Technological Superiority Research Articles

The Innovative Nature of Law. Problem Statement

The central issue of the paper is the innovative potential of law. Much attention is given to the emergence of law, its relationship with religion, and other social regulators. The emphasis is on the fact that law (not law) has a divine origin. This is how its nature was understood in the ancient world. It is shown how there gradually appeared awareness of law as a means of constructing the desired social reality. This paradigm is associated with the university medieval legal science, which saw law as a model of a rationally organized society. University professors taught students not «practical» law, but methods of working with it, so that law could be perceived as a model for building rationally based social practices, a just society based on law. Attention is drawn to the fact that it is the Romano-German (continental) legal system that more than others emphasizes the innovative nature of law and the desire to use it as effectively as possible. The necessity of changing concepts is indicated: «law regulates» — «law creates». This is the purpose of innovative jurisprudence, which creates legal mechanisms for development in the broadest sense of the word. It is proved that the leaders in the legal field will be those educational and scientific centers that will create a «legal environment for promising social practices and new markets» in order to ensure the technological superiority of Russia.

Possibilities for Improving Algorithms for Combat Use of Aircraft Using Unguided Weapons

Combat actions in recent local conflicts make us consider and re-evaluate some of the concepts concerning the development of combat aviation. As it turns out, conducting combat operations at high intensity for a long period of time using all components of the armed forces shows that the use of high-tech aircraft is extremely expensive and requires a large period of time to bring them back to full operational readiness when damage has been inflicted on them during hostilities. This is evidenced by the limited use of 5th generation aircraft in local conflicts. They are mainly used at long distances and with a tangible technological superiority over the enemy. Also, the sustained use of high precision guided weapons proves to be extremely expensive. All this makes us think and apply a creative approach to finding a solution to these problems. One of these approaches is through the improvement or rather the modernization of existing combat platforms through the implementation of advanced mathematical models and algorithms for combat use, which will increase the accuracy and efficiency of the use of unguided weapons, which are significantly cheaper compared to using guided ones. As the accuracy of using unguided weapons increases, it approaches that of guided ones. This is very important in the conduct of prolonged intensive combat operations in the conditions of limited resources. On the other hand, the use of advanced algorithms for combat use will simplify and facilitate the pilot's work with the controls of the aviation armament during the execution of combat tasks.A general mathematical model and a general algorithm for the combat use of aircraft weapons are proposed. A general mathematical model was developed for solving the ballistic task for large groups of guided and unguided weapons, which is a component of the general algorithm for combat use.

Reforma sądownictwa w Izraelu: iskra, która doprowadziła do wojny 7 października

In the center of the Middle East, surrounded by millions of hostile Arabs, the best way to guarantee its existence Israel must project an image of an invincible power to deter its enemies from attacking. This is the main component of Israel’s security concept. However, On October 7, 2023, it seemed that Israel lost its deterrence when Hamas, joined by other Islamic terror groups, launched a surprise attack, including firing rockets, brutal raids of fighters, and kidnapping hostages. Although Israel has a strong and sophisticated army with technological superiority, the Islamic organizations felt confident launching the attack. This paper aims to explore the factors that encouraged Hamas and the Islamic resistance front to go on the attack. The October 7th attack came after ten turbulent months characterized by civil protests, strikes, and demonstrations of thousands of Israelis who struggled against the intentions of Netanyahu’s government to change the Judicial system. A study of public statements given by Islamic leaders can shed light on the mindset of radical Islamic organizations. The central claim is that Hamas and the Islamic groups perceived the civil struggle in Israel as the fulfillment of the religious vision written in the Quran. The conclusion is that Israel’s military power is not enough to maintain deterrence and project power toward Islamic organizations, but social cohesion is needed, too.

Characterizing Excellence: Lessons From Awarded Military-Technological Leaders

As technological superiority becomes increasingly vital for military effectiveness, a distinct category of technological leaders has emerged within militaries. This qualitative study explores excellence in this domain by interviewing 11 recipients of the prestigious Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Technological Award. In-depth interviews grounded in the critical incident technique revealed four integral facets of military tech leadership excellence: Technical mastery built through expertise and continuous learning, mission dedication demonstrated through overcoming obstacles, interpersonal skills in understanding needs and translating across domains, and adaptability in integrating innovation. Notable findings show that technologists adhere to canonical military leadership values such as mission dedication, although they apply them distinctly for technological purposes. Compared with traditional military leadership, tech leaders have specialized skills in bridging operational necessities and technological solutions. This study proposes a framework that encapsulates the attributes, motivations, and behaviors that underpin excellence in military technological leadership. These findings have implications for selection, training, and development of future leaders in military technology.

