Technological Development Of Russia Research Articles

A Comment on the Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of the Russian Federation

The article discusses the text of the Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of Russia approved in early 2024. The author notes that it was prepared in accordance with the Federal Law “On Strategic Planning in the Russian Federation” of June 28, 2014, No. 172-FZ. The Strategy replaces a number of documents that have been adopted earlier. The expert community have different opinions on the preparation quality of concepts, strategies, programs and other strategic documents being approved. The reason lies in the absence of a clear system and hierarchy of strategic planning documents. In the Strategy under discussion, there is a vagueness of the used conceptual framework and some shortcomings in the analytical part of the document. In addition, the authors of the Strategy connect the issues of the development of the science and technology sector in the Russian Federation mainly with external challenges and threats and pay less attention to internal problems caused primarily by the inefficiency of the R&D management system, insufficient financing and a low proportion of private funding. It is shown that no significant changes are expected in the management system of scientific and technological development in Russia in the next decade. We can welcome the establishment of the Science and Technology Council of the Commission for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation under the Russian Government and its machinery and the introduction of the model of “qualified customer”, as well as the use of new tools: long-term fundamental academic research programs and programs of scientific and technological development of Russia. But the discussed Strategy does not pay enough attention to the issues of education and training of research and engineering personnel.

Scientific and Technological Development Strategy as a New Paradigm of Socioeconomic Modernization of Russia in the Context of Global Challenges

The article analyzes the provisions of the new Scientific and Technological Development Strategy of the Russian Federation. Attention is drawn to the reasons for changing the course of the state science and technology policy. It outlines the essence of the goals, priorities and prospects of scientific and technological development of Russia and gives an assessment of the key directions of state policy in the field of scientific and technological development, as well as mechanisms and tools for their implementation. Using analytical and formal legal methods, we consider the practice of regulating the issues related to organizing the directions of strategic scientific and technological development in Russia and reveal the systemic connections in law as well features of legal acts in the sphere of Russian public relations. The author believes that thoughtful and balanced government decisions in the development of an innovative economy might play a positive role in ensuring the national security of Russia and stabilizing the sociopolitical system of the country. In turn, the dominant ideas outlined in the Strategy are a part of the mechanism for countering existential threats towards contemporary Russia and ensure its national sovereignty in the long term.

State and Prospects of 6<sup>th</sup> Technological Mode in Russian Economy

Continuous acceleration and complication of scientific and technological development requires continuous improvement of forecasting and planning methodologies. The purpose of this article is to describe patterns of technological modes (TM) substitution and the basics of centralized and decentralized management of these processes. The article describes the structure of the 6th technological mode, justifies the selection of product positions that give an idea of its global development and the Russian development lag. Difficulties arising from the study of scientific and technological development are identified. The basics of technological statistical data collection and methodologies for plotting diffusion curves and measuring Russian development lag from leading countries in the world are presented. A study of the presence of 6th mode companies and research and development teams has shown that all technologies of the 6th mode are represented in Russia. In accordance with the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia, some recommendations for accelerating scientific and technological growth in Russia are presented. Despite the existing significant lag in scientific and technological advancement in Russia, the implementation of these recommendations, as well as similar interconnected and networked initiatives, will allow Russia to gain a competitive advantage in global scientific and technological development, with medicine playing a central role in the economy based on future nature-like technologies.

System for Assessing R&D Effectiveness as a Basis for Monitoring the Development of Scientific and Technological Sphere

The authors outline general methodology for the creation of the earlier proposed system for the assessment of R&D effectiveness as the most important element of the process of monitoring scientific and technological development of Russia (collection and analysis of information, assessment of scientific and technological results, scientific and technological forecast, R&D planning and financing) and of the strategic planning of scientific and technological sphere of the country. The attention is focused on the content of the introduced into the system characteristics of R&D results obtained in the country. Practical implementation of the system would improve the effectiveness of the domestic R&D sector, stimulate the innovative development of the country, increase the efficiency of the national economy and the quality of life. The purpose of the work is to create the most complete list of characteristics of R&D results included into the R&D assessment system. The list of such characteristics includes the initially introduced data regarding an R&D result (type, authors, year of getting the result, etc.), as well as the assessments received during a double examination: by expert scientists and leading scientific organizations in the given scientific field or educational institutions. In addition, the characteristics of scientific and technological results should include data that may be required by users of the system both being and not being subjects of scientific and technological activities: state, regional and municipal authorities; monitoring systems of intersectoral complexes, industries and organizations; R&D products’ customers. The authors also proposed possible approaches to financial support for the functioning of the system and monitoring of the effectiveness of the Russian scientific and technological development, which may become the basis for the operation of the proposed system. In solving problems the authors relied on verbal modeling approaches, while for decomposing tasks of consumers of scientific and technological activities - on methods of program-target planning.

