Technology Demonstration Research Articles

효율적인 탄소저감을 위한 CCUS와 배출권거래제와의 관계 구축에 대한 연구

This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20214710100040,CCUS 법률안 정비 및 수용성을 포함한 제도적 기반 구축). Many problems are appearing due to climate disasters or global warming. Therefore, many countries are moving towards ‘net zero’ policy by setting greenhouse gas reduction targets. Korea is also responding to the climate crisis by enacting the Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Framework Act (so called the Carbon Neutral Framework Act). Korea, like other countries, recognizes that CCUS technology is indispensable to achieve ‘zero carbon’ by 2050. Therefore, in Article 34 of the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality, there was a provision on the promotion of carbon capture, use and storage technology to prepare policies to support the development of “carbon capture, use, and storage technology.” Special regulations for the demonstration of technology are to be separately stipulated by law. In order to apply CCUS technology, the CCUS single bill is being revised. Meanwhile, in Korea, the “Act on Allocation and Trade of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits” is in effect. However, in the EU Emissions Trading Act, which implemented the emission trading system earlier than Korea, and the EU CCS Directive was enacted in 2009 and the EU Emissions Trading Directive was also revised. According to the amendments, the EU ETS provides the important incentive for CCS, and according to the EU legal framework, CO2 captured and safely stored is considered “not released” by the ETS. In addition, the 2018 Directive (EU) 2018/410, which amended 2003/87/EC, made amendments in relation to CCUS. That is, the 325 million allowance in quantities that can be allocated free of charge and 75 million allowances in quantities that can be auctioned under Article 10 can be used to support innovation in low-carbon technologies and processes. contributing to environmentally safe carbon capture and utilization (“CCUS”). Based on the lessons learned from the EU's Emissions Trading Act, we investigated what regulations should be stipulated in the Emissions Trading Act when Korea enacts the single CCUS Act. In addition, the CCUS Act suggested what contents should be stipulated to reflect the emission trading system. This work was supported by the Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning(KETEP) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (20214710100040,CCUS 법률안 정비 및 수용성을 포함한 제도적 기반 구축). Many problems are appearing due to climate disasters or global warming. Therefore, many countries are moving towards ‘net zero’ policy by setting greenhouse gas reduction targets. Korea is also responding to the climate crisis by enacting the Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Framework Act (so called the Carbon Neutral Framework Act). Korea, like other countries, recognizes that CCUS technology is indispensable to achieve ‘zero carbon’ by 2050. Therefore, in Article 34 of the Framework Act on Carbon Neutrality, there was a provision on the promotion of carbon capture, use and storage technology to prepare policies to support the development of “carbon capture, use, and storage technology.” Special regulations for the demonstration of technology are to be separately stipulated by law. In order to apply CCUS technology, the CCUS single bill is being revised. Meanwhile, in Korea, the “Act on Allocation and Trade of Greenhouse Gas Emission Permits” is in effect. However, in the EU Emissions Trading Act, which implemented the emission trading system earlier than Korea, and the EU CCS Directive was enacted in 2009 and the EU Emissions Trading Directive was also revised. According to the amendments, the EU ETS provides the important incentive for CCS, and according to the EU legal framework, CO2 capt

