Technological Development Of Russia Research Articles

State and Prospects of 6<sup>th</sup> Technological Mode in Russian Economy

Continuous acceleration and complication of scientific and technological development requires continuous improvement of forecasting and planning methodologies. The purpose of this article is to describe patterns of technological modes (TM) substitution and the basics of centralized and decentralized management of these processes. The article describes the structure of the 6th technological mode, justifies the selection of product positions that give an idea of its global development and the Russian development lag. Difficulties arising from the study of scientific and technological development are identified. The basics of technological statistical data collection and methodologies for plotting diffusion curves and measuring Russian development lag from leading countries in the world are presented. A study of the presence of 6th mode companies and research and development teams has shown that all technologies of the 6th mode are represented in Russia. In accordance with the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia, some recommendations for accelerating scientific and technological growth in Russia are presented. Despite the existing significant lag in scientific and technological advancement in Russia, the implementation of these recommendations, as well as similar interconnected and networked initiatives, will allow Russia to gain a competitive advantage in global scientific and technological development, with medicine playing a central role in the economy based on future nature-like technologies.

State and Prospects of 6<sup>th</sup> Technological Mode in Russian Economy

Continuous acceleration and complication of scientific and technological development requires continuous improvement of forecasting and planning methodologies. The purpose of this article is to describe patterns of technological modes (TM) substitution and the basics of centralized and decentralized management of these processes. The article describes the structure of the 6th technological mode, justifies the selection of product positions that give an idea of its global development and the Russian development lag. Difficulties arising from the study of scientific and technological development are identified. The basics of technological statistical data collection and methodologies for plotting diffusion curves and measuring Russian development lag from leading countries in the world are presented. A study of the presence of 6th mode companies and research and development teams has shown that all technologies of the 6th mode are represented in Russia. In accordance with the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia, some recommendations for accelerating scientific and technological growth in Russia are presented. Despite the existing significant lag in scientific and technological advancement in Russia, the implementation of these recommendations, as well as similar interconnected and networked initiatives, will allow Russia to gain a competitive advantage in global scientific and technological development, with medicine playing a central role in the economy based on future nature-like technologies.

Аспирантура как уровень профессионального образования и система развития кадрового потенциала высшей школы

Purpose. To analyze modern trends that influence the development of the potential of graduate school in the Russian Federation, to highlight the problems of scientific and technological development of Russia that require solutions, including through the training of highly qualified scientists. Methodology: the research was carried out on the basis of a complex of general scientific and special methods, including the method of formal logic, including analysis, synthesis, comparison, and a systematic approach. Conclusions. For the development of levels of professional education, including postgraduate studies, certain signals from the education system and labor market will be important. Along with recognizing the importance of the continuity of classical education and its fundamental nature, the need to improve the model of postgraduate education should be recognized at the same time. The graduate school of the O. E. Kutafin University (MSAL named after O. E. Kutafin) is in transformation mode in the context of interdisciplinarity, the formation of a culture of innovation and the search for advanced legal responses to global and national challenges. Scientific and practical significance. Studying the potential of graduate school in the context of modern scientific and technological trends will make it possible to develop directions for the further development of the system for training scientific personnel and their integration with the strategic objectives of the state.

Experimental Digital Twins with Socio-Economic Artificial Environments of Forecast and Analytical Simulation Models

The technological development of Russia in recent years has been moving at an active pace due to external challenges that dictate the need to search for internal resources and poses serious challenges to the scientific community in terms of developing research potential and creating software and technological sovereignty, especially emphasizing the importance of the IT industry and long-term forecasting. Nanotechnology, which incorporates the concepts of IT, is a supra-industry technology, that is, it is the basis for achieving progress in any area of human activity. Without the use of information technology, it will be extremely difficult to achieve outstanding achievements in a dynamically changing world. There is an emerging interest in new computer modeling methods that make it possible to create experimental digital twins in the form of simulation models and can partially compensate for the incompleteness of information. Having modeled the necessary processes, it is possible to make management decisions on the construction of facilities, simulate socio-economic processes, and formulate a 10-year forecast about the demographic situation of the country. The applied modeling tools discussed in the article demonstrate the usefulness of such management tools with developed functional elements in information and analytical management structures. Soon, this trend will increase and those countries that will take leading positions in this direction will be able to create ultra-effective forecasting and analytical scenarios with various levels of detail. By using all the functionality of simulation modeling, it is possible to create truly applied instrumental complexes with a potential basis for the implementation of such solutions in the structures of systems of distributed situational centers for the future development of technological sovereignty and the introduction of fundamentally new methods of strategic forecasting in the Russian Federation.