On the issue of the strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation

The object of the research of this article is the normative legal acts of strategic planning in the field of scientific and technological development of Russia. The subject of this study is the Strategy of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in 2024. The importance of the research is determined by the fact that the experience of reforming various spheres of activity of the state and society has shown that the successful development and functioning of a particular sphere is impossible without planning, forecasting and program-oriented regulation. The author pays great attention to strategic planning issues, formulates the concept of strategy from the point of view of law, analyzes the main directions of state policy in the field of scientific and technological development of Russia; conducts a detailed comparative analysis of the Strategies of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in 2016 and 2024, identifies novelties of the Strategy of 2024; develops recommendations and proposals. The methodology of the study was compiled by the normative legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as the works of Russian scientists. The article used both general scientific and special research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the insufficient number of studies on the problems of the article. As a result of the research, the author comes to the following conclusions: The Strategy of scientific and technological development of 2024 indicates that Russian science is the basis for the sovereign development of the state and ensuring the security of the country; one of the significant changes made to the Strategy of 2024 was the provision that the key factor of scientific and technological development is the creation and development of its own the implementation of the Strategy should be aimed at correcting previous mistakes in strategic planning in order to avoid the main mistake – insufficient provision of technological sovereignty; the provisions of the Strategy should be mandatory for all entities with tools to achieve their goals; it is necessary to continue improving legislation on strategic planning and management in order to make it real a mechanism for ensuring the technological sovereignty of the state.

Аспирантура как уровень профессионального образования и система развития кадрового потенциала высшей школы

Purpose. To analyze modern trends that influence the development of the potential of graduate school in the Russian Federation, to highlight the problems of scientific and technological development of Russia that require solutions, including through the training of highly qualified scientists. Methodology: the research was carried out on the basis of a complex of general scientific and special methods, including the method of formal logic, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, and a systematic approach. Conclusions. For the development of levels of professional education, including postgraduate studies, certain signals from the education system and labor market will be important. Along with recognizing the importance of the continuity of classical education and its fundamental nature, the need to improve the model of postgraduate education should be recognized at the same time. The graduate school of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL named after O. E. Kutafin) is in transformation mode in the context of interdisciplinarity, the formation of a culture of innovation and the search for advanced legal responses to global and national challenges. Scientific and practical significance. Studying the potential of graduate school in the context of modern scientific and technological trends will make it possible to develop directions for the further development of the system for training scientific personnel and their integration with the strategic objectives of the state.

Experimental Digital Twins with Socio-Economic Artificial Environments of Forecast and Analytical Simulation Models

The technological development of Russia in recent years has been moving at an active pace due to external challenges that dictate the need to search for internal resources and poses serious challenges to the scientific community in terms of developing research potential and creating software and technological sovereignty, especially emphasizing the importance of the IT industry and long-term forecasting. Nanotechnology, which incorporates the concepts of IT, is a supra-industry technology, that is, it is the basis for achieving progress in any area of human activity. Without the use of information technology, it will be extremely difficult to achieve outstanding achievements in a dynamically changing world. There is an emerging interest in new computer modeling methods that make it possible to create experimental digital twins in the form of simulation models and can partially compensate for the incompleteness of information. Having modeled the necessary processes, it is possible to make management decisions on the construction of facilities, simulate socio-economic processes, and formulate a 10-year forecast about the demographic situation of the country. The applied modeling tools discussed in the article demonstrate the usefulness of such management tools with developed functional elements in information and analytical management structures. Soon, this trend will increase and those countries that will take leading positions in this direction will be able to create ultra-effective forecasting and analytical scenarios with various levels of detail. By using all the functionality of simulation modeling, it is possible to create truly applied instrumental complexes with a potential basis for the implementation of such solutions in the structures of systems of distributed situational centers for the future development of technological sovereignty and the introduction of fundamentally new methods of strategic forecasting in the Russian Federation.

