Technogenic Raw Materials Research Articles

Processing Finely Dispersed Technogenic Raw Materials for Aluminum Production in Order to Extract Valuable Components

Processing Finely Dispersed Technogenic Raw Materials for Aluminum Production in Order to Extract Valuable Components

Information and computational GIS for monitoring the natural and technical systems of placer gold deposits

It is known that nowadays one of the main problems of mining is the depletion of reserves. The researchers consider mining waste as a source of replenishment of the resource base. Disputes on the prospects for technogenic raw material processing are becoming especially relevant. The object of research chosen by the authors in this article is the technogenic neoplasms resulting from dredging and hydraulic processing of placer gold. The paper presents the results of assessing the prospects and application of the information technologies, in particular, the analysis of data from remote sensing of the Earth in the design and organization of work to involve technogenic placers in operation. It is shown that these technologies are able to increase the efficiency of work and reduce labor costs at the stage of preliminary study of potential development targets. Technogenic complexes of depleted fields are a significant reserve of the mineral resource base of gold and other precious metals. This paper presents the results of the creation of a method for expert assessment of spatial and volumetric indicators of technogenic complexes of alluvial fields and other landscape objects using remote sensing of the territory and analysis of geological information. The Kerbinsky gold-bearing region of the Khabarovsk Region was chosen as the object of research.

Prospects for the processing of technogenic gold-bearing raw materials using a microemulsion of a composite flotation reagent

The paper studies the prospects for processing gold-bearing concentrator tailings using a dispersed microemulsion of a composite flotation reagent. The gold content in the tailings sample studied is 0.59 g/t. The tailings mainly consist of quartz and aluminosilicates. A rational analysis of the initial tailings indicates that 33.50 % of all gold is found in refractory combinations with quartz, 28.87 % is in the form of finely dispersed gold, 37.63 % is in intergrowths with sulfides and rock. A composite flotation reagent representing a 85 : 15 mixture of sodium butyl xanthate and reaflot was used as the dispersed emulsion. When colliding with the slurry particles of the minerals, the microemulsion of the flotation reagent spreads and hydrophobizes their surfaces. This, in turn, facilitates microbubble adhesion to such hydrophobized surfaces of the particles, improving the flotation process. A respective reagent usage regime was developed for the flotation of gold-bearing tailings using basic and composite flotation reagents. Under the optimal baseline conditions, a gold-bearing concentrate with the gold content of 6.8 g/t was obtained, with the recovery at 59.8 %. When using the dispersed emulsion of a composite flotation reagent, a gold-bearing concentrate containing 7.2 g/t of gold was obtained, with the recovery at 63.6 %. The use of a composite flotation reagent improves the recovery of gold into the gold-bearing concentrate by 3.8 % as compared to the basic collector (sodium butyl xanthate).The research was completed with the financial support of the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan under grant No. АР09259372.

AN INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR PROCESSING OF USED VANADIUM CATALYSTS FOR OBTAINING VANADIUM PENTOXIDE

All in all, there are about 60 million vanadium deposits in the world, 90% of which are localized in the territory of the five countries: Russia, South Africa, Venezuela, the United States and China. Sulfuric acid production is the main consumer of vanadium in the form of vanadium catalysts (V2 O5 pentoxide). The demand for vanadium and its compounds keeps growing every year, as a result of the increased interest in processing of secondary vanadium-containing raw materials. One of the main sources of vanadium are the spent vanadium catalysts – SVC. About 100 thousand tons of spent vanadium catalysts are formed throughout the country, which are considered to be potentially hazardous for the environment and local population. Disposal of spent vanadium catalysts used for oxidizing of sulfur dioxide represents a serious environmental threat due to the lack of effective technologies for their processing. This work is devoted to a method for processing of spent vanadium catalysts to obtain a stuff that will be suitable for modifying of steels. The pyrometallurgical method of processing of technogenic raw materials by oxidative fi ring has been investigated and the parameters of firing – optimal fi ring time and temperature for extracting vanadium from the material – have been identified.