Disrupting the traditional academic development model: Technology Demonstrators

Technology Demonstrators (TechDems) is an initiative at UniSQ for collective oversight of educational technology use in learning and teaching. It is an evolving Community of Practice (CoP) inspired by the work of Treyner-Wenger (2015) on groups of­ people who engage in a process of collective learning. Generating excitement around new ideas including technologies is not hard but sustaining interest and supporting skill development and appropriate edtech purchases that lead to shifting current practice is a challenge. TechDems addresses the challenge of changemaking by providing the means for interaction, sharing and collaboration. TechDems aligns with the theory and practice of Connectivism and Collaborativism. As such it is disruptive by not providing a ‘sit and get’ approach to academic development but encouraging ongoing participation and contribution. With regards to Connectivism Siemens (2005) states, “The pipe is more important than the content in the pipe” implying that learning and knowledge are contextual and new information is constantly being acquired through technology-infused networked participation and connected practices. Other influences include Collaborativism (Harasim, 2017) ??that builds on constructivist learning theory and the use of the internet for collaborative knowledge creation, and Learning Collaboratives (Lindsay, 2016) that foster confidence and autonomy, extended local and global communities and collaboration that leads to co-creation. Aligned with CoP ideals, Learning Collaboratives disrupt expectations around how we learn and how we affect change within learning and teaching which is not in isolation. Underlying the purpose and activity of TechDems is the recognition that it is imperative to explore and discover innovative ways to facilitate leading edge, digitally-infused teaching through what we call the four pillars: technology, pedagogy, research and evaluation. TechDems is unique in that it provides a hub for all participants and encourages distributed and socially constructed, individual and group driven, learning systems prioritising transparency, sharing, and collaboration when learning virtually and with technology. By flipping traditional models and focusing on needs that are user driven, TechDem Learning and Teaching Quality Partners work relationally with academics on a range of activities. Piloting and evaluating new educational technologies, such as Engageli, allows participants to work collaboratively whilst learning the new platform and creating socially embedded decisions with regards to how and if the tool will be adopted. Hosting internationally blended events, such as a hybrid learning workshop with German university JLU-Giessen, demonstrates how learning technologies can be used to create global learning, networks, and understandings. SIGS, such as the Student Engagement SIG, or the Student Portfolio SIG are participant led allowing members to share their passions, projects, and frustrations. In addition, TechDems promotes ‘Champions’ as leaders within the academic environment; hosts academic ‘ThinkPiece’ video vignettes of shared practice; collaborates with diverse stakeholder such as ICT, Schools, and other stakeholders; and provides a regular newsletter and dynamic website for enhanced communication and access to learning artefacts. In each of these examples from TechDem practice, the traditional linear model of professional learning is disrupted to enhance collectivism and collaborativism. As evidence of best practice TechDems are driving change through a focus on the needs of stakeholders in conjunction with institutional strategies for student success. The approach provides three key opportunities for change: connection to ‘experts’; opportunities to share practice and learning; and, increases in the use of pedagogically appropriate technologies for learning. Others can learn from and emulate the range and scope of ongoing projects and CoP activities. Feedback from participants in the program continue to indicate positive impacts on their teaching and learning, as a result the TechDems are initiating ongoing research into the effectiveness of edtech tools and associated pedagogies in learning.

Long Range Optical Distance Sensors for Liquid Metal Free Surface Detection

For the demonstration of fusion power plant technology, DEMO dedicated materials are necessary to cope with the harsh environment of high energy neutrons. For this purpose, the international neutron irradiation facility for fusion materials IFMIF/DEMO Oriented Neutron Source (DONES) is planned to be built in Granda, Spain. In the DONES facility, a deuteron beam hitting the lithium target produces a high energy neutron flux. Due to the high-power density, the windowless target is a free surface liquid lithium flow in a duct with a concave backplate. In order to keep the heat released by the beam within the liquid lithium and to avoid its intrusion in the backplate, a stable configuration of the free surface flow with a setpoint layer thickness of 25 ± 1 mm is crucial. In particular, stable wave structures, so called wakes, which occur from accumulated impurities at the nozzle edge, can cause a critical local decrease in the layer thickness of more than 1 mm. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand the nature of these wakes and to be able to monitor the surface profile to shut down the beam in case of a critical thickness loss, but to avoid unintended shutdowns. In the context of this work, currently available optical sensors were tested on their capability of detecting a specular liquid metal surface at measurement distances of several meters. After an initial selection, two optical sensors were further considered. Experiments with the liquid metal alloy GaInSn and simulations with the software Blender of the selected optical sensors for their capability of measuring distances of liquid metal were conducted. The results showed a significant dependency of the measurement results on the waviness of the liquid metal surface. Nevertheless, it was possible to resolve the wavy liquid metal surface with a sufficient resolution to detect critical wake structures.