Universities in Transition to a New Model of Technological Development

The article analyzes the attributes of emerging model of technological development in Russia, focused on ensuring technological sovereignty. In this context, we discuss new activities of leading universities aimed at ensuring technological self-sufficiency. According to the legal base, the government will be ensuring technological sovereignty due to creation of so called “own development lines”. This is a new term in the Russian science and technology policy, meaning a set of measures (projects, programs) and conditions that guarantee the creation and sustainable development of original domestic technologies and products. We show that in the forming model of technological development universities begin to perform several new functions. The first is the emergence of inter-university initiatives of leading universities, when they jointly with companies form technological programs of national scale and level. The new activity lays the foundation for the change of technology generations that should take place within 5–10 years. The second is the transition of leading universities to participation, jointly with companies, in technology development at later stages of innovation circle. In addition, a number of universities have started to set up pilot production facilities. These facilities make it possible to test new technologies and products and simultaneously they become a source of additional income for further research and development. However, the potential of inter-university initiatives and of pilot production facilities are not yet considered at the state level as strategic directions of university development. Governmental measures are aimed at strengthening only traditional areas of university activity.

Организация обучения русскому языку как иностранному в школах Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки на основе российского учебно-методического онлайн-комплекса как стратегия экспорта образования

The aim of the research is to substantiate the high relevance of expanding pre-university Russian language education programs abroad to increase the level of Russian higher education export in terms of boosting demand among young people from Asia, Africa and Latin America. The paper examines the current picture of pre-university forms of Russian teaching abroad and determines the most effective form; investigates the existing conditions for the implementation of this form in Asia, Africa and Latin America and identifies the type of Russian methodological support necessary for its scaling. The scientific novelty of the research lies in defining one of the key conditions for the successful expansion of pre-university Russian language teaching programs abroad that consists in the organization of teaching the subject “Russian language” in foreign schools through the implementation of digital methodological support in the form of a Russian online training package to assist countries that do not have long-term experience in the implementation of Russian as a foreign language training programs. As a result of the research, the prospects of promoting the inclusion of the subject “Russian language” in the programs of foreign schools as a second foreign language in Asia, Africa and Latin America have been substantiated, as this form of education contributes to the effective organization of pre-university Russian language learning and the creation of positive ideas about the scientific and technological development of Russia among schoolchildren, forming their motivation and communication competencies for admission and successful study in Russian universities.

Digital transformation of industrial enterprises innovative activities management system

The implementation of the Concept of Scientific and Technological Development of Russia until 2030 involves a radical transformation of the usual way of modern business. First of all, it focuses on eliminating the gap in the pace of innovative economic growth of the domestic industrial structure from the world leaders through the use of digital and new information technologies, increasing the efficiency of the growth of economic processes and business models. The purpose of the scientific article is to study the possibilities of digitalization of the innovation management system and develop scientific and practical recommendations for the introduction of new technologies in Russian industrial enterprises. In the process of achieving this goal, the methods of statistical, portfolio, structural analysis and synthesis, generalization, analogy, system analysis were used. Based on the results of the analysis carried out by the author, recommendations were made to improve the efficiency of the system for managing the innovation activity of industrial enterprises. Scientific conclusions and proposals are of high importance for the development of theoretical and methodological provisions of innovation management and acceleration of economic and innovative growth of the Russian economy. Thus, scientific and practical recommendations and conclusions formed in the work can act as a methodological and information base for the management of enterprises in the implementation of a set of actions to ensure effective management of innovation activities and improve the methodological tools of innovation management using modern digital technologies.

Scientific Libraries as a Resource for the Scientific and Technological Development of Russia

The journal "Proceedings of SPSTL SB RAS" is a keycommunication platform for discussing actual topical issues related to the activities of scientific libraries and information centers that provide information and methodological support to scientists and specialists. These issues are actively discussed at library forums and conferences, including the annual conferences of the Russian Library Association (RLA). It is a brief report on the meeting of the Section of Special Scientific, Scientific-Technical, Research and Technical Libraries of the Russian Library Association (section 35), which took place at the XXVII Annual Conference of RLA (Murmansk, June 11–17, 2023).

