Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge Levels Research Articles

Investigating the Relationship between Digital Literacy and TPACK Levels of Pre-Service English Teachers

This mixed methods study explores the correlation between digital literacy and Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) among pre-service English teachers at a Turkish state university. With 118 junior and senior participants, the study employs the Digital Literacy Scale and TPACK-Deep Scale for quantitative data, supplemented by focus group interviews for qualitative insights. Overall, pre-service teachers exhibited high TPACK and digital literacy levels, except for a medium proficiency level. Females scored higher in ethics. Significant differences emerged among participants with and without educational technology training, impacting digital literacy, TPACK, exertion, and proficiency. Pearson correlation analysis established a positive relationship between digital literacy and TPACK, with regression analysis identifying digital literacy as a predictor of TPACK. Qualitative findings underscore pre-service EFL teachers' perceptions of digital competence and TPACK. digital literacy ,TPACK, digital competence , pre-service English teachers

Augmented reality as a platform to present green sustainable chemistry to improve preservice teachers’ competency on technological pedagogical content knowledge

Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) plays a pivotal role in ensuring the effectiveness of teaching and learning. Within the context of integrating technology into lessons, PCK has evolved into Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK). The acquisition of TPACK by teachers implies mastery of its seven components. TPACK is both content and context-specific, meaning that a teacher's understanding of TPACK for one teaching strategy may differ from that for another. In the context of Augmented Reality-Green Sustainable Chemistry (AR-GSC), a distinct level of TPACK is required due to its interdisciplinary and holistic nature, setting it apart from other teaching strategies. This study employed embedded mixed method design to explore the changes in TPACK components among a group of 36 chemistry pre-service teachers exposed to AR-GSC. The quantitative findings indicate no significant changes in content, pedagogical, and pedagogical content knowledge. However, significant differences were observed in technological knowledge, technological content, and pedagogical knowledge and TPACK, indicating the emergence of a nuanced understanding of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge. Qualitative focus group interview involving 15 preservice teachers provided insights for understanding quantitative findings. It is important to note that these findings are preliminary and suggest avenues for further research to validate the relationship between TPACK and AR-GSC.

Cambodian STEM pre-service teachers’ competency in effective information communication technology integration teaching based on technological pedagogical content knowledge framework

This study explores how Cambodian STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) pre-service teachers comprehended the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) and its components, content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK), technological knowledge (TK), pedagogical content knowledge (PCK), technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK), technological content knowledge (TCK) and their associations with demographic variables. Using a self-report questionnaire, the study surveyed 440 pre-service teachers from three distinct teacher training colleges. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and Pearson's correlation. Results showed that pre-service teachers rated themselves above the mean in all components: TPK and CK were the highest, and TCK and TPACK were the lowest. There was a significant difference in the gender and foreign language variables; males and being able to understand foreign languages were the favor. A negative relationship existed in age variables where younger pre-service teachers demonstrated higher competence in all aspects of TPACK except PCK. It concluded that Cambodian STEM pre-service teachers demonstrate adequate knowledge of content, pedagogy, and technology to integrate information communication and technology (ICT) into their teaching. Possessing a medium to a high level of TPACK, additional professional development programs are needed to assist pre-service teachers in reaching the highest TPACK level.

The Relationship between TPACK and Self-Efficacy of the English Teachers of Gifted Students in Science and Art Centres: A Sample of Türkiye

Modern technology has been incorporated into all the aspects of daily life. The relevant changes are transforming our routines and are being integrated into our lives at varied speeds. This transition is also having an impact on teaching and learning practices. To integrate the aforementioned changes into their everyday practices, substantial effort has been invested by the participants within these contexts, namely, the students and their teachers. The necessity for proficiency in technology tools and applications, coupled with the exploration of whether there exists any correlation between technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) levels and self-efficacy levels, stands as a phenomenon that warrants examination in literature. Although previous studies succeeded to emerge TPACK level of English language teachers from different backgrounds, it was aimed to fill the gap for those (124) of gifted students through the current study. A case study was used; also, TPACK-EFL survey and the English Self-Efficacy Belief Scale were preferred as the instruments. The results indicated that the TPACK level of English language teachers of gifted students was quietly high, and they were aware of instructional strategies, student engagement, and classroom management from the perspective of self-efficacy within four language skills such as; reading, writing, listening and speaking.

Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Preservice Elementary Teachers: Relationship to Self-Regulation and Technology Integration Self-Efficacy

<p style="text-align:justify">Technology integration into learning is essential to supporting educational reform. On the other hand, the relationship between self-regulation (SR), technology integration self-efficacy (TISE), and technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) has yet to be thoroughly studied. This study investigated preservice elementary teachers and the connection between SR, TISE, and TPACK. A quantitative approach and a survey-based approach were both utilized in the research project. The research was carried out at one of Indonesia's universities, and the data collected were from 224 preservice elementary teachers in their fourth year through a questionnaire. According to the findings, preservice elementary teachers' SR, TISE, and TPACK levels were above average. Preservice elementary teachers scored the highest on planning capability (PC), monitoring and controlling skills (MC/CC), and making others use computer technologies self-efficacy (MUCTSE). In contrast, they scored the lowest on information and communication technology (ICT). Besides that, SR and TISE positively and significantly affected pre-service teacher TPACK. In light of the findings, it is of the utmost importance to enhance the competency of preservice elementary teachers in using technology to integrate learning.</p>

Management Skills of Educational Managers and the Advancement of Technological Pedagogical Knowledge of Teachers in Private Junior High Schools in Davao City

Technology plays a great role in innovating and renovating contemporary teaching practices. Hence, this study aimed at determining the influence of the education manager’s management skills on the advancement in technological, pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) of teachers in private junior high schools in Davao City. This study utilized a quantitative prediction research design using a survey method. The 205 teacher-respondents chosen using universal sampling answered a two-part validated online survey questionnaire which asks about the educational manager’s management skills and the teacher’s TPACK. Data were described, analyzed and interpreted using mean, standard deviation, Pearson r, and linear regression. The findings showed a very high level of management skills among educational managers and a very high level of TPACK among teachers. Standard Multiple Linear Regression Analysis using the Stepwise Method and the equation model showed that the educational managers’ management skills such as managing acculturation, managing the future, managing teaching principles, and managing teaching methods significantly predict the TPACK of private Junior High School teachers and these five management skills have relatively contributed to the variation of TPACK. Thus, there is a need to strengthen education manager’s formation programs focusing on the areas of energizing employees and teacher’s training in technology knowledge.

Factors influencing the development of pre-service science teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge in a pedagogical makerspace

In an increasingly digitalized world, pre-service and in-service teachers need subject-specific didactic competencies to be able to plan their lessons appropriately and use their knowledge to promote digital competencies among students. Building on competency models such as the Technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework, this article explores the extent to which specific digital competencies relevant to pre-service teachers can be developed through project work in a pedagogical makerspace and examines the extent to which contextual factors such as technological self-efficacy, motivation and technology acceptance influence the development of pre-service teachers’ TPACK and their intention to use digital media. To this end, 495 pre-service science teachers from both intervention and control groups completed a pre-post digital questionnaire before and after the intervention. The data were used for structural equation modeling. The results show that the level of TPACK before the intervention is an important predictor of TPACK after project work. Furthermore, TPACK before the intervention positively influences pre-service teachers’ intention to use digital media in the future. Also, the perceived usefulness for professional use and the intention to use information and communication technologies (ICT) are strongly influenced by TPACK. Consequently, it appears significant to enable a low-threshold entry point at the beginning of the study to provide a solid foundation upon which more advanced TPACK can be built. Motivation and technology acceptance are strongly correlated. Therefore, teacher training should focus on motivation and acceptance of technology.

A Meta-Synthesis Study: An Investigation of Studies on EFL Teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Competencies in Turkey

Technological advances have brought profound transformations into the education system. This transformation has also made it essential to use technological tools for educational aims in the 21st century. The goal of this study is to analyze a collection of studies on prospective and in-service EFL educators’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) competencies in Turkey regarding the purpose, method, participants, data collection tools, and findings of certain studies. The study includes meta-synthesis research to present the research tendencies on TPACK competencies of pre-service and in-service EFL teachers in Turkey. In the research, a total of 22 studies were included 11 articles and 11 theses which were published between the years 2017-2022. In light of the obtained results, it can be concluded that the research trend of the remarkable number of reviewed studies is related to the determination or measuring of TPACK perceptions and to examining the effect of demographic traits such as gender, age, and educational background on EFL teachers’ TPACK levels. In the last part of the research, practical implications and suggestions for further research were offered in detail.