Impacts of the Extension of Cassava Soil Conservation and Efficient Technology on the Reduction of Chemical Fertilizer Input in China

The reduction of fertilizer inputs can be considered as an effective policy tool for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 12 and for reaching carbon neutrality. In this study, we examine the impact of the extension of cassava (Manihot sculenta) soil conservation and efficiency (SCE) technology on the cost of chemical fertilizers used by China’s cassava industry. The SCE technology was developed by a Technology Integration and Demonstration (TID) Project of China’s National Key R&D Program, which is an innovative and official channel of agriculture technology extension. Based on data collected from cassava farmers in Guiping, Guangxi, China, the differences-in-differences with propensity score matching (PSM-DID) approach was conducted in this study. We found that farmers participating in the cassava SCE technology project reported a reduction in fertilizer costs per mu (15 mu = 1 ha) of approximately 24.0%. Consequently, the results demonstrate that the government can increase the number of TID projects in order to reduce chemical fertilizer inputs and to encourage the sustainable development of agriculture.

In-line measurements of the physical and thermodynamic properties of single and multicomponent liquids.

Microfluidic devices are becoming increasingly important in various fields of pharmacy, flow chemistry and healthcare. In the embedded microchannel, the flow rates, the dynamic viscosity of the transported liquids and the fluid dynamic properties play an important role. Various functional auxiliary components of microfluidic devices such as flow restrictors, valves and flow meters need to be characterised with liquids used in several microfluidic applications. However, calibration with water does not always reflect the behaviour of the liquids used inthe different applications. Therefore, several National Metrology Institutes (NMI) have developed micro-pipe viscometers for traceable inline measurement of the dynamic viscosity of liquids used in flow applications aspart of the EMPIR 18HLT08 MeDDII project. These micro-pipe viscometers allow the calibration of any flow device at different flow rates and the calibration of the dynamic viscosity of the liquid or liquid mixture used under actual flow conditions. The validation of the micro-pipe viscometers has been performed either with traceable reference oils or with different liquids typically administered in hospitals, such as saline and/or glucose solutions or even glycerol-water mixtures for higher dynamic viscosities. Furthermore, measurement results ofa commercially available device and a technology demonstrator for the inline measurement of dynamic viscosity and density are presented in this paper.

First report of alfalfa root rot caused by Trichothecium roseum in China.

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is perennial leguminous forage, which is cultivated throughout the world due to its high yield, high quality, satisfactory palatability, and wide adaptability. With the increase of planting area in China, root diseases caused by Fusarium spp., Sclerotium rolfsii, Phytophthora spp. (Yang et al. 2022), and new pathogens have been found that reduce the yield and quality of alfalfa and cause economic losses (Li at al. 2019). In 2021, an alfalfa disease occurred under conditions of high temperature and high humidity at the Jiaozhou Experimental Base of Qingdao Agricultural University (Jiaozhou Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Demonstration Park, 36.33°N 120.40°E, Qingdao, Shandong, China), and about 2 ha of alfalfa were infected. The disease affected up to 35% of the plants and caused grass spots. Infected plants developed black-brown lesions with irregular shapes on roots with yellowing of the foliage; the leaves of the whole plant turned yellow. In the late stage of the disease, defoliation occurred and the plants stopped growing, wilted and died. Ten infected plants with typical symptom were collected for isolation and identification of pathogen. The infected roots were cut into 3-5 mm2 sections and then soaked in 75% ethanol for 30 s, followed by a 3-minute immersion in 2% sodium hypochlorite for surface sterilization. Next, the tissues were rinsed in sterile water five times and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium. After three subcultures and subsequent single spore isolation, one representative strain named as DC1 was isolated from the infected roots. Based on morphological observation, the colony of DC1 was flat, granular, and powdery in appearance. Four days after inoculation on PDA medium, the size of the colony were 2.1-2.6 cm. After 8 to 20 days, the colonies were initially white and gradually change a light pink to peach color. The conidia are two-celled (Hamid et al. 2014), elliptic to pear-shaped, colorless or translucent, smooth to slightly rough with thick walls. The size of conidia ranged from 11.3 to 23.5 μm long × 6.1 to 12.7 μm wide (n =30). For the identification, the rDNA--ITS gene of the fungus was amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al.1990), and the EF1α gene was amplified using primers EF1-983F/EF1-2218R (Rehner and Buckley 2005). Then the PCR amplicons were cloned into the pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero vector. The results of the rDNA-ITS (OM049197.1, 515 bp) and EF1α (OM069381.1, 926 bp) sequences were deposited in GenBank. DNA analysis showed that the two sequences were 100% similar to the rDNA-ITS sequence (MN882763.1) and EF1α sequence (DQ676610.1) of Trichothecium roseum, respectively. A pathogenicity test was done by placing one piece (0.5 cm in diameter) of fungal culture (PDA plug) 1cm below the crown of 40-day-old healthy alfalfa (cv. Zhongmu No.3) plants, 3 replicates and 20 plants in each replicate. PDA plug without the pathogen were used for control. All plants were cultivated in a growth chamber at 25±1°C with a light cycle of 15 h (90% relative humidity). After 18 days, the roots of inoculated plants had dark brown lesions and the leaves of their plants turn yellow, while those control plants had no symptoms. To fulfilling Koch's postulates, the same pathogen was re-isolated from necrotic root tissue of inoculated plants and confirmed by morphology and the rDNA-ITS and EF1-α sequences. Based on disease symptoms, morphological characteristics DNA sequences and pathogenicity, the pathogen of alfalfa disease in Jiaozhou Experimental Base of Qingdao Agricultural University was identified as T. roseum. To our knowledge, this is first report of T. roseum causing alfalfa root rot. The newly emerging disease may pose threat to alfalfa production of central and southern China in future.