Universities in Transition to a New Model of Technological Development

The article analyzes the attributes of emerging model of technological development in Russia, focused on ensuring technological sovereignty. In this context, we discuss new activities of leading universities aimed at ensuring technological self-sufficiency. According to the legal base, the government will be ensuring technological sovereignty due to creation of so called “own development lines”. This is a new term in the Russian science and technology policy, meaning a set of measures (projects, programs) and conditions that guarantee the creation and sustainable development of original domestic technologies and products. We show that in the forming model of technological development universities begin to perform several new functions. The first is the emergence of inter-university initiatives of leading universities, when they jointly with companies form technological programs of national scale and level. The new activity lays the foundation for the change of technology generations that should take place within 5–10 years. The second is the transition of leading universities to participation, jointly with companies, in technology development at later stages of innovation circle. In addition, a number of universities have started to set up pilot production facilities. These facilities make it possible to test new technologies and products and simultaneously they become a source of additional income for further research and development. However, the potential of inter-university initiatives and of pilot production facilities are not yet considered at the state level as strategic directions of university development. Governmental measures are aimed at strengthening only traditional areas of university activity.

Организация обучения русскому языку как иностранному в школах Азии, Африки и Латинской Америки на основе российского учебно-методического онлайн-комплекса как стратегия экспорта образования

The aim of the research is to substantiate the high relevance of expanding pre-university Russian language education programs abroad to increase the level of Russian higher education export in terms of boosting demand among young people from Asia, Africa and Latin America. The paper examines the current picture of pre-university forms of Russian teaching abroad and determines the most effective form; investigates the existing conditions for the implementation of this form in Asia, Africa and Latin America and identifies the type of Russian methodological support necessary for its scaling. The scientific novelty of the research lies in defining one of the key conditions for the successful expansion of pre-university Russian language teaching programs abroad that consists in the organization of teaching the subject “Russian language” in foreign schools through the implementation of digital methodological support in the form of a Russian online training package to assist countries that do not have long-term experience in the implementation of Russian as a foreign language training programs. As a result of the research, the prospects of promoting the inclusion of the subject “Russian language” in the programs of foreign schools as a second foreign language in Asia, Africa and Latin America have been substantiated, as this form of education contributes to the effective organization of pre-university Russian language learning and the creation of positive ideas about the scientific and technological development of Russia among schoolchildren, forming their motivation and communication competencies for admission and successful study in Russian universities.

Scientific Libraries as a Resource for the Scientific and Technological Development of Russia

The journal "Proceedings of SPSTL SB RAS" is a keycommunication platform for discussing actual topical issues related to the activities of scientific libraries and information centers that provide information and methodological support to scientists and specialists. These issues are actively discussed at library forums and conferences, including the annual conferences of the Russian Library Association (RLA). It is a brief report on the meeting of the Section of Special Scientific, Scientific-Technical, Research and Technical Libraries of the Russian Library Association (section 35), which took place at the XXVII Annual Conference of RLA (Murmansk, June 11–17, 2023).

Goodbye to Dependent Policy of Scientific and Technological Development. Review of the monography “On the Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development of Russia”

The article presents a detailed review of the collective monograph "On the Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development of Russia", including reports by the leaders of the team of authors and speeches by participants in the discussion of the book. Part of the monograph is devoted to the analysis of global trends in scientific, technological and innovative development, private financing of research and development, digitalization of the economy and public life. The monograph analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the Russian scientific and technological complex and assesses its place in the world. The review emphasizes that the authors of the monograph critically assess the state of the Russian scientific and technological complex, consider it working for external systems and justify the need to abandon the existing scientific and technological policy in favor of a nationally oriented one. The monograph proposes measures to change all components of the management system in the scientific and technological sphere, which requires the development of a Strategy for the technological modernization of the Russian economy based on new principles, taking into account various factors, the reconstruction of a management body similar to the State Committee for Science and Technology, and the reformatting of the now "open" innovation system. The authors of the monograph propose a solution to the problem of scientific and technological forecasting, using domestic and international foresight experience. The approaches and solutions proposed in the monograph were fundamentally supported by the participants in the discussion of the monograph, since they express the deepest sentiments of the predominant part of the Russian scientific community and, undoubtedly, deserve the most careful further critical discussion and constructive study.

Organizational and Legal Mechanisms for Integrating a «One-Time» Type of Dissertation Council into the State System of Scientific Certification in the context of Implementation of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of Russia

The paper analyzes the experience of organizations that have the right to independently award academic degrees as to the issues of regulating the types of dissertation councils. The author provides examples of organizations that regulate the functioning of councils for the defense of individual dissertations for scientific degrees. The characteristic features of «one-time» dissertation councils are highlighted. The positive and negative aspects of the introduction of a «one-time» type of dissertation council into the state system of scientific certification are considered. The author proposes possible options for the normative fixing of individual mechanisms as to the functioning of the «one-time» type of dissertation council, as well as measures of responsibility for conducting an unfair dissertation defense. It is concluded that the integration of this type of dissertation council into the system of scientific certification will contribute to the achievement of the goal of the Strategy for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation. This will also make it possible to solve a number of tasks facing the state amid great challenges, such as ensuring the formation of Russia’s leadership in scientific and technological sphere and overcoming the concentration of research potential in certain regions of the country.