Processing of finely dispersed technogenic raw materials for aluminum production in order to extract valuable components

The paper provides the results of experiments on the hydrometallurgical processing of finely dispersed technogenic raw materials for primary aluminum production in Soderberg cells (case study of the Irkutsk Aluminum Smelter) – aged sludge. The components of this sludge are dust from electrostatic precipitators (79.7 %), wet gas cleaning sludge (4.4 %) and coal froth flotation tailings (15.8 %). According to the grain-size analysis carried out, aged sludge sample particles have a size of –50 μm. According to the chemical composition analysis of the sludge sample, main components in it are carbon, cryolite, chiolite with a small amount of other compounds (corundum, ralstonite, spodumene, fluorite). Fluorine leaching experiments were carried out with a 2 % sodium hydroxide solution at a stirrer speed of ~1020 rpm. Using the mathematical planning of a three-factor experiment, it was found that the maximum concentration of fluorine in the solution (15.844 g/dm3) is achieved with the following optimal parameters of fluorine alkaline leaching: temperature of 90 °C, liquid-to-solid ratio of 9 : 1, and time of 90 min. The multidimensional polynomial equation was obtained for fluorine alkaline leaching from aged sludge. Cryolite was obtained from fluorine-containing solutions (by the reaction of sodium fluoride interaction with sodium bicarbonate and an aluminate solution), which was confirmed by X-ray phase analysis data.

Heat-insulating non-autoclaved lightweight concrete with hydraulic ash removal

The paper presents research results of natural hardening of lightweight concrete with aluminosilicate ash generated by the Thermal Power Plant in Seversk (Tomsk, Russia). Today, it is necessary to develop effective building materials with improved operational properties by using local natural and technogenic raw materials. The acceleration of the structure formation and required plasticity for a transportation and molding of lightweight concrete products are achieved by using finely dispersed aluminosilicate minerals and plasticizers for natural hardening of lightweight concrete. The concrete mixture and lightweight concrete are studied in the TSUAB laboratory accredited in accordance with national standard requirements. The optimum content of hydraulic ash in lightweight concrete mixture is 10–15 wt.%. the compressive strength lightweight concrete with D400 density increases by 26−66 % after 28-day curing, when adding the Relamix T-2 plasticizer and ash from the Thermal Power Plant. Its water absorption reduces by 30 wt.% with insignificant decrease in thermal conductivity. Technological solutions are developed for the production of lightweight concrete with ash ash and slag materials for wall structures in individual housing construction.

CLUSTERS OF MINERAL DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHERN EAST SIBERIA AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to identify the groups of closely spaced mineral deposits located in the Southern East Siberia and to describe these clusters. The mineral resource base of this region includes the deposits of lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, uranium, copper, gold, lithium, tantalum, niobium, silver, fluorite, zirconium, rare-earth metals, iron, mica, precious and semi-precious stones, oil, gas, and coal. Many of these deposits contain a significant part of the explored mineral reserves of Russia. The deposits are located in the tectonic structures of the Siberian platform (Tunguska syncline, Nepa arch, Cheremkhovo and Priangarie depressions), as well as in the fold belts framing the platform from the south and southeast (Baikal-Patom, Dzhida-Vitim, etc.). These structures and belts formed under the influence of plate tectonic and plume tectonic processes. This article describes the clusters of mineral deposits of the Angara, Sayan, Baikal and Transbaikalia regions. Currently, the most developed are the clusters located in the southern part of the study area (Shilka, Argun, Yeravnino, etc.). In the northern part (Mama-Bodaibo, etc.), the clusters have been either partially developed within the existing mining areas or are at the initial stage of development. In these territories, the road infrastructure, power supply and other facilities required for mining industry are either underdeveloped or lacking. Prospects for the regional development are related to the economic development of the territories adjacent to the Baikal-Amur railroad (BAM) and hydrocarbons production in the zone near the East Siberia – Far East oil pipeline. On the Siberian platform, mineral deposits formed during the stages of formation of its basement (Aldan, Anabar, and Sharyzhalgai shields) and platform cover (Tunguska syncline, and Nepa-Botuoba anticline). Within the fold frame, ore formation was associated with subduction, spreading, collision, and plume tectonic intraplate settings. To start the development of small-size deposits and mining of technogenic raw materials, it is advisable to establish exploration and production enterprises that can operate and manage expeditions and use compact ore-dressing plants.