Redesigning mathematics preservice teachers’ preparation for teaching with technology: A qualitative cross-case analysis using TPACK lenses

This qualitative cross-case study examined how a university redesigned instructional course for a preservice program supported the development of mathematics preservice teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) regarding the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in their instruction. This research occurred on the context of a redesigned Mathematics Teaching Practice IV course. This course was redesigned to include in it the six SQD-model (Synthesis of Qualitative Evidence) micro level for preparing preservice teachers to use ICT in mathematics teaching and learning practices and was taught by professors with strong ICT profiles. These course activities were organized and used during an entire semester and the combination of these group of activities was called Studying, Learning and Teaching mix. We observed the preservice teachers' practices in their design and teaching of high school lessons and conducted semi-structured interviews to assess their TPACK development. While there were observable features of TPACK development in the early TPACK levels as a result of the participants' experiences, the authentic teaching experience clearly challenged their attitudes and beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics and the role ICT might play in this process. The course experience provided multiple teachable moments for the course professors as they observed and described the preservice teachers’ TPACK levels. In the end, we found that the Case 1 of preservice teachers demonstrated multiple descriptors from the Accepting TPACK level while those in Cases 2 and 3 displayed descriptors primarily associated with the Recognizing TPACK level. Results suggest that their attitudes and beliefs were challenged through a constructive and iterative process that ultimately supported their TPACK development.

Improving the preservice teachers’ TPACK level through hybrid learning

This study aims to explore whether there is a significant improvement in preservice teachers’ Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) after implementing hybrid presentation and teaching simulation as one of the tasks in the Teaching Methods and Conventional Media course. This study also reports students’ responses to the implementation of the hybrid presentation and teaching simulation. In this quantitative study, preservice teachers’ knowledge was measured using a TPACK scale prior to and subsequent to the hybrid class implementation period. Twenty-one students studying in the fourth semester of an English education department in a private university in Indonesia participated in this study. A paired-samples t-test result suggested a significant improvement in students’ scores from the pre- to the post- TPACK self-assessment (t = -8.210, p < .05). The findings of this study suggest that hybrid presentation can be an effective strategy to help foster preservice teachers’ TPACK skill while developing speaking and other skills.

TPACK, Instructional Competence, and Teachers’ Attitude toward Internet Use: A Structural Equation Model in Readiness to Teach Online in Filipino

Aim: To investigate the best-fit model for teachers' readiness in online teaching using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze the relationship between TPACK, instructional competence, and teachers' attitudes toward internet use.
 Study Design: Quantitative Causal Analysis.
 Place and Duration of Study: Region XII, Philippines, during the second semester 2022.
 Methodology: The stratified random sampling technique was utilized using Raosoft Application to select the 674 college teachers from various colleges and universities in Region XII. An expert-validated and pilot-tested survey questionnaire was used to collect the data. Moreover, statistical tools used for the study were mean, which described the levels of the variables; Standard Deviation (SD), which measured the dispersion of a frequency distribution; Multiple Regression, which identified significant predictors of readiness to teach online; and Pearson Product Moment correlation Coefficient, which determined the relationship of the variables. The Structural Equation Model (SEM) was also used to analyze multiple variables and their relationships.
 Results: The level of TPACK among teachers was very high, but compared to other exogenous variables, it was the lowest, which indicates that teachers are not fully proficient. Moreover, teachers' instructional competence level was very high, which implies that the variables were often observed among teachers. It also showed a significant relationship between the TPACK, instructional competence, and Attitude toward internet use toward readiness to teach online. The Attitude toward internet use and instructional competence influenced teachers' readiness to teach online, while TPACK did not influence teachers' willingness to teach online. Model 5 had consistent indices among the five investigated models and indicated the best fit for the data. The goodness of fit result was highly acceptable, as all the indices met the specified standards against the obtained fit value of the model.
 Conclusion: Teachers' levels of Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) are low, suggesting they still need to be fully adept at using technology in the classroom. To improve readiness for online teaching, it is essential to consider teachers' attitudes toward internet use and TPACK integration into professional development programs. Model 5 offered the greatest fit for the data, suggesting authorities should take instructors' TPACK into account for training and knowledge updates in integrating technology into 21st-century teaching.