Can technology demonstration promote rural households’ adoption of conservation tillage in China?

Under the uncertainty of conservation tillage on output, technology demonstration, as an information disclosure mechanism, is very worthy of attention for its effects on rural households’ conservation tillage adoption. This study constructs a three-stage technology adoption model to discuss the theoretical relationship between technology demonstration and rural households’ conservation tillage adoption decision, and then empirical analyzed it using a sampling rural household data from six provinces in the main grain-producing areas of China. The results show that: First, the cognition of conservation tillage is the pre-determined stage for the adoption and its intensity. Second, technology demonstration has significant positive effect on rural households’ cognition of conservation tillage, but it strongly negative related to the adoption and adoption intensity. Third, extending the technology demonstration time cannot change the rural households’ adoption decision. Fourth, the technological demonstration has similar effects on the conservation tillage adoption of small-scale and large-scale farmers. Fifth, increasing land size helps rural households to adopt conservation tillage, while land fragmentation hinders their adoption.

Development of THGEM-based Detectors for Nuclear Fission Studies

To optimize the exploration of Super Heavy Elements (SHE), the key challenge is to understand the dynamics of the fusion-fission through the measurements of mass and angular distribution of the fission fragments. For the detection of fission fragments, position sensitive Multi-Wire Proportional Counters are generally used due to their high gain, good temporal and position resolution. However, these detectors use fragile anode wires having a diameter of only 10 μm and therefore they are vulnerable. In the present work, a detector based on robust Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) has been proposed. A numerical demonstration of THGEM-Multi Wire hybrid detector technology as a possible candidate for the new generation low-energy fission studies and their evaluation as a function of different possible geometric and electric configuration in low-pressure gas is discussed here.

Performance Studies of the ATLASpix HV-MAPS Prototype for Different Substrate Resistivities

The ATLASpix high-voltage monolithic active pixel sensor (HV-MAPS) was designed as a technology demonstrator for the ATLAS ITk Upgrade and the CLIC tracking detector. In this contribution new results from laboratory-based energy calibration measurements using fluorescence X-rays are presented for the ATLASpix_Simple matrix. These findings are complemented by new results from test-beam studies with inclined tracks, in which the active charge collection depth is determined.

Mutual Coupling Mitigation in Array Dense Regime by an Antenna Distribution Optimization in SKA1‐LOW

AbstractThe Aperture Array Verification System 2.0 is the latest technological demonstrator designed for the Square Kilometer Array radio telescope operating at low frequency (50–350 MHz). This is an aperture phased array, known as a “station” of the radio telescope, with a pseudo‐random distribution of 256 dual polarized log‐periodic antennas. Mutual coupling effects among the antennas are known to produce detrimental effects especially at the lower end of the operating frequency band. This paper presents a relationship between the antennas electromagnetic performance and their physical position inside the station, followed by an identification of the most critical distances and alignment‐angles between antennas. The calibration accuracy of the station and its directivity within the field of view of the radio telescope are recalculated after repositioning ∼20% of the 256 antennas showing clear improvements in dense regime with respect to the actual AAVS2.0 layout.