АНАЛИЗ ВЛИЯНИЯ МЕТОДОВ ВВЕДЕНИЯ ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНОЙ ДОБАВКИ В СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ РАСТВОРЫ НА МЕЛКИХ ПЕСКАХ

the use of technogenic raw materials in the production of building composites is an urgent direction in the technology of production of building materials in view of its economic efficiency, environmental effect and wide possibilities of their application. Recently, the issues of environmental safety in the production of building materials, the possibility of their processing and disposal have come to the fore. All this is dictated by the need for energy and resource conservation, the massive depletion of natural reserves and the progres-sive pollution of the environment due to anthropogenic activities. Construction composites provide ample opportunities for recycling of secondary raw materials, as their structure allows them to be used not only as a filler, but also in some cases as additives for regulating certain properties. More studied and widely used are ash and slag mixtures on the basis of which various organomineral additives are developed. So, on the territory of the Chechen Republic there are dumps of ash and slag mixtures, which, according to their chem-ical and mineralogical composition, are suitable for the design of organomineral additives and fillers in con-struction concretes and solutions. Building solutions are widely used for interior and exterior finishing works during the construction of construction projects in the Chechen Republic, which is characterized by high humidity in the winter, which provokes deformations of the plaster layer on facades. In this article, the de-velopment of an organomineral additive based on an ash-slag mixture is considered to improve the quality of mortar mixtures resistant to such conditions.

Исследование активности минеральных добавок из техногенного сырья

Methods of increasing the activity of mineral additives from technogenic raw materials: burnt mine rocks and fly ash are considered. The kinetics of hardening of binder compositions with the addition of fly ash has been studied. By the method of microscopic analysis, the state of the microstructure of binder compositions with burnt rock was investigated at different times of hardening. The mechanism of formation of the structure of binder compositions containing additives from technogenic raw materials is described.

Kazmekhanobr's technologies in the field of processing of low-grade gold-bearing ores and technogenic raw materials

The Republic of Kazakhstan has been increasing gold production annually for the last 10–15 years. According to the results of 2019, Kazakhstan ranks 13th in the world in terms of gold production (77 tons), in terms of reserves — 16th in the world (377.5 tons). The article presents information about the innovative developments of Kazmekhanobr in the field of processing of poor goldbearing ores and man-made raw materials. Information on implemented technologies and projects in Kazakhstan for recent years is given. Kazmekhanobr’s deve lopments cover the whole complex of technological stages of processing of poor gold-bearing ores and man-made raw materials by heap leaching technology: ore preparation, leaching process, sor ption extraction of gold from productive solutions, desorption of gold from saturated sorbents and electrolytic extraction of gold from rich eluates. In particular, the company for the first time in Kazakhstan in 1998 developed and implemented pre-pelleting of ore and laying it in a pile leaching stack using a stacker at the mines “Suzdal”, “Mukur”, “Mizek”, “Komarovsky”, etc. It was also developed the highly efficient innovative technology of gold heap leaching from poor gold-bearing ores, complex gold-copper ores and technogenic wastes, which is characterized by low consumption of water and reagents and accordingly low negative load on the environment at the mines “Zhanan”, “Mukur”, “Miyali” “Balazhal”, “Aksu”,“Bestyube”,“Uzboy”, etc. Patents were obtained and a three-stage cascade scheme of sorption extraction of gold by ion exchange resin, original design of sorption columns and binding of columns were introduced, which allowed to maximize the heap leaching process and increase its efficiency, minimize processes of resin pumping processes and, accordingly, the mechanical impact on them, will increase saturation of the resin with gold and reduce the turnover of gold with working solutions at the Zhaltyrbulak, Uzboy, Vasilyevskoye deposits. Innovative processes of highefficiency technology of gold desorption and ion exchange resin regeneration, electrolytic extraction of gold from commodity regenerates have been introduced, in which the duration of gold desorption and resin regeneration together with gold electrolysis does not exceed 18–24 h. According to the projects developed by Kazmekhanobr with the use of innovative technologies, plants for the production of Dore alloy in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Semey and Stepnogorsk, Makmala (Kyrgyzstan) and the Asi gold mining plant (China) were built and successfully operate.

Thermodynamic modeling of the synthesis of the main minerals of cement clinker from technogenic raw materials

In this article, thermodynamic studies of modeling the formation of the main minerals of cement clinker as a function of the Gibbs energy (ΔG) on temperature were investigated. The temperature range of the studies was 873-1873 K. In the course of modeling studies, the reactions of formation of cement clinker minerals (C2S - belite, C3S - alite, C3A – three calcium aluminates, C4AF – four calcium aluminium ferrite) from standard raw materials and non – standard-technogenic raw materials containing non-ferrous metals were calculated. Equations describing the dependence of the Gibbs energy on temperature with approximation coefficients (R2) equal to 0.99 are found. According to the results of the conducted studies, the beginning (Tb) temperatures of the course of the compared clinker formation reactions were determined, which were 1008 K for the standard reaction, and 1023 K for the non-standard reaction. It was found that the reactions begin to occur in the temperature intervals for the standard (1008 K – 1873 K), for the non - standard (1023 K - 1873 K). At the same time, the values at the initial stage of the course of the standard reaction have a more negative value of the Gibbs energy than the non-standard reaction. With a further increase in temperature, it becomes evident that the Gibbs energy of the non-standard reaction of mineral formation in the temperature range 1173-1873K becomes more negative in comparison with the values of the standard reaction and exceeds its values from 9 to 19.01%.