Thirty Years' Crisis: The Decline of U.S. Hegemony and the Rise of China

This article examines the current global landscape, characterized by the decline of US hegemony and the rise of China, and draws parallels to Carr's "Twenty Years' Crisis." The implications of these shifts are explored, including the resurgence of realism, China's ascent as a global power, challenges to US leadership, and the potential risks of a global military conflict. The resurgence of power politics challenges the prevailing belief that it had diminished in the post-Cold War era. Territorial disputes and the pursuit of national interests by major powers such as Russia and China highlight the enduring relevance of realism. China's rapid rise as a global power echoes the emergence of the United States as a superpower in the past. Meanwhile, the United States faces challenges as its economic and technological superiority wanes, with China posing a significant threat to its leadership. In conclusion, the current global landscape, similar to Carr's "Twenty Years' Crisis," demands a holistic approach to understanding and addressing the complexities of our time.

Logistics of the First Anglo-Burma War, 1824–1826

ABSTRACT One of the principal props of British imperialism in South Asia was the British Imperial Army in India. Logistics was important for supplying and transporting the army at the distant theatres to annex new territories and cow down the rebels. The First Anglo–Burma War occurred between the British-Indian Empire and the ruler of Ava in Burma. This conflict, which lasted from 5 March 1824 to 24 February 1826, was an amphibious war. The primary aim of this article is to study the logistics of the British Imperial Army in India, and the secondary objective is to throw some light on the Burmese logistics. An attempt is made in this essay to show the interconnections between ecology, logistics and military organisations of the British-Indian state and Ava. The First Anglo–Burma War can be located at the interface of preindustrial and industrial wars. The animal and human resources of Bengal and Madras presidencies, utilisation of certain indigenous ‘technologies’ (like country boats, rafts, etc.) and technological superiority in gunpowder weapons (both on land and at sea, like gunboats, corned powder, cast iron guns, etc.) enabled the East India Company (EIC) to muddle through and emerge victorious, albeit at a high financial and manpower cost.

Who do you choose? Employees' perceptions of artificial intelligence versus humans in performance feedback

PurposeFirms have already begun integrating artificial intelligence (AI) as a replacement for conventional performance management systems owing to its technological superiority. This transition has sparked a growing interest in determining how employees perceive and respond to performance feedback provided by AI as opposed to human supervisors.Design/methodology/approachA 2 x 2 between-subject experimental design was employed that was manipulated into four experimental conditions: AI algorithms, AI data, highly experienced human supervisors and low-experience human supervisor conditions. A one-way ANOVA and Welch t-test were used to analyze data.FindingsOur findings revealed that with a predefined fixed formula employed for performance feedback, employees exhibited higher levels of trust in AI algorithms, had greater performance expectations and showed stronger intentions to seek performance feedback from AI algorithms than highly experienced human supervisors. Conversely, when performance feedback was provided by human supervisors, even those with less experience, in a discretionary manner, employees' perceptions were higher compared to similar feedback provided by AI data. Moreover, additional analysis findings indicated that combined AI-human performance feedback led to higher levels of employees' perceptions compared to performance feedback solely by AI or humans.Practical implicationsThe findings of our study advocate the incorporation of AI in performance management systems and the implementation of AI-human combined feedback approaches as a potential strategy to alleviate the negative perception of employees, thereby increasing firms' return on AI investment.Originality/valueOur study represents one of the initial endeavors exploring the integration of AI in performance management systems and AI-human collaboration in providing performance feedback to employees.

Guardian of the Straits: Ottoman Naval Battles at the Dardanelles (1656-1915) and Implications for Turkey’s Maritime Security

This article examines four major naval battles (1656, 1657, 1807, and 1915) that took place in the Dardanelles during the Ottoman Empire period. The study analyzes the historical context, causes, course, and consequences of these battles, emphasizing the strategic importance of the Dardanelles. Furthermore, in light of the lessons drawn from these historical events, the article offers recommendations for modern Turkey's maritime security policies. By highlighting the importance of strait defense, naval power, technological superiority, and international cooperation, the article aims to contribute to Turkey's future maritime security strategies. Keywords: Dardanelles, Ottoman naval battles, maritime strategy, strait defense, Turkey's maritime security

STUDY ON THE THREATS, VULNERABILITIES AND RISKS OF THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ROMANIAN ARMY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DEFENSE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

States seeking strategic superiority through technological superiority must go through a substantial organizational transformation that increases adaptability. Today, states move from technological to strategic superiority by achieving organizational superiority. Organizational transformations translate superior technology into superior strategic performance because the organization is itself a form of technology. Moreover, the importance of organizational change increases during periods of technological innovation. In order to face the common challenges in the Euro-Atlantic space, the Romanian Army works persistently to outline its profile in the allied plan, through increasingly active and consistent participation in NATO decisions, measures and missions, with a view to solving conflicts and crises, in different areas of the world, to the fight against international terrorism, and at the same time to the perpetuation of the military transformation process.