Test-beam and simulation studies for the CLICTD technology demonstrator - a monolithic CMOS pixel sensor with a small collection diode

The CLIC Tracker Detector (CLICTD) is a monolithic pixel sensor featuring pixels of 30 μm × 37.5 μm and a small collection diode. The sensor is fabricated in a 180 nm CMOS imaging process, using two different pixel flavours: the first with a continuous n-type implant for full lateral depletion, and the second with a segmentation in the n-type implant for accelerated charge collection. Moreover, CLICTD features an innovative sub-pixel segmentation scheme that allows the digital footprint to be reduced while maintaining a small sub-pixel pitch. In this contribution, test-beam measurements for the pixel flavour with the segmented n-implant are presented. The performance is evaluated in terms of time and spatial resolution as well as efficiency. Furthermore, the test-beam data is compared to simulation studies using a combination of 3D TCAD and Monte Carlo simulation tools.

Problems in the Adoption of Climate-Resilient Technologies by the Farmers of Telangana State, India

Climate change refers to significant changes in global temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns. Climate change hasa serious impact on the natural resources available on the earth. Climate change adversely affects human health and quality of life. A majority of the population depends on agriculture directly or indirectly and it is more vulnerable to climate change. To mitigate the adverse effects of climate change, climate-resilient agriculture has become a boon to the farmers in areas that are vulnerable to climatic effects like drought, floods, etc., National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA), is a project launched by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) with the aim to enhance the resilience of Indian agriculture to climate change and climate variability through strategic research and technology demonstrations. Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) is the main implementing agency of NICRA. With the help of KVKs, the interventions of NICRA were accessible throughout the country. The present study was conducted in the Nalgonda district and Khammam district of Telangana. The ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. A sample of 120 respondents from NICRA implemented villages and 60 farmers from non-NICRA implemented villages were selected randomly for the study. The major problems in the adoption of CRA technologies were limited knowledge of CRA technologies (91.66%) followed by inadequate trainings regarding climate-resilient practices (90.00%),inadequate weather based agro advisory services (88.33%), limited outreach of extension services about climate-resilient technologies to (76.66%), non -availability of required implements in custom hiring centres at the time of heavy demand (73.33%), etc., In case of non-NICRA implemented villages, the major problems faced by the respondents were lack of confidence among the farmers to adopt the new CRA technologies due to the fear of failure (93.33%), lack of awareness on climate-resilient technologies among non-NICRA farmers (90.00%), Difficulty in the understanding of CRA technology (86.67%), adoption of CRA technologies demand more resources like water, labour and money (83.33%), less number of need-based training on CRA technologies (75.00%), lack of access to improved crop varieties and other inputs (70.00%), etc.

An autonomous crawler excavator for hazardous environments

Abstract As part of ROBDEKON, a 24-ton crawler excavator was equipped with sensors and a digital actuation interface as a technology demonstrator which features autonomy capabilities. The system architecture includes algorithms for localization, perception, mapping, planning, and control. The system is capable of tasks like autonomous driving to a target location, excavation of a predefined area to a given depth, and autonomous loading of an autonomously approaching transport vehicle. To ensure safety, collision avoidance based on 360° perception is always active during autonomous operation. This article presents the concept and implementation of the excavator’s autonomy functionality.

Pengembangan Inovasi Hortikultura Melalui Riset Pengembangan Inovasi Kolaborasi (Studi Kasus RPIK Mangga dan Pisang)

Development research of collaborative innovation (RPIK) activities carried out in the form of seed distribution, VUB demonstration plots and technology, post-harvest handling, technical guidance and assistance. The purpose of this study is to determine the development of horticultural innovations through RPIK activities (seed distribution, demonstration plots and technical guidance). To determine the spread and development of horticultural innovations, especially mango and banana, seed distribution activities, demonstration plots and technical guidance were carried out. The data observed were the number of seeds distributed to the community, the number of VUB and technology disseminated through demonstration plots as well as farmer responses to VUB and horticultural innovation through technical guidance. Data were analyzed descriptively. Mango varieties distributed include Garifta merah, Manalagi 69, Arum merah, Madu 225, Kraton Agrihorti, Arumanis 143, Gedong gincu, Garifta orange, Garifta gading, Garifta kuning, Denarum Agrihorti, Agri gardina 45 and Gadung 21, while the superior varieties of bananas were Kepok tanjung and Barangan. The implemented technology demonstration plots include technology related to the cultivation and post-harvesting of mangoes and bananas. The response of farmers to the cultivation and processing technology of mango and banana which was conveyed during the technical guidance were 67.35% of farmers in Situbondo districts, 61.16% of farmers in Gowa districts, and 62.42% of farmers in Takalar districts has a high response, while farmers have a very high response 22.45% in Situbondo districts, 25.21% in Gowa districts and 20.37% in Takalar districts.