Geological and mineralogical study of ore tailings for bio-leaching

In this paper, the geological conditions of accumulation and the material composition of the ore tailings from the processing plants of Kazakhstan were studied. The results of studying the material of unused tailings are presented. Accumulated tailings were studied on natural exposures and on the materials of cartographic wells. In the three tailing dumps of the Zhezkazgan enrichment plant, after processing, more than 1.2 billion tons of tailings are accumulated in the form of effluent pulp, of which about 1 billion tons are in two inactive tailing dumps, and the third tailing dump is operational. When the content of the main copper ore component in tailing dump is about 0.1-0.3%, the total geological reserves of metals can be at least 2.0 million tons. More than 630 million tons of ground material with a copper content of 0.1 to 0.4% is accumulated in the tailing site of another large facility – Balkhash enrichment plant. Thus, in the tailing ponds of only two considered processing plants, there are more than 1.5 billion tons of technogenic raw ore material, where the geological reserves of copper are about 3 million tons. Mineralogical studies provide a determination of the distribution and content of basic (copper, lead, zinc) and associated (noble and rare metals) useful components in the tailings. The tailings of the processing plant can be considered promising for processing technogenic deposits of mineral raw materials. This type of technogenic ore is underexplored from both a geological and technological point of view. In this regard, it was necessary to conduct full-scale scientific research in order to study the material composition of tailings as technogenic deposits with the establishment of variability in the distribution of useful components in them and the technological properties of their processing. The results of studying the chemical, mineral and granulometric content of the tailings can serve as reliable initial data for technological studies on the extraction of metals from this technogenic raw ore material. The mineral and granulometric content of copper ore processing tailings has been studied. Microscopic descriptions of polished sections made of loose tailings are given. Sulfide ore minerals are microscopic in size, they are distributed mainly inside the grains of the host rocks and are rush in nature. Using the results of geological studies, a methodology for technological research was selected and laboratory experiments were conducted on the bioleaching of copper from the tailings.

Geological and mineralogical study of ore tailings for bio-leaching

In this paper, the geological conditions of accumulation and the material composition of the ore tailings from the processing plants of Kazakhstan were studied. The results of studying the material of unused tailings are presented. Accumulated tailings were studied on natural exposures and on the materials of cartographic wells. In the three tailing dumps of the Zhezkazgan enrichment plant, after processing, more than 1.2 billion tons of tailings are accumulated in the form of effluent pulp, of which about 1 billion tons are in two inactive tailing dumps, and the third tailing dump is operational. When the content of the main copper ore component in tailing dump is about 0.1-0.3%, the total geological reserves of metals can be at least 2.0 million tons. More than 630 million tons of ground material with a copper content of 0.1 to 0.4% is accumulated in the tailing site of another large facility – Balkhash enrichment plant. Thus, in the tailing ponds of only two considered processing plants, there are more than 1.5 billion tons of technogenic raw ore material, where the geological reserves of copper are about 3 million tons. Mineralogical studies provide a determination of the distribution and content of basic (copper, lead, zinc) and associated (noble and rare metals) useful components in the tailings. The tailings of the processing plant can be considered promising for processing technogenic deposits of mineral raw materials. This type of technogenic ore is underexplored from both a geological and technological point of view. In this regard, it was necessary to conduct full-scale scientific research in order to study the material composition of tailings as technogenic deposits with the establishment of variability in the distribution of useful components in them and the technological properties of their processing. The results of studying the chemical, mineral and granulometric content of the tailings can serve as reliable initial data for technological studies on the extraction of metals from this technogenic raw ore material. The mineral and granulometric content of copper ore processing tailings has been studied. Microscopic descriptions of polished sections made of loose tailings are given. Sulfide ore minerals are microscopic in size, they are distributed mainly inside the grains of the host rocks and are rush in nature. Using the results of geological studies, a methodology for technological research was selected and laboratory experiments were conducted on the bioleaching of copper from the tailings.