Goodbye to Dependent Policy of Scientific and Technological Development. Review of the monography “On the Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development of Russia”

The article presents a detailed review of the collective monograph "On the Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development of Russia", including reports by the leaders of the team of authors and speeches by participants in the discussion of the book. Part of the monograph is devoted to the analysis of global trends in scientific, technological and innovative development, private financing of research and development, digitalization of the economy and public life. The monograph analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Russian scientific and technological complex and assesses its place in the world. The review emphasizes that the authors of the monograph critically assess the state of the Russian scientific and technological complex, consider it working for external systems and justify the need to abandon the existing scientific and technological policy in favor of a nationally oriented one. The monograph proposes measures to change all components of the management system in the scientific and technological sphere, which requires the development of a Strategy for the technological modernization of the Russian economy based on new principles, taking into account various factors, the reconstruction of a management body similar to the State Committee for Science and Technology, and the reformatting of the now "open" innovation system. The authors of the monograph propose a solution to the problem of scientific and technological forecasting, using domestic and international foresight experience. The approaches and solutions proposed in the monograph were fundamentally supported by the participants in the discussion of the monograph, since they express the deepest sentiments of the predominant part of the Russian scientific community and, undoubtedly, deserve the most careful further critical discussion and constructive study.

Organizational and Legal Mechanisms for Integrating a «One-Time» Type of Dissertation Council into the State System of Scientific Certification in the context of Implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia

The paper analyzes the experience of organizations that have the right to independently award academic degrees as to the issues of regulating the types of dissertation councils. The author provides examples of organizations that regulate the functioning of councils for the defense of individual dissertations for scientific degrees. The characteristic features of «one-time» dissertation councils are highlighted. The positive and negative aspects of the introduction of a «one-time» type of dissertation council into the state system of scientific certification are considered. The author proposes possible options for the normative fixing of individual mechanisms as to the functioning of the «one-time» type of dissertation council, as well as measures of responsibility for conducting an unfair dissertation defense. It is concluded that the integration of this type of dissertation council into the system of scientific certification will contribute to the achievement of the goal of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. This will also make it possible to solve a number of tasks facing the state amid great challenges, such as ensuring the formation of Russia’s leadership in scientific and technological sphere and overcoming the concentration of research potential in certain regions of the country.

РАЗВИТИЕ ОБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ РОССИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ, УСЛОВИЯ, ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ

The article examines the Russian manufacturing industry as one of the most important types of economic activity, ensuring the growth of the domestic economy. The characteristics of the “Consolidated strategy for the development of the manufacturing industry of the Russian Federation until 2030 and for the period until 2035” developed by the Government of the Russian Federation are presented; an analysis of the indicators for the development of the manufacturing industry included in the Consolidated strategy is carried out. Attention is paid to the indicators of technological development in Russia for the period 2015-2022, its features and problems are identified. Attention is paid to the conditions that contribute to achieving the goals of development of the manufacturing industry and increasing the efficiency of the real sector of the Russian economy.

Spatial Modelling of the Impact of R&D Potential on the Dynamics of Scientific and Technological Development of Russian Regions

The study of the scientific and technological development of Russia's regions is important for several reasons. Firstly, the development of advanced production technologies is crucial for enhancing the competitiveness of Russian industry and ensuring the country's technological sovereignty. Secondly, analyzing the impact of science expenditures, the number of researchers and the number of organizations on the development of advanced technologies will help to identify the factors that either promote or hinder scientific and technological progress in different regions. This, in turn, can serve as the basis for developing proposals to update the Strategy of Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation, as well as the development strategies of federal districts and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of the dynamics of the regions' R&D potential on the dynamics of advanced production technologies developed within those regions using spatial modelling methods. The following hypothesis has been proposed - increasing budget expenditures on science and technology has a positive impact on the development of advanced manufacturing technologies in Russian regions. The novelty of the methodological approach lies in the use of spatial modelling methods applying several spatial weight matrices. In the course of the study, it was confirmed that the dynamics of the newly developed advanced production technologies is positively influenced by the engineering and technical personnel based in the neighboring regions who are engaged in research and development, as well as by the financial resources allocated to scientific organizations of the surrounding regions to conduct fundamental research. According to Durbin's model, the number of R&D organizations operating in the surrounding regions and the amount of funding allocated for applied research and development have a negative impact on the dynamics of developed advanced technologies. The theoretical significance of the study lies in the identification of factors affecting the creation of domestic advanced manufacturing technologies. The practical significance lies in the possibility of using these results to form strategies to promote scientific and technological development of the regions of the Russian Federation under modern conditions.