РАЗВИТИЕ ОБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ РОССИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ, УСЛОВИЯ, ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ

The article examines the Russian manufacturing industry as one of the most important types of economic activity, ensuring the growth of the domestic economy. The characteristics of the “Consolidated strategy for the development of the manufacturing industry of the Russian Federation until 2030 and for the period until 2035” developed by the Government of the Russian Federation are presented; an analysis of the indicators for the development of the manufacturing industry included in the Consolidated strategy is carried out. Attention is paid to the indicators of technological development in Russia for the period 2015-2022, its features and problems are identified. Attention is paid to the conditions that contribute to achieving the goals of development of the manufacturing industry and increasing the efficiency of the real sector of the Russian economy.

Precision technologies in pig farming

The transition to digital, intelligent production technologies and robot-based systems is one of the priorities of the scientific and technological development of Russia. The extensive use of information technology and electronic automated systems is the basis of an intelligent manufacturing execution system that replaces a person, especially for objective and precise control over the quantity and quality of feed given to animals. Modern genetics has achieved a substantial increase in the number of piglets per litter, which does not allow a sow to fully meet their biological needs with her own milk. To preserve the health and high performance of all piglets born, effective and economically feasible methods and technologies are needed. The objective of the research was to analyze the efficiency of applying the components of precision pig farming in piglet feeding when using the feeding systems for suckling piglets CulinaCup and CulinaFlexpro. Their application has a positive effect on the growth and survival rate of suckling piglets due to proper and timely feeding. The systems meet all sanitary and hygienic standards and ensure efficient raising of piglets in large litters.

The Problems of Fulfilling Human Potential in the Field of Scientific Research: Global Challenges and Russian Realities

The article shows that the problems of realizing human potential in the field of science are caused not only by anti-Russian sanctions aimed at undermining the economy and creating barriers to global scientific cooperation and technological development of Russia. They arose long before the Ukrainian crisis and were determined by the economic model, according to which Russia in the global economy was assigned the role of a supplier of raw materials while slowing down the development of science and technology and underfunding socially important industries. It is concluded that in the context of unrelenting sanctions pressure it is necessary not only to prioritize the development of science as a prerequisite for ensuring technological sovereignty, in response to global challenges, but also to create opportunities for the concentration of financial resources for the fulfillment of human potential adequate to these challenges.

К вопросу о роли местного самоуправления в научно-технологическом развитии России: нормативно-правовые аспекты

К вопросу о роли местного самоуправления в научно-технологическом развитии России: нормативно-правовые аспекты

НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТЬ ХАРАКТЕРА ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ ИНТЕГРИРОВАНИЯ ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ В РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ СЕКТОРА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ

The article discusses the preferential and negative effects of integrating innovative solutions in various sectors of management. Positive and negative trends in a number of key innovative areas of economic activity are highlighted. The main “pain points” of the results of the application of innovations are identified, the toxic dependencies of the use of innovative solutions in the technological, social, economic and environmental sectors are characterized. The emphasis is placed on the need for detailed research in the field of the negative impact of the introduction of innovative products into production and life processes of the population. Guidelines are formulated to minimize damage from adverse consequences in accordance with the strategy of scientific and technological development of Russia, including regulatory, socio-economic, financial, industrial and environmental regulation.

Strategic documents in the sphere of scientific and technological development in Russia and the OECD member countries: global trends in public policy

This paper examines the features of strategic documents in the fi eld of scientific and technological development in Russia and the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The methodology of the research included a comparative and logical-linguistic analysis of the texts of strategies and state programs for scientific and technological development of 38 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Three types of issues found in the documents were identified: core issues, which are on the agenda of each state, variant issues, characteristic of strategic documents of several countries, and specifi c issues, characteristic of one country. The paper aims to identify the constants in states’ approaches to supporting science and technology, which together allow us to adequately evaluate global trends in this area, and to identify groups of variant and specific measures. Variative measures will indicate different stages of scientific and technological development of the countries. The presence of specifi c topics will be determined by specific economic, geographic and foreign policy factors. The hypothesis is that the application of this author’s methodology will make it possible to identify global measures to support science and technology as a certain consensus of public policy on a global scale. Identifi cation of core, variant and specifi c issues will give an opportunity to reasonably assess the potential of the country’s S&T policy and formulate recommendations for its improvement. The authors formulate proposals for improving the Strategy for Scientifi c and Technological Development of Russia for the period up to 2035 and the state program ‘Scientifi c and Technological Development of the Russian Federation’ for the period up to 2030. The results of the study can be used to improve strategic documents in the fi eld of scientifi c and technological development in Russia in order to increase the competitiveness of the domestic national innovation system.

