Limitations Of Technology Research Articles

Uncovering the Complexity of Supply Chain in MSMEs: A Systematic Review

Supply chain management (SCM) obstacles frequently impede operations optimization for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Supply Chain Management significantly enhances the competitiveness and operational efficiency of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises; nevertheless, its adoption is frequently hindered by resource, financial, and technological limitations. This dilemma must be addressed by MSMEs, which are vital to economic growth, innovation, and job creation globally. This study analyzes the intricacies of SCM implementation in MSMEs via a comprehensive review of the current literature. The PRISMA framework delineates the comprehensive procedures for selecting and accepting pertinent articles. This review utilized a sample of 20 publications in the Scopus database, published between 2014 and 2023. An exhaustive examination of the literature on SCM identifies the most cited papers, journals, and authors. The author's concluding point in this paper posits that, despite considerable research in SCM, it is imperative to modify conditions that can facilitate SMEs, particularly in developing nations.

Expanding Export Markets for Vietnamese Dragon Fruit

Dragon fruit is one of the main fruits of Vietnam, bringing high economic value and contributing significantly to agricultural export turnover. However, Vietnam's dragon fruit exports are facing many challenges. The decline in demand from China due to the country's increased domestic production, combined with technical barriers and strict phytosanitary requirements from major markets, has reduced export turnover. The lack of solidity in production linkages and limitations in post-harvest preservation technology are also weaknesses that need to be overcome. In this context, the study proposes many solutions to expand export markets. Solutions focus on improving product quality, complying with international standards, investing in preservation and deep processing technology, promoting product marketing to new markets, as well as taking advantage of free trade agreements to reduce costs and improve export efficiency.

Comparative Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Sponges Based on Different Chitosan Salts in vitro

INTRODUCTION. The relevance of the study is due to the increase in the number of human skin lesions as a result of natural and man-made emergencies. Among the natural polymers widely used for the manufacture of wound dressings is chitosan, but its poor solubility is a technological and biological limitation for its effective inclusion and use as a component of wound dressings. One way to solve the problem is to modify chitosan with glycolic, lactic or ascorbic acids. For eff ective and adequate use of chemical modifications of chitosan as a material for wound dressings, it is necessary to evaluate their biocompatibility. AIM. In vitro assessment of the cytotoxicity and hemostatic properties of sponges based on chitosan modified with glycolic, lactic and ascorbic acids. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Sponges based on water-soluble chitosan salts were provided by Chemical Company “Orion” LTD. The biocompatibility of the obtained products was assessed on the culture of mesenchymal stem cells, using light and fluorescent microscopy. The metabolic activity of the cells (MTT-test) and the sorption properties of the biomaterials were assessed by spectrophotometry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Chitosan glycolate or chitosan lactate sponges ensure the survival of most adherent cells, while chitosan ascorbate sponges inhibit cell viability and growth. It was found that chitosan glycolate sponges have the highest blood sorption capacity and are capable of absorbing over 700 μl of blood/cm3. Chitosan lactate and chitosan ascorbate sponges demonstrate a sorption capacity of 250 μl of blood/cm3. However, the ascorbate-based material inhibits the metabolic activity of cells. CONCLUSION. Based on the research results, sponges made of chitosan glycolate or lactate, which have good biocompatibility in vitro, can be used for further development of wound-healing coatings. In addition, sponges made of chitosan glycolate can be used as highly effective hemostatic materials. Sponges made of chitosan ascorbate require further development and separate study.

OPPORTUNITIES AND DIFFICULTIES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HIGHER

The article discusses the opportunities and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education. Important applications of AI such as personalization of learning, automation of the educational process, support for inclusion and the growth of digital competencies are taken into account. It was noted that AI improves the effectiveness of learning and equips students with the skills needed in the modern workforce. However, there are some barriers to the use of these technologies such as technological limitations, the need for teacher training, concerns about data security and moral considerations. In addition to discussing the potential of future applications of intelligent technologies in education, the article offers useful suggestions for the successful integration of AI into university curricula. The study highlights the importance of finding a balance between educational humanitarian principles and technological possibilities.

Peptide nucleic acids: Recent advancements and future opportunities in biomedical applications.