Enhancing Pre-Service Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) through the Learning by Design Framework: A Fink Taxonomy-based Study

This study aimed to develop Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) through the use of the Learning by Design (LBD) framework in a teaching process for pre-service teachers. During a 12-week period that included both teaching and data collection, 19 pre-service teachers produced 10 unique instructional materials. TPACK levels and self-confidence were assessed using scales and qualitative data from interviews, with the Fink Taxonomy used to analyze the interviews and determine the significance of the LBD-TPACK teaching process in terms of learning outcomes. The results showed a significant increase in pre-service teachers’ TPACK scores and TPACK self-confidence scores after the teaching process (α=0.05, p=0.00). Qualitative data supported these findings, demonstrating that pre-service teachers had achieved significant learning outcomes by the end of the process. It is recommended that conducting comparable research across diverse teaching fields and larger sample sizes would lead to more robust and generalizable findings.

High School Teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge and Self-efficacy Perceptions

The aim of this research is to determine the correlation between high school teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge levels and teacher self-efficacy perceptions. In the 2018-2019 academic year, 386 teachers working in high schools in the city center of Karaman, Turkey, participated in the research conducted in the correlational survey model. The data of the study were collected with the personal information form, the technological pedagogical content knowledge scale and the teacher self-efficacy scale. In the analysis of the data, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation technique were used. When the research findings are examined; it was concluded that teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge and their self-efficacy perceptions are at high level. At the same time, there was a positive and medium-level correlation between teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge and their perception of self-efficacy. The research findings were discussed in line with the related literature and some suggestions were made.

EXPLORING THE INTEGRATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE (TPACK) IN ONLINE TEACHING AMONG EFL LECTURERS

This study is conducted based on the consideration of the importance of technology literacy for lecturers in online teaching. The purpose of this study was to find out the TPACK (Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge) overview of English lecturers in online teaching. In particular, this study analyzed the level of TPACK along with the TPACK forming components of 3 English lecturers. This research applied a mixed method by implementing a concurrent embedded design. This study was conducted at Kuningan University by involving 3 lecturers who teach General English subject in Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Kuningan University. Since TPACK is knowledge that integrates three basic knowledge; content knowledge (CK), pedagogical knowledge (PK) and technological knowledge (TK), so in collecting data, there are 3 instruments that were used, namely self-report questionnaires, performance assessments and observations. With regard to the TPACK level of English language education lecturers, the results of the analysis show that all of the English lecturers are described as adequate and high in most of the domains concerned in this study such as CK, PCK, TCK, TPK, and TPACK. However, they describe themselves as high in two domains; Technological Knowledge (TK), and Pedagogical Knowledge (PK). This is in line with the results of lesson plans analysis and observation of lecturers’ real teaching which refers to a high level of technology integration.

Implementation of Fuzzy Tsukamoto Method in Analyze Science Teacher’s Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Improving the quality of teachers is the toughest challenge as well as a strategic effort that must be done to improve the quality of education in Indonesia, especially Aceh. The qualifications of a teacher are determined by the ability of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). The ability of teachers' TPACK is an important factor that determines the success of improving the quality of education in an area. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of TPACK ability of science teachers in Lhokseumawe City using the fuzzy t.,sukamoto method in evaluating teacher learning. Based on the results of the study, it can be supposed that the Fuzzy Tsukamoto method can be used to determine the level of TPACK ability of science teachers in Lhokseumawe City. Using a random sample of 10 (ten) data records that 5 (five) records have a degree of very good, 4 (four) records have a degree of good and 1 (one) record has a degree of very bad. Teachers in Lhokseumawe City have a very good level of TPACK

Empirical Research on Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) Framework in Health Professions Education: A Literature Review.

In the context of twenty-first-century information and communication technologies, the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework is a new way of conceptualizing categories of knowledge required by teachers to achieve technology integration in educational practice. The main purpose of this review is to identify research on the TPACK framework in the field of health professions education. Journal empirical studies from 4 databases are included in this review. Of the 76 selected articles, nine met the selection criteria. The findings in the examined papers highlighted four themes: TPACK level measurement, TPACK relationship with other variables, TPACK application, and professional development. Research on the TPACK framework in the health professions education area is still lacking; however, the finding indicates that the TPACK as a theoretical foundation generated positive outcomes that can guide practitioners and researchers' future practice and investigations.