Precision technologies in pig farming

The transition to digital, intelligent production technologies and robot-based systems is one of the priorities of the scientific and technological development of Russia. The extensive use of information technology and electronic automated systems is the basis of an intelligent manufacturing execution system that replaces a person, especially for objective and precise control over the quantity and quality of feed given to animals. Modern genetics has achieved a substantial increase in the number of piglets per litter, which does not allow a sow to fully meet their biological needs with her own milk. To preserve the health and high performance of all piglets born, effective and economically feasible methods and technologies are needed. The objective of the research was to analyze the efficiency of applying the components of precision pig farming in piglet feeding when using the feeding systems for suckling piglets CulinaCup and CulinaFlexpro. Their application has a positive effect on the growth and survival rate of suckling piglets due to proper and timely feeding. The systems meet all sanitary and hygienic standards and ensure efficient raising of piglets in large litters.

The Problems of Fulfilling Human Potential in the Field of Scientific Research: Global Challenges and Russian Realities

The article shows that the problems of realizing human potential in the field of science are caused not only by anti-Russian sanctions aimed at undermining the economy and creating barriers to global scientific cooperation and technological development of Russia. They arose long before the Ukrainian crisis and were determined by the economic model, according to which Russia in the global economy was assigned the role of a supplier of raw materials while slowing down the development of science and technology and underfunding socially important industries. It is concluded that in the context of unrelenting sanctions pressure it is necessary not only to prioritize the development of science as a prerequisite for ensuring technological sovereignty, in response to global challenges, but also to create opportunities for the concentration of financial resources for the fulfillment of human potential adequate to these challenges.

К вопросу о роли местного самоуправления в научно-технологическом развитии России: нормативно-правовые аспекты

К вопросу о роли местного самоуправления в научно-технологическом развитии России: нормативно-правовые аспекты

НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТЬ ХАРАКТЕРА ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ИНТЕГРИРОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ В РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The article discusses the preferential and negative effects of integrating innovative solutions in various sectors of management. Positive and negative trends in a number of key innovative areas of economic activity are highlighted. The main “pain points” of the results of the application of innovations are identified, the toxic dependencies of the use of innovative solutions in the technological, social, economic and environmental sectors are characterized. The emphasis is placed on the need for detailed research in the field of the negative impact of the introduction of innovative products into production and life processes of the population. Guidelines are formulated to minimize damage from adverse consequences in accordance with the strategy of scientific and technological development of Russia, including regulatory, socio-economic, financial, industrial and environmental regulation.

Strategic documents in the sphere of scientific and technological development in Russia and the OECD member countries: global trends in public policy

This paper examines the features of strategic documents in the fi eld of scientific and technological development in Russia and the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The methodology of the research included a comparative and logical-linguistic analysis of the texts of strategies and state programs for scientific and technological development of 38 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Three types of issues found in the documents were identified: core issues, which are on the agenda of each state, variant issues, characteristic of strategic documents of several countries, and specifi c issues, characteristic of one country. The paper aims to identify the constants in states’ approaches to supporting science and technology, which together allow us to adequately evaluate global trends in this area, and to identify groups of variant and specific measures. Variative measures will indicate different stages of scientific and technological development of the countries. The presence of specifi c topics will be determined by specific economic, geographic and foreign policy factors. The hypothesis is that the application of this author’s methodology will make it possible to identify global measures to support science and technology as a certain consensus of public policy on a global scale. Identifi cation of core, variant and specifi c issues will give an opportunity to reasonably assess the potential of the country’s S&T policy and formulate recommendations for its improvement. The authors formulate proposals for improving the Strategy for Scientifi c and Technological Development of Russia for the period up to 2035 and the state program ‘Scientifi c and Technological Development of the Russian Federation’ for the period up to 2030. The results of the study can be used to improve strategic documents in the fi eld of scientifi c and technological development in Russia in order to increase the competitiveness of the domestic national innovation system.