Cluster Demonstration on Integrated Nutrient Management in Dragon Fruit at Farmer Field of Aizawl District Mizoram, India

The cluster demonstration of dragon fruit at Muthi & Durtlang Village of Aizawl District has demonstrated under PKVY Programme in the year 2019. A total of 30 farmers were demonstrated for that KVK has provided altogether 1000 nos. of cutting from 2-3 years old strong and dark green healthy (damage free & pest free) and 300 nos. RCC pole 100 mm concrete post with the height of 2 m of selected beneficiaries. Each plant was fed 15-20 kg with organic inputs well decomposed FYM or poultry manure, coir compost and vermicompost along with bio-fertilizers and recommended dose of fertilizer: (500: 300:250 NPK and 100 each of Azotobacter, Phosphate Solubilizing and Potash Solubilizing Bacteria were applied to each plant g/plant/year.) Applied in three doses just before flowering (in April), fruit developing stage (July -August) and after harvesting time (in December).The results revealed that there were significant differences in term of vine length (196.26cm), vine thickness (19.03cm), number of vines per plant (5.98) over the farmers practices which was vine length (182.23cm), vine thickness (17.95cm), number of vines per plant (5.14) The results revealed that there were significant differences over farmer practices as influenced by technology demonstration treatment in both the demonstration year. The demonstrated technologies recorded average yield of 8.043 tone/ha which was 18.50 percent higher than the obtained with farmer’s practices of 6.787 tone/ha. The demonstrated field gave higher mean gross return (`USD 12763.70 /ha) and mean net returns (`USD 12155.91 /ha) with average benefit cost ratio of 1.14 compared to benefit cost ratio of 1.04 over farmer practices. The findings demonstrated that by implementing suggested technology, broccoli yield and economics can be improved.

Does China's National Demonstration Eco-Industrial Park Reduce Carbon Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide-A Study Based on the Upgrading and Transformation Process.

With the increasingly serious environmental problems, coordinating the relationship between the environment and economic development has become a crucial task for developing countries, especially China. This paper studies the role of eco-industrial parks (EIPs) in the emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in China with the difference-in-difference (DID) approach by focusing on the entire process of EIPs’ establishment—upgrading provincial development zones (DZs) to national DZs and then transforming national DZs into EIPs. Besides, we examined the heterogeneous effect of the different transformations from national economic and technological development zones (ETZs) or national high-tech zones (HTZs) to EIPs. In addition, we studied the spatial spillover effects of EIPs and their paths with the spatial difference-in-difference (SDID) method. The results show that neither provincial DZs nor national DZs can significantly reduce sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide emissions. Only when national DZs are transformed into EIPs can they be reduced significantly. However, the different transformations from the HTZs and ETZs to EIPs have different effects on emissions. Moreover, EIPs have technology spillovers and demonstration effects on surrounding areas. Therefore, EIPs can reduce emissions in the surrounding areas. The results indicate that, in order to achieve high-quality development and coordinate the relationship between environment and economic development, we should take positive steps to promote the transformation of DZs into EIPs.

(Invited) The U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Energy Earthshot: Addressing Important Challenges and Opportunities in the Research, Development, Demonstration, and Deployment of Clean Hydrogen Technologies

On June 7th of 2021, Secretary of Energy Granholm announced the Hydrogen Energy Earthshot (also know as the Hydrogen Shot) - an initiative to enable clean, low cost hydrogen within a decade. In addition, the Bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA), signed by President Biden in November of 2021, includes $9.5 billion for clean hydrogen, which is made up of $8 billion for at least four regional clean hydrogen hubs and $1.5 billion for electrolysis and clean hydrogen manufacturing and recycling research, development, and demonstration. In addition to accelerating the research, development, demonstration, and deployment of clean hydrogen technologies (including foundational electrochemical process for production and utilization), these investments are expected to provide exciting regional opportunities for jobs creation, economic growth, energy independence, and environmental justice. The presentation will discuss key challenges and major opportunities being addressed through the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen Program (coordinated through its Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office); with the aggressive but achievable ten-year goal put forward by the Hydrogen Shot of $1 for 1 kg of clean hydrogen.