Peptide nucleic acids (PNA), synthetic molecules comprising a peptide-like backbone and natural and unnatural nucleobases, have garnered significant attention for their potential applications in gene editing and other biomedical fields. The unique properties of PNA, particularly enhanced stability/specificity/affinity towards targeted DNA and RNA sequences, achieved significant attention recently for gene silencing, gene correction, antisense therapy, drug delivery, biosensing and other various diagnostic aspects. This review explores the structure, properties, and potential of PNA in transforming genetic engineering including potent biomedical challenges. In Addition, we explore future perspectives and potential limitations of PNA-based technologies, highlighting the need for further research and development to fully realize their therapeutic and biotechnological potential.

Quaternized and boronic acid dual-functional CoAg nanozymes for label-free, stable, sensitive, and rapid quantitation detection of the bacterial total concentration.

Foodborne pathogenic bacteria lead to a significant increase in illnesses and fatalities annually. In the early stage of a pathogenic bacterial infection, the concentration of bacteria in food is lower than the detection limit of most technology which enhances the difficulty in diagnosis. It is a serious challenge for researchers to develop a rapid, sensitive, accurate, and stable pathogenic bacterial determination method without costly equipment and highly skilled operators. It is clear that the bacterial total concentration in food increased obviously could be attributed to microbial contamination in food. Herein, quaternized and boronic acid dual-functional capped CoAg nanozymes, known as CoAg@HTCC-B, were developed and synthesized to exhibit strong and stable chemiluminescence (CL) emission to detect bacterial total concentrations. The CoAg@HTCC-B nanozymes are capable of accurately quantifying the total concentrations of a mixed bacterial solution (S. aureus and E. coli) over a broad detection range and with a low limit of detection (LOD). These nanozymes were utilized for the detection of E. coli or S. aureus in fresh chicken samples with LOD values of 2.08colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL) for E. coli and 1.71CFU/mL for S. aureus. This suggests that the CoAg@HTCC-B nanozymes have the potential for early-stage monitoring of microbial contamination in meat samples. The capability of CoAg@HTCC-B nanozymes in swiftly and accurately detecting known bacterial concentrations suggested their potential as a viable alternative to the traditional culture-based approach for quantitatively determining known bacterial concentrations in academic, research, or industrial settings.

Lensless efficient snapshot hyperspectral imaging using dynamic phase modulation

Snapshot hyperspectral imaging based on a diffractive optical element (DOE) is increasingly featured in recent progress in deep optics. Despite remarkable advances in spatial and spectral resolutions, the limitations of current photolithography technology have prevented the fabricated DOE from being designed at ideal heights and with high diffraction efficiency, diminishing the effectiveness of coded imaging and reconstruction accuracy in some bands. Here, we propose, to our knowledge, a new lensless efficient snapshot hyperspectral imaging (LESHI) system that utilizes a liquid-crystal-on-silicon spatial light modulator (LCoS-SLM) to replace the traditionally fabricated DOE, resulting in high modulation levels and reconstruction accuracy. Beyond the single-lens imaging model, the system can leverage the switch ability of LCoS-SLM to implement distributed diffractive optics (DDO) imaging and enhance diffraction efficiency across the full visible spectrum. Using the proposed method, we develop a proof-of-concept prototype with an image resolution of 1920×1080 pixels, an effective spatial resolution of 41.74 μm, and a spectral resolution of 10 nm, while improving the average diffraction efficiency from 0.75 to 0.91 over the visible wavelength range (400–700 nm). Additionally, LESHI allows the focal length to be adjusted from 50 mm to 100 mm without the need for additional optical components, providing a cost-effective and time-saving solution for real-time on-site debugging. LESHI is the first imaging modality, to the best of our knowledge, to use dynamic diffractive optics and snapshot hyperspectral imaging, offering a completely new approach to computational spectral imaging and deep optics.

Aproximación a la capacitación en competencias digitales de docentes en servicio en contextos de pobreza

This study had like main objective to develop recommendations for teacher training in digital competencies in contexts of poverty in Latin America. Using a qualitative approach that combined documentary review and participatory methods, key strategies for the adaptation of accessible digital tools and the development of practical skills in teachers were identified. The findings highlight the importance of creativity and continuous training in educational technology to overcome technological limitations and promote educational equity.