Selective revealing for building ecosystems: a conjoint experiment with managers of established firms

Researchers have identified selective revealing, that is, the voluntary, purposeful, and irrevocable disclosure of information to third parties, as a mechanism in ecosystem building. However, there is a lack of understanding of the ecosystem‐level factors that drive managers' decisions to share such information in emerging ecosystems. To shed light on how managers of established firms engage in selective revealing when building ecosystems, we draw on the resource‐based view. We theorise about the information revealing behaviour of established firms' managers, based on the threats of substitution and imitation that cause trade‐offs in emerging ecosystems of established firms and new ventures. We test our hypotheses with a choice‐based conjoint experiment analysing 640 decisions of managers responsible for ecosystem building. We find that managers from established firms are more likely to engage in selective revealing when the ecosystem aims at radical innovation (over incremental innovation), when other established firms have high knowledge diversity (over a low knowledge diversity), and when new ventures demonstrate technological superiority (over being on par with established firms' technologies). Our study therefore illuminates which ecosystem‐level constructs influence managers' decisions to reveal information when co‐building ecosystems, even when no immediate payoff is recognisable.

Toward sustainable recycled methanol production from CO2 and steel by-product gases in South Korea; process design and assessment

Methanol is receiving considerable attention as an alternative fuel because of its potential role as a transitional option in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enabling the transition towards biofuels. Recycled methanol, produced using captured CO2 or industrial by-product gases, emerges as an attractive alternative in South Korea, especially considering the excessive emissions from its energy and industrial sectors. However, assessing technological superiority amongst a range of alternatives remains challenging. This study aims to assess and compare various methanol production pathways utilizing captured CO2 and by-product gases from steel industry within context of South Korea. The selected technologies are either currently in industrial use or pivotal for future industrial applications. A unified process design and assessment framework was employed to model and simulate eight technological conversion processes. These processes underwent evaluation based on key performance indicators, accompanied by comprehensive techno-economic and environmental life cycle assessments. Additionally, comparisons were made with conventional fossil-based methanol production, considering different hydrogen and electricity production routes. This study provides valuable insights into the viability of recycled methanol pathways in terms of process performance, economic and environmental feasibility and will facilitate the practical implementation of recycled methanol, contributing towards achieving carbon neutrality objectives.

Implementation of the emerging and disruptive technologies as the key to technological superiority in modern warfare

The relevance of article is due to the fact that in the conditions of confrontation between countries different in terms of resources, strength of the army and number of weapons, military superiority over the enemy are achieved by using asymmetric and hybrid actions with using innovative high-tech weapons and C4ISR. The search for innovative approaches to the management of troops, new methods of using both traditional types of weapons and new ones created onunconventional physical principles, the introduction of the emerging technologies is an urgent need for the development of the Ukraine defense capabilities - the key to technological superiority in modern warfare. Today, most of the developed countries pay considerable attention to scientific research on the emerging and disruptive technologies, strive to maintain advantages in this field. Based on this, the research of promising scientific and technical trends and determining the potential of their application in military affairs is an important scientific and practical tasks that must be solved. The leading approach to solving this problematic issue is the use of the results of the analysis of scientific publications, reports of leading international security institutions, the use of statistical methods of scientometric and patent analysis, as well as the assessment of the level of attention or expectations. The article presents the results of a systematic analysis of existing technological trends, the most significant new and breakthrough technologies, as well as an assessment of their impact on the sphere of security and defense. A certain author's view on the possibilities of using such technologies is offered. The materials of the article are of practical significance for specialists who are responsible for the formation of directions of scientific and scientific-technical activity, the introduction of innovations and the emerging technologies in the activities of the defense-industrial complex.