ОБНОВЛЕНИЕ ПРИБОРНОГО ПАРКА НАУЧНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ РОССИИ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И РЕШЕНИЯ

The conditions for achieving the objectives of the scientific and technological development of Russia are determined. A brief analysis of organizations conducting research and development has been carried out. Based on the data of state statistics, an analysis was made of the trends in the development of the instrumentation of scientific organizations engaged in research and development in 2017—2020. The problems arising during the implementation of equipment upgrade tasks in the conditions of economic sanctions are stated. Possible solutions to these problems are proposed. It is noted that the restoration of domestic scientific instrumentation is one of the main conditions for updating the research equipment of scientific organizations.

Towards a New Science and Technology Policy

The upcoming stage of scientific and technological development of Russia will make significant adjustments to the scientific and technological policy (STP), associated with a sharp break in international cooperation and restrictions on the supply of new technologies, equipment and goods to the country. Under such conditions, the principles and methods for the formation and implementation of the STP must undergo fundamental changes, up to its radical transformation. There is a need for a serious reassessment of the entire complex ofSTP management, along with the formation of a new system of STP priorities. It is expedient to form a system of such priorities both from below – from the side of the scientific community, and from above – from the side of government bodies. The STP funding system should also undergo significant changes: it is expedient to keep project funding, but budgetary scientific funds should have their own strategy and performance indicators, based on which the next year’s budget will be formed. It is equally important to provide appropriate information support for the revision of the STP, including a serious revision of the list of paper and electronic journals included in the VAK, with the exclusion of all publications with paid publication fromit. It is expedient to develop international cooperation only on an equal basis with potentially promising and politically adequate partners.

The Role of Federal Research Centers in Implementing the Strategic Priorities of Scientific and Technological Development of Russia

The image of Russian science will change with the adoption of the new state program: Scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation. This paper discusses the reasons for such a significant transformation of science, and defines the tasks of federal research centers in the new system. Three federal centers of the European North of Russia were chosen as the objects of the study including Karelian, Kola and Komi Federal Research Centers. The paper briefly describes the history of the creation of a regional network of scientific organizations and their tasks. It also gives some examples of successful complex interdisciplinary cooperation between these three scientific organizations during the Soviet period. The attention is focused on the challenges facing the scientific organizations at present and the tools proposed for solving these. The tools primarily include a project approach and mechanisms for organizing complex interdisciplinary research, such as federal scientific and technical programs, integrated research programs, scientific educational centers at the international level, and the strategic academic leadership program Priority-2030. These aim to concentrate the efforts of researchers on the priority tasks of developing science and the most important sectors of the country’s economy. Federal research centers have a number of advantages over ordinary scientific organizations when science begins to concentrate in large ‘regions of knowledge’. Due to redistribution of internal reserves, they can initiate new research trends, points of growth, and joint research within the framework of integration projects.
 Keywords: federal research centers, project management, grand challenges, networking tools

Institutional Features Of The Russian Market Of Foreign Labour (In The Context Of Modern Challenges)

One of the consequences of the covid-19 pandemic was the contraction of the labor markets in developed host countries, and the sanctions pressure of the EU countries on Russia, in retaliation for her policy in Ukraine, radically changed the structure of the Russian labor market. The paper proposes a system for analyzing the signs and conditions that determine the institutional features of the use of foreign labor within the national labor market of Russia and developed European countries. The estimates made it possible to state a high frequency of competitive intersections of national personnel and migrants in the Russian labor market, which, together with preferences for cheap labor, is a hindrance to the innovative development of the economy. The development of a methodology for assessing the boundaries of the market of foreign labor will allow to make adjustments to the migration policy and technological development in Russia

СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СТРАТЕГИИ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ОБЛАСТИ ПРИОРИТЕТА "А"

The article presents the results of research on the current state and prospects for the development of the scientific and innovative complex of the Russian Federation in the field of new technologies corresponding to the priority direction of scientific and technological development «Priority A» of the Strategy for scientific and technological development. The results of a comparative analysis of the levels of scientific and technological development of Russia and the leading countries of the world are presented. The study is based on the results of the monitoring and semantic analysis of publication activity in the priority area of scientific and technological development within the selected segments of the global and Russian markets, as well as assessments of the level of readiness of key technologies, taking into account their contribution to the development of promising Russian markets.