Artificial intelligence Applications in education: A Technical review

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has brought about changes in several sectors, including the education sector, where it has a significant role in developing learning outcomes, assigning educational experiences, and alleviating administrative work for teachers. AI systems, including machine learning and virtual reality, have been employed in educational practices, helping to provide innovative alternative solutions to traditional teaching and learning challenges. Despite the great opportunities presented by AI, both teachers and learners face many challenges, such as teachers’ readiness to adopt these technologies, their need for professional development, and moral concerns. This paper examines AI in education, exploring how it can improve curricula, support teachers, and enhance student outcomes. The research also highlights key barriers, including technological limitations, privacy issues, and biases in AI algorithms. Based on extensive literature reviews, the study explores new trends and research gaps, as well as guiding prospects for future research in AI-enabled education, with a great deal of attention focused on teacher training, long-term outcomes, ethical issues, and the effects of AI on student-teacher interactions in the educational environment. The Previous studies in the literature review suggest strategies to integrate AI into education effectively, helping students benefit from this technology without negatively impacting human values and the importance of personal interaction. This paper also addresses issues related to privacy and biases in AI algorithms.

Considerations for establishment of a private virtual hospital identified using an implementation science approach

Virtual hospitals are rapidly being implemented internationally. Research has predominantly focused on clinical outcomes not implementation. We aimed to identify pre-implementation determinants to enable health services to tailor virtual hospital models, increasing likelihood of suitability, acceptability, uptake, clinical effectiveness, and sustainability. We aimed to inform the design and implementation of a private Australian virtual hospital by identifying contextual barriers, enablers, and considerations. We conducted a qualitative pre-implementation determinant study using snowball sampling and semi-structured interviews (n = 37) between February and July 2023 with consumers/carers/both (n = 11), clinicians (doctors/allied health/nursing/personal carers), hospital, health service and aged care leadership (n = 22), and public health stakeholders (n=4). Deductive framework analysis based on the PERCS implementation science framework was used. The following key determinants were identified: Enablers – strong executive leadership support; enthusiasm for expanding rural and remote services; need for a clear vision; strong tension for change; commitment to high-quality healthcare. Major barrier: restrictive funding models that stifle opportunities for innovation. Other barriers: technological limitations; communication challenges; workforce issues; clinicians’ opinions varied on safety and suitability of virtual healthcare. This implementation science approach enabled identification of a broad set of determinants not previously reported, relevant locally and for an international audience. Evaluation of implementation outcomes is necessary.

Blockchain in supply chains: an unfulfilled promise

Purpose This paper investigates the influence of blockchain technology on trust and transparency within supply chain management. While existing research suggests blockchain has revolutionary potential, real-world evidence remains limited. This study aims to bridge this gap. Design/methodology/approach The research relies on transaction cost analysis and principal-agent theory to develop a conceptual model. The model proposes how blockchain fosters trust and transparency, ultimately leading to a market-based governance model within supply chains. Five different blockchain applications were analyzed in a multi-case study through document reviews and expert interviews to test the model’s assumptions. Findings The study’s findings challenge initial assumptions. The complexity of blockchain networks and a reluctance to share information among participants hinder blockchain technology’s ability to increase trust and transparency. Consequently, the expected reduction in opportunism and uncertainties is not observed, and a market-based governance model fails to materialize. In practice, supply chain partners gravitate toward permissioned blockchains managed by established consortia. Acting as trusted third parties, these consortia assume control over network management, rendering blockchain essentially unnecessary. Originality/value This paper sheds light on the practical limitations of blockchain technology in revolutionizing supply chain management. While blockchain promises much, the findings suggest that established consortia currently play a more critical role in fostering trust and transparency within supply chains.