MARKETING ACTIVITIES OF IT COMPANIES: INFORMATION AND ORGANISATIONAL CAPABILITIES FOR DIGITAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive examination of the informational and organisational capabilities of marketing activities in the market for digital products and services. It highlights the importance of data analysis, web analytics and technology partnerships for success in the digital marketplace. It also examines modern organisational strategies to help IT companies effectively implement marketing initiatives and adapt quickly to changing business landscapes. Methodology. This article is based on a theoretical and methodological review of the existing scientific literature on digital technologies, the marketing of digital products and services, and an overview of current technological and organisational solutions in the digital field. In addition, it includes a survey of marketing managers from renowned IT companies with the aim of delineating the typology of organisational structures within marketing departments. Results. Information delivery, data analytics, monitoring tools and web analytics are critical to digital marketing in IT organisations, facilitating the collection and analysis of data from multiple sources such as websites, social media and CRM systems. By leveraging big data and machine learning algorithms, it is possible to identify complex dependencies and predict consumer behaviour. Technological partnerships and collaborations with startups are becoming increasingly important for IT companies' marketing efforts, providing access to fresh ideas, technologies and a competitive edge. Organisational structures in the marketing departments of IT companies emphasise agility and cross-functional teamwork, often using agile methodologies. This promotes adaptability to market changes. Marketing structures typically include inbound approaches, flexible growth-oriented setups, and streamlined hierarchies. Practical implications. These marketing tools and organisational methods are recommended for implementation in the marketing departments of IT companies. The correlation between informational and organisational capabilities contributes to the achievement of marketing goals and the competitive advantage of IT companies in the marketplace. Scrum and Kanban, widely used agile frameworks, are not limited to technology companies but are also common in financial services and retail. Value / Оriginality. In the context of the ongoing military conflict, successful operation of Ukrainian IT companies in the modern world requires not only technological superiority, but also effective marketing and a well-organised internal structure. To accelerate the recovery of the Ukrainian IT sector and improve existing practices, the following recommendations have been made.

Nuclear and Hydrotechnical Expertise Combined: Gidroproekt and the South Ukraine Energy Complex

This article investigates the juncture of hydropower and nuclear engineering traditions at the South Ukraine Energy Complex in the USSR from the late 1960s onwards. Engineers from the hydrotechnical design institute Gidroproekt played a key role in the envisioning, planning and realisation of this unique project. It combined a nuclear power plant and its cooling water reservoir with a pumped-storage hydropower plant and an accompanying run-of-river hydropower plant, allowing for potential synergies with irrigation and pisciculture. A mixture of hydraulic and nuclear technocratic traditions manifested itself in a large-scale attempt to change the natural environment as proof of Soviet technological superiority.

Legal instruments for deterring nuclear conflict in the current military and political geo-environment

The relevance of this study lies in the need to consider the legal instruments for deterring a nuclear conflict in connection with the crisis of nuclear safety and instability in the current military-political geo-environment. The purpose of this study was to examine international experience in the field of legal consolidation of prohibitive norms of deterrence necessary to prevent nuclear threats. The following general scientific and special methods were employed in the study: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, generalisation, as well as formal legal, legal hermeneutics, logical- legal, comparative legal, and historical-legal methods. The study examined the specialised international legal framework of regulatory documents in the field of nuclear safety, safe operation of nuclear facilities and nuclear deterrence, as well as nuclear deterrence strategies and their development depending on the geopolitical situation. Based on the results of the study, it is determined that the legal regulation of nuclear conflict containment is in the form of prohibitory orders consolidated in the relevant international treaties in the field of nuclear and radiation safety. The study highlighted the main international treaties positioned as legal means of nuclear deterrence. The interaction of “soft” and “hard” law in nuclear and radiation safety agreements was considered, as well as the specific features of consolidating such norms in municipal law. The study provided generalising conclusions in terms of nuclear deterrence strategies, specifically, a vision of a new concept in this area, based on technological superiority in non-nuclear means of repelling nuclear strikes and massive precision non-nuclear retaliatory strikes. It was also concluded that attention should be paid to the development of a new international treaty that would combine all the rules prohibiting the use of nuclear energy for military purposes, as well as the rules governing nuclear and radiation safety as integral components of global nuclear security. The practical significance of this study is that its materials can be used for further development of the concepts of non-nuclear or legal nuclear deterrence

The value of audiovisual sexual stimulation with virtual reality in diagnosing erectile dysfunction.

