalyst demonstrates stability, with a catalytic yield of over 30% after three times of use. The primary process path from glucose to 1,2-PDO, glucose-hexitol-1,2-PDO, is speculated by the experiments of intermediate product selectivity. The alkaline catalytic mechanism of the reaction process is elucidated by studying catalyst characterization and analyzing different time courses of products. The introduction of Mg(OH)2 improves the target yield by promoting the isomerization from glucose to fructose and retro-aldol condensation (RAC) conversion, with pseudo-yield increases of 76.1% and 42.1%, respectively. By studying the processes of producing lactic acid and 1,2-PDO from glucose, the glucose hydrogenolysis flow chart is improved, which is of great significance for accurately controlling 1,2-PDO production in industrial applications. The metal, acid, and alkali synergistic catalytic system constructed in this paper can provide a theoretical basis and route reference for applying biomass conversion technology in practice.

A novel integrated system for heavy metals removal and biodiesel production via green microalgae: A techno-economic feasibility assessment

The removal of heavy metals combined with biodiesel production by microalgae in a cost-effective way is a promising approach. Herein, we grew two green microalgal species, Chlorella sorokiniana and Scenedesmus acuminatus, in media contaminated with Cu2+ (3.2 ppm) or Zn2+ (65.4 ppm) to investigate their growth and full metabolic profile. Furthermore, to integrate the potential economic impact of biodiesel production with heavy metals removal efficiencies. Although acute exposure to heavy metals, on the other hand, reduced growth and increased removal efficiencies of Cu2+ (59.4, 98.1%) and Zn2+ (72.4, 98.2%) in C. sorokiniana and S. acuminatus, respectively. Besides, Cu2+ and Zn2+ increased primary metabolites, particularly lipids (49, 47% in S. acuminatus, 27, 26% in C. sorokiniana), with a significant induction in the unsaturation levels. Indicating that C. sorokiniana and S. acuminatus are excellent phycoremediators for industrial drainage and future sustainable algal-biofuels platform. Economic assessment of daily 1000-tonne biodiesel production from S. acuminatus grown on highly polluted wastewater via Na4SiO4 transesterification catalysis has all been assessed with an accuracy of ± 10% for the price of the diesel of US$ 1000/tonne and for the cost of the evaluated algal biomass of US$ 430/tonne. The daily 1000 T algal diesel business was viable, with a return on high investment (16.4%) and a payback period of 5 years. According to break-even and sensitivity analyses, the algal diesel cost that makes this business viable should be greater than US$ 147/barrel, while the biomass cost should not exceed US$ 462/tonne. Brent Crude Oil Spot exceeds US$ 95/barrel indicating promising prospects for algal fuel industrialization. Furthermore, the protein and amino acids-based waste biomass may serve as a sustainable biorefienry platform for various biofuel industries through biomass conversion technologies.