P-463. Diversity of KSHV Subtypes in People Living with HIV in a Large Urban Center in Dallas, Texas

Abstract Background Human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), causes Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) and other KSHV-associated disease (KAD). We previously described high KSHV seroprevalence and high KS incidence in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) with HIV in Dallas, Texas. We now describe viral genetics in the same population.Table 1:Participant Characteristics Methods We analyzed samples from participants recruited in 2 different studies, one enrolling MSM with HIV with and without KAD, and the other enrolling MSM with HIV and KAD. We measured KSHV IgG in serum using a combination of ELISA and a bead-based multiplex assay. Oral fluid samples of all individuals with KAD and seropositive individuals with no KAD were analyzed by RT-PCR to detect and quantify KSHV DNA. Samples with detectable KSHV underwent Sanger and/or next generation sequencing to determine K1 subtype.Figure 1:Phylogenetic Tree of Participant Samples Results Overall, 281 participants were recruited; 59 shed enough virus for K1 subtyping. Of these, 37 did not have KAD, and 22 had KAD, all had KS. Table 1 describes the demographic characteristics of these participants. Notably, those with KS had lower median CD4 countsthan those without KS (p < 0.01). All known K1 subtypes, except for D, were identified in this cohort, including the rare E and F subtypes. The latter, which only recently had been described outside Africa was identified in 6 individuals. Four participants had mixed infections with 2 or more KSHV subtype (Figure 1). Figure 2 illustrates clinical presentations by KSHV subtype. Limitations in sequencing technology and study design permit no inferences on possible associations between KSHV subtype and KS onset or severity. We observed a larger proportion of subtypes B and F, typical of African populations, in participants with KS, than those with no KAD (8/27 subtypes detected vs 3/37). However, A and C were the most commonly identified subtypes in KS (19/27 subtypes in those with KS vs 32/37 subtypes in those without KS), including in advanced cases (i.e. T1 stage, 10/13).Figure 2:KSHV Subtypes and Clinical Presentation Conclusion In conclusion, we observed extreme diversity in KSHV genomes sequenced in a single institution in Dallas, TX. Further studies are needed to better understand the relationship between viral genetics and KSHV epidemiology and disease risk in the southern US. Disclosures Ank E. Nijhawan, MD, MPH, MSCS, Gilead Sciences: Grant/Research Support

Network model and application in wellbore wireless communication of extremely low frequency electromagnetic waves

Abstract To address the limitations of traditional wellbore communication technologies and address the shortcomings in synchronization and channel analysis of electromagnetic waves wellbore communication models, this paper proposes a novel wellbore wireless communication method using Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) electromagnetic waves. A polygonal multiple-delay complex network model for ELF electromagnetic waves propagation in wellbore and strata was established, which was divided into four subnetworks using network splitting theory: the oil tubing subnetwork, the casing subnetwork, the cement subnetwork, and the strata subnetwork. A controller was designed, successfully validating the stability of the model and achieving fast synchronization. The optimal transmitting frequency range was determined to be between 5 and 20Hz through theoretical derivation of attenuation factors and skin depth, combined with finite element simulations. Simulation results indicate that cement and casing are the primary transmission channels, followed by oil tubing and strata, with electric signals exhibiting significantly higher intensity than magnetic signals. Unlike electric signals, magnetic signals are less affected by shielding effects. Two field experiments confirmed the feasibility of using ELF electromagnetic waves for wellbore wireless communication, which can achieve a wireless communication distance of over 1600 meters without relays. This research provides a critical theoretical foundation and experimental validation for the future development of efficient wellbore wireless communication and intelligent wells.

Safe use of fluoride-containing toothpastes for caries prevention in children

Relevance. Following environmental rehabilitation efforts in Chapayevsk, Samara Region, an increase in the prevalence and severity of dental caries has been observed, particularly among preschool-aged children.Objective. To evaluate the safety of fluoride use for preventing dental caries in children.Material and methods. A survey was conducted among 124 parents of children aged 5–6 years attending preschools and 361 adolescents aged 12 and 15 years, using the WHO questionnaire (2013). Responses regarding oral hygiene habits were analyzed. Fluoride ion concentrations were measured in drinking water using the potentiometric method (GOST 4386-89 S.6), in urine according to GOST 8.563-96, and in toothpastes following GOST 7983-2016. The availability and popularity of fluoride-containing toothpastes in pharmacies and supermarkets were also assessed. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v.26 (IBM Corporation).Results. Over the past 15 years, the fluoride content in drinking water decreased from 0.78–0.91 mg/L to 0.49– 0.71 mg/L following the city’s environmental rehabilitation efforts, remaining suboptimal for caries prevention. Analysis of fluoride excretion via the kidneys indicated low overall fluoride intake from water, toothpaste, and food. A weak correlation was found between the DMFT (decayed, missing, and filled teeth) index and urinary fluoride levels (ρ = 0.35), as well as estimated systemic fluoride levels (ρ = 0.36). These results indicate low fluoride intake, eliminating concerns about toxic effects on health. An analysis of toothpaste preferences showed that the population primarily chooses fluoride-free toothpastes or those with fluoride levels below 1000 ppm. This trend is influenced by the product range available, low adherence to preventive dental care, and misinformation from online sources that often attribute negative effects to fluoridation or raise safety concerns. The actual fluoride content in toothpastes was found to be within acceptable technological limits.