The traditional audiovisual sexual stimulation (AVSS) test may experience limitations including low erectile response rate and lack of unified diagnostic criteria. We aimed to explore the clinical value of AVSS with virtual reality (VR-AVSS) test in assessing erectile function and diagnosing erectile dysfunction (ED). Participants 18 to 60years of age were screened for analysis in 3 clinical centers from June 2020 to March 2022. Demographic data, 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), erectile hardness score (EHS), and self-reported symptom questions were collected. The ED patients and control patients were confirmed according to the IIEF-5 and EHS. All subjects watched a 60-minute erotic video by VR device during RigiScan recording. The parameters including tip average rigidity, tip effective erectile duration (duration of rigidity ≥60%, tip effective erectile duration), base average rigidity, and base effective erectile duration were evaluated. The main outcome of interest was the application of VR immersion technology to improve the traditional AVSS test. A total of 301 ED cases and 100 eligible control patients were included for final analysis. Compared with control patients, ED cases had significantly lower IIEF-5 scores, EHS, positive response rate, and erectile rigidity and duration. The positive response rate of ED and control patients were 75.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The cutoff points of tip average rigidity, tip effective erectile duration, base average rigidity, and base effective erectile duration were 40.5% (sensitivity: 77.6%, specificity: 70.2%; P < .001), 4.75minutes (sensitivity: 75.9%, specificity: 75.4%; P < .001), 48.5% (sensitivity: 77.6%, specificity: 75.1%; P < .001), and 7.75minutes (sensitivity: 79.3%, specificity: 75.7%; P < .001). The technological superiority of VR will enable the VR-AVSS immersion test to be a more accurate detection than traditional AVSS modes. Our study applied VR immersion technology to establish the standard operation procedure for the AVSS test, which could effectively reduce the interference of adverse factors and minimize the detecting errors. However, the test data only included positive response subjects, so the true erectile status of men with a negative response to the AVSS test cannot be obtained. The VR-AVSS test can effectively improve the diagnostic accuracy of ED. The average rigidity and effective erectile duration were the optimal diagnostic parameters for excluding ED.

How Does Technological Crowding Affect Exploratory Innovation? Considering The Moderating Role of Technological Superiority

How Does Technological Crowding Affect Exploratory Innovation? Considering The Moderating Role of Technological Superiority

Impact of Ukraine War on NATO Development. NATO Vision 2030

The aim of the article is to analyze potential scenarios for the outcome of the armed conflict in Ukraine and its political and military consequences for NATO, taking into account the political and military decisions associated with the NATO Summit in Madrid in 2022, the new NATO Strategic Concept (NSC) of 2022, and the NATO 2030 Agenda. The outcome of the conflict in Ukraine will unequivocally determine the political, institutional, and military capacity of the NATO Alliance. Furthermore, non-Western political and military integration platforms such as CSTO, BRICS, and SCO will enhance the level of political, economic, and military cooperation among their member states. Therefore, the strategic perspective of a possible decline in the political, economic, and military capabilities of the United States and NATO, and an increase in the political, economic, and military capabilities of BRICS and SCO, becomes plausible. Agenda 2030 presents strategic development proposals for NATO, including deeper political and military consultations among the Allies, strengthening deterrence and defense capabilities, upholding the rules-based international order, enhancing resilience, maintaining technological superiority, continuing the NATO Open Door Policy, increasing training and capacity-building efforts, addressing and adapting to climate change, investing in NATO's financial capabilities, and allocating resources to the defense budgets of member states within the Alliance. A political challenge that remains is the political coherence of the Alliance regarding NATO's Open Door Policy, including Ukraine's accession as a member state, as well as political, economic, and military cooperation between the Russian Federation and China.

Questioning a Fair Settlement as The Legal Resolution of Global Interests

The purpose of this paper is to describe the existence of a conflict of interest between nations related to their pursuit of sustainable development. This study adopts a historical approach to examine the events and movements with a focus on the historical evolution of the global environment and natural resources management landscape. The research reveals that various international events and movements indicated the conflict of interest between countries. Despite efforts to reach a fair and equitable resolution, conflicting interests persist among stakeholders, with developed nations leveraging their financial and technological superiority to put natural resources on layaway while developing nations struggle to keep up and ask for a little time. The presence of a conflict of interest in this particular case, although possibly unintended, has indirectly contributed to rising expenses and therefore potential losses for developing countries.

The Japanese government’s promotion of automated driving driven by shared positive expectations

In recent years, the Japanese government has shown great interest in automated driving and has invested in related projects. This paper first aims to investigate the government’s expectations of automated driving at three levels: project, function, and societal, and how the sociotechnical vision “Society 5.0″ is used to justify and drive automated driving-related policies. Second, it discusses how Japan’s sociotechnical imaginaries of state-led national development and the corresponding governance approach synergistically relate to the performativity of expectations in the policy process. I analyze “Society 5.0″, and expectations of automated driving, in eleven governmental documents released between 2013 and 2020. The results show a strong emphasis on the benefits to the older population and the economy. This reflects imaginaries of national security and success based on economic growth and scientific and technological superiority, which contribute to inflating expectations. Both the government’s historical intervention in technology development and Shinzo Abe’s exercise of political leadership contribute to the fact that “Society 5.0″ is considered a “common understanding”, and technological expectations are easily bound on policymakers in policy planning and implementation. While the government tries to be agile and responsive to global change, its approach stifles creativity in designing future sociotechnical systems.