Aerosol Jet Printing and Interconnection Technologies on Additive Manufactured Substrates

Nowadays, digital printing technologies such as inkjet and aerosol jet printing are gaining more importance since they have proven to be suitable for the assembly of complex microsystems. This also applies to medical technology applications like hearing aids where patient-specific solutions are required. However, assembly is more challenging than with conventional printed circuit boards in terms of material compatibility between substrate, interconnect material and printed ink. This paper describes how aerosol jet printing of nano metal inks and subsequent assembly processes are utilized to connect electrical components on 3D substrates fabricated by Digital Light Processing (DLP). Conventional assembly technologies such as soldering and conductive adhesive bonding were investigated and characterized. For this purpose, curing methods and substrate pretreatments for different inks were optimized. Furthermore, the usage of electroless plating on printed metal tracks for improved solderability was investigated. Finally, a 3D ear mold substrate was used to build up a technology demonstrator by means of conductive adhesives.

An industrial scale solution to achieving light-induced degradation (LID) free silicon solar systems: >5% performance gain at system level with advanced hydrogenation technology

Light-induced degradation (LID) and light- and elevated-temperature induced degradation (LeTID) effects in p-type monocrystalline silicon (Si) passivated emitter and rear contact (PERC) cell structure have been extensively studied in recent years. Various advanced hydrogenation techniques were previously reported, and aimed to eliminate or at least minimize the effect of LID/LeTID on solar cell performance stability. However, there are limited reports on the long-term performance of solar modules which comprise of these treated solar cells and deployed in typical outdoor conditions. This work aims to provide quantified outdoor performance data for comparing solar modules that are comprised of either hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated reference p-PERC silicon solar cells. A total of 1150 solar modules (>82,000 p-PERC silicon solar cells) were deployed on a commercial building rooftop with identical placement and real-time performance monitoring over an extended period of 12 months under standard outdoor conditions. The results showed that effective advanced hydrogenation is achievable with process time as short as 5 s, although a longer process time of 10–15 s delivered optimal results. The advanced hydrogenation technology in this work can effectively address the LID and LeTID issues on the cell, module, and system levels, with >5% higher power generation capability on hydrogenated solar arrays as compared to the non-hydrogenated reference. Solar cell and module manufacturers strive to produce products with long-term stability, and the successful demonstration of the advanced hydrogenation technology in this work could serve this demand. A future perspective for advanced hydrogenation technologies is also presented.

Predicting Asteroid Material Properties from a DART-like Kinetic Impact

NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission is the first full-scale test of the kinetic impactor method for asteroid deflection, in which a spacecraft intentionally impacts an asteroid to change its trajectory. DART represents an important first step for planetary defense technology demonstration, providing a realistic assessment of the effectiveness of the kinetic impact approach on a near-Earth asteroid. The momentum imparted to the asteroid is transferred from the impacting spacecraft and enhanced by the momentum of material ejected from the impact site. However, the magnitude of the ejecta contribution is dependent on the material properties of the target. These properties, such as strength and shear modulus, are unknown for the DART target asteroid, Dimorphos, as well as most asteroids since such properties are difficult to characterize remotely. This study examines how hydrocode simulations can be used to estimate material properties from information available post-impact, specifically the asteroid size and shape, the velocity and properties of the impacting spacecraft, and the final velocity change imparted to the asteroid. Across >300 three-dimensional simulations varying seven material parameters describing the asteroid, we found many combinations of properties could reproduce a particular asteroid velocity. Additional observations, such as asteroid mass or crater size, are required to further constrain properties like asteroid strength or outcomes like the momentum enhancement provided by impact ejecta. Our results demonstrate the vital importance of having as much knowledge as possible prior to an impact mission, with key material parameters being the asteroid’s mass, porosity, strength, and elastic properties.