Ways to Measure Metals: From ICP-MS to XRF.

This review explores the use of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) for quantifying metals and metalloids in biological matrices such as hair, nails, blood, bone, and tissue. It provides a comprehensive overview of these methodologies, detailing their technological limitations, application scopes, and practical considerations for selection in both laboratory and field settings. By examining traditional and novel aspects of each method, this review aims to guide researchers and clinical practitioners in choosing the most suitable analytical tool based on their specific needs for sensitivity, precision, speed, and sample preparation. Recent studies highlight enhanced capabilities of both ICP-MS and XRF technologies, making them more adaptable to various analytical needs. ICP-MS is renowned for its unmatched sensitivity and precision in detecting ultra-trace metals and metalloids in complex biological samples, such as lead in plasma or seawater. XRF advancements include lower detection limits and reduced sample preparation time, enabling rapid, non-destructive analyses, ideal for quick field assessments. Portable XRF analyzers have revolutionized on-the-spot testing, providing robust data without traditional wet-lab constraints. Moreover, hybrid techniques combining ICP-MS and XRF features are emerging, offering rapid and precise metal analysis for environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and epidemiological studies. Matching analytical methods to specific research demands is critical. ICP-MS is the gold standard for detailed quantitative analysis in laboratories, while XRF excels in non-destructive, immediate field applications. Selection should consider sample complexity, sensitivity, speed, and cost-efficiency. Integrating ICP-MS and XRF offers a versatile approach to metals analysis, transforming practices in environmental science and healthcare diagnostics. As these technologies evolve, they are promising to expand capabilities in detecting and understanding the roles of metals and metalloids in health and the environment.

Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring in Polytraumatized Patients: A Comprehensive Review

INTRODUCTION Advanced hemodynamic monitoring plays a crucial role in optimizing the perioperative management of polytraumatized patients, allowing for real-time assessment of cardiovascular status and guiding goal-directed therapy. Traditional monitoring methods, while widely used, have significant limitations that may hinder their effectiveness in dynamic trauma scenarios. The introduction of non-invasive technologies such as continuous non-invasive arterial pressure monitoring and impedance cardiography has improved hemodynamic assessment, providing valuable insights with reduced procedural risks. Despite these advancements, challenges remain in terms of accuracy, clinical integration, and training requirements. OBJETIVE To evaluate the efficacy and applicability of advanced hemodynamic monitoring techniques during anesthesia in polytraumatized patients, highlighting their impact on perioperative outcomes. METHODS This is a narrative review which included studies in the MEDLINE – PubMed (National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), COCHRANE, EMBASE and Google Scholar databases, using as descriptors: “Polytrauma anesthesia” AND “Advanced hemodynamic monitoring” OR “Goal-directed therapy” OR “Non-invasive cardiac output monitoring” OR “Trauma resuscitation strategies” in the last years. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results demonstrate that the application of advanced hemodynamic monitoring techniques enhances intraoperative hemodynamic stability and reduces perioperative complications by enabling individualized fluid management and early detection of deterioration. Studies indicate that dynamic indices such as stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation offer superior predictive value for fluid responsiveness compared to static parameters. However, the widespread implementation of these technologies is influenced by economic constraints, technological limitations, and the need for specialized expertise. CONCLUSION In conclusion, advanced hemodynamic monitoring significantly contributes to improving outcomes in polytraumatized patients under anesthesia by providing continuous and accurate cardiovascular data. Addressing the challenges of implementation through structured training programs and cost-benefit analyses is essential for broader clinical adoption. Future research should focus on refining these technologies to enhance their reliability and applicability across diverse trauma care settings.