An examination into pre-Service English-as-a-Foreign-Language teachers’ Self-Perceived technological-Pedagogical-Content-knowledge

A literature review indicates that no research has been conducted to date to examine pre-service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ self-perceived technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). Therefore, this study explores pre-service EFL teachers’ (PSEFLTs) self-perceived TPACK, to understand whether it changes in line with their year of study and their views on the probable contribution of the pre-service English teacher education program to their TPACK. The findings obtained from the analysis of the data collected from a 36-item EFL TPACK questionnaire, conducted by performing descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA and a post hoc analysis, revealed that the level of PSEFLTs’ technological knowledge was the highest, while their content knowledge was the lowest. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in 28 items between the PSEFLTs’ TPACK, resulting from the responses of the second-year students. The content analysis of the qualitative data gathered from telephone interviews demonstrated that even though the interviewees overwhelmingly regarded their TPACK level as high, they suggested that the curriculum for this program could be enriched by adding a course to it on the use of technology in EFL teaching.

Exploring contextual factors for pre-service teachers teaching with technology through planning, teaching, and reflecting

Teaching with technology is a required skill for today’s teachers and the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) is a commonly used framework that is used to assess the effective usage of this skill. In this framework, teachers’ knowledge is assessed under various individual and blended knowledge domains. The effect of contextual factors on TPACK is a relatively recent focal point of this framework. Therefore, this study investigates pre-service teachers’ enactment of different TPACK domains and interprets the results according to contextual factors that underlie their decisions and their knowledge levels. For this purpose, a case study involving four pre-service teachers was conducted. The contextual factors are extracted from the pre-service teachers’ reflection and teaching philosophy statements. Then their demonstration of TPACK levels are found both during planning and teaching stages. The results indicate that pre-service teachers with low TPACK enactment are mostly preoccupied with contextual elements related to practical concerns, whereas those with higher levels exhibited a greater degree of contextual elements related to beliefs and external priorities. It was also found that this latter group’s planning and teaching artifacts are more balanced with respect to TPACK levels, whereas a more significant drop in TPACK levels from planning to teaching was observed for the former group.

A Rasch model analysis of the TPACK instrument in the creative teaching of primary mathematics teachers

Utilising the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) instrument, mathematics teachers were evaluated on their level of TPACK in their creative teaching practices. Using Rasch model analysis, this study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the TPACK instrument. A 30-item survey with a 5-point Likert scale was given at random to 77 primary school teachers. In order to analyse the data and evaluate the instrument using the Rasch model analysis test, including the item and person separation and reliability index, misfit items, item polarity and unidimensionality, Winsteps 5.2.2.0 software was used. The findings demonstrated a significant Cronbach's Alpha (KR20). In conclusion, this TPACK instrument has high validity and reliability for assessing knowledge in the creative teaching of mathematics teachers. Keywords: Creative teaching, mathematics, Rasch model analysis, teachers.

MEASURING INDONESIAN EFL TEACHERS’ TECHNOLOGICAL PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE IN THE POST-PANDEMIC ERA: DO DEMOGRAPHICAL ISSUES MATTER?

This research aimed to measure Indonesian EFL teachers' Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in the post-pandemic era. EFL teachers must have balanced technological knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, content knowledge, technological pedagogical knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, technological pedagogical content knowledge, and web content knowledge since the Covid-19 pandemic has altered mainstream educational practices. Face-to-face instruction has shifted to online instruction, affecting EFL teachers' TPACK. The researcher hypothesized a significant difference in gender, age, and length of teaching experience in Indonesian EFL teachers' TPACK, particularly during online learning. The participants of this study were 24 Indonesian EFL teachers from 22 different schools and affiliations. An adopted TPACK questionnaire was administered to measure the Indonesian EFL teachers' TPACK during online learning. It consists of 25 total items. The data were calculated using SPSS version 26 software to determine each datum's U-value, mean, and standard deviation. This research revealed no significant difference in all aspects of TPACK based on the EFL teachers' gender. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the five aspects of TPACK based on the five age categories, except in Content Knowledge (CK). Furthermore, there was also no statistical difference in all aspects of TPACK based on the EFL teachers' length of teaching experience. However, age and teaching experience, particularly, contribute to shaping the Indonesian EFL teachers' level of TPACK.