Ethical perspective on telemedicine usage in sexual medicine: A friend or a foe?

AbstractTelemedicine has rapidly integrated into healthcare, overcoming initial barriers such as regulatory restrictions and technological limitations. Its role in sexual medicine, especially urology, has been accelerated by technological advances and the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, as telehealth continues to expand, key ethical challenges emerge, including concerns over privacy, healthcare equity, and informed consent. These challenges are particularly important in sexual medicine, where sensitive patient data and intimate conditions are involved. We aimed to examine the ethical implications of telemedicine in sexual medicine, focusing on data security, consent processes, and healthcare disparities. We further emphasize the importance of maintaining high ethical standards while integrating telemedicine as a complement to traditional care, ensuring that patient outcomes are not compromised.

Combining radio-telemetry and radar measurements to test optimal foraging in an aerial insectivore bird

Optimal foraging theory posits that foragers adjust their movements based on prey abundance to optimize food intake. While extensively studied in terrestrial and marine environments, aerial foraging has remained relatively unexplored due to technological limitations. This study, uniquely combining BirdScan-MR1 radar and the Advanced Tracking and Localization of Animals in Real-Life Systems biotelemetry system, investigates the foraging dynamics of Little Swifts (Apus affinis) in response to insect movements over Israel’s Hula Valley. Insect movement traffic rate (MoTR) substantially varied across days, strongly influencing swift movement. On days with high MoTR, swifts exhibited reduced flight distance, increased colony visit rate, and earlier arrivals at the breeding colony, reflecting a dynamic response to prey availability. However, no significant effects were observed in total foraging duration, flight speed, or daily route length. Notably, as insect abundance increased, inter-individual distances decreased. These findings suggest that Little Swifts optimize their foraging behavior in relation to aerial insect abundance, likely influencing reproductive success and population dynamics. The integration of radar technology and biotelemetry systems provides a unique perspective on the interactions between aerial insectivores and their prey, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of optimal foraging strategies in diverse environments.

Combining radio-telemetry and radar measurements to test optimal foraging in an aerial insectivore bird.

Optimal foraging theory posits that foragers adjust their movements based on prey abundance to optimize food intake. While extensively studied in terrestrial and marine environments, aerial foraging has remained relatively unexplored due to technological limitations. This study, uniquely combining BirdScan-MR1 radar and the Advanced Tracking and Localization of Animals in Real-Life Systems biotelemetry system, investigates the foraging dynamics of Little Swifts (Apus affinis) in response to insect movements over Israel's Hula Valley. Insect movement traffic rate (MoTR) substantially varied across days, strongly influencing swift movement. On days with high MoTR, swifts exhibited reduced flight distance, increased colony visit rate, and earlier arrivals at the breeding colony, reflecting a dynamic response to prey availability. However, no significant effects were observed in total foraging duration, flight speed, or daily route length. Notably, as insect abundance increased, inter-individual distances decreased. These findings suggest that Little Swifts optimize their foraging behavior in relation to aerial insect abundance, likely influencing reproductive success and population dynamics. The integration of radar technology and biotelemetry systems provides a unique perspective on the interactions between aerial insectivores and their prey, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of optimal foraging strategies in diverse environments.

Disaster Mitigation and Emergency Response in the School Environment

Natural disasters are a significant threat in vulnerable areas, including Indonesia which frequently experiences floods, earthquakes, and landslides. This study explores disaster mitigation and emergency response management in schools in Sembakung and Lumbis Districts, Nunukan Regency. The objectives are to understand the challenges, human resource (HR) readiness, availability of facilities and infrastructure, community participation, technology utilization, and post-disaster psychosocial support. Qualitative methods were used with in-depth interviews with school principals, teachers, and staff. The findings show limited disaster mitigation and simulation training, minimal disaster-resistant school infrastructure, and low community participation and technology limitations in remote areas. This study recommends a holistic approach to improving disaster preparedness through training, infrastructure strengthening, community participation, technology utilization, and psychosocial support. Collaboration between government, schools, and local communities is needed to create a safe and resilient educational environment in the face of disasters.