Analysis of methods for processing oily mill scale and oily sludge for iron and steel production

The paper considers the main methods of processing oily mill scale and oily sludge for iron and steel production. At present, the issue of processing such waste is highly relevant for iron and steel works. The iron content allows regards them as a valuable technogenic raw material. But direct processing is complicated by the high oil content. The authors describe thermal processing variants with and without regeneration of oil products, physicochemical methods and briquetting. A desludging method with the help of Rotor Impulse Machines (RIM) is described in sufficient detail; its main advantages are presented. A very promising direction in the development of new technologies for the processing of oily sludge is the combination of physicochemical, mechanical, magnetic and other methods of desludging with the regeneration of oils.

Investigation of the Synthesized Calcium Hydrosilicates Effect on the Properties of Energy-Saving Wall Silicate Blocks Obtained on the Basis of Technogenic Raw Materials

Currently, building blocks are widely used in the construction industry, the use of which contributes to an increase in the speed of construction several times, and also reduces labor costs. To obtain wall blocks, various binders are currently used, but the use of composite binders obtained on the basis of new types of raw materials, is relevant. Among the currently non-used natural raw materials, it is possible to single out aluminosilicate rocks, unconventional for the construction industry, characterized by the presence of clay rocks of mineral formation unfinished stage (aggregates) in their composition. Based on the results of the studies carried out, the effect of the synthesized calcium hydrosilicates addition was established as СSH (I) and С2SH(A) on the properties of energy-saving wall silicate blocks obtained on the basis of technogenic aluminosilicate raw materials. The rational content of the СSH (I) additive is 1.5 wt. %, which contributes to an increase in the products’ strength by 30-50%. The optimum lime content in the raw mix is 12 wt. %. The nature of the influence С2SH(A) on the properties of non-autoclave silicate materials obtained by the method of injection technology, in general, coincides with the addition of CSH (I). The resulting material can be used as a structural material (non-supporting structures) inside low-rise buildings and structures. Low average density of this material (1300–1450 kg/m3) indicates the best thermal properties (the thermal conductivity coefficient of the samples is 0.17 W/m·K).

Obtaining Calcium Sulfoaluminate Using Aluminate Waste

In this work, studies have been carried out to replace bauxite with aluminate slags. Compounds of raw mixtures without use of fossil aluminate materials with different gypsum content have been developed. Instability of assimilation of anhydrite into calcium sulphoaluminate has been established. X-ray phase analysis has shown a weak dependence of increase in the firing temperature and increase in the yield of the main mineral C3A3·CŜ. Results of the study allow us to conclude that it is possible to obtain high-quality calcium sulphoaluminate (SAC) based on technogenic aluminate raw material.

Development of a Method for Reprocessing Technogenic Lead Production Raw Materials to Extract Rhenium and Arsenic

Development of a Method for Reprocessing Technogenic Lead Production Raw Materials to Extract Rhenium and Arsenic

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Magnesia Binder Based on Natural and Technogenic Raw Materials

Because of low calcination temperature, magnesia binders are attributed as low-CO2 emission materials that can benefit the environment by reducing the energy consumption of building sector. Portland cement in different areas of construction can be replaced by magnesia binder which do not require autoclave treatment for hardening, it has low thermal conductivity and high strength properties. Magnesium-based materials are characterized by decorativeness and ecological compatibility.The experimental part of this research is based on the preparation of magnesia binders by adding raw materials and calcinated products and caustic magnesia. The aim of this study was to obtain low-CO2 emission and eco-friendly material using local dolomite waste materials, comparing physical, mechanical, thermal properties of magnesium binders.

ИННОВАЦИОННЫЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ ГЛУБОКОЙ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ БЕЗОПАСНОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ТЕХНОГЕННОГО СЫРЬЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ НОВЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ВЫЗОВОВ

Innovative processes of deep and complex processing of technogenic raw materials in the context of sustainable development of the mining industry and the economic challenges facing the mining industry should ensure the transition to a circular economy and the maximum use of natural resources. The article reflects the priority scientific and technological research on the involvement of technogenic mineral resources in efficient processing. Presented, developed at ICEMR RAS, including jointly with universities, research and production organizations and enterprises, modern innovative processes of deep and environmentally friendly processing of refractory mineral raw materials of complex material composition (tailings of enrichment of non-ferrous and noble metal ores, poor off-balance ores, slags ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, sludge of metallurgical production) and hydro-mineral technogenic resources (acidic mineralized bottom-dump waters of mining enterprises of the copper-zinc complex of the Urals, saponite-containing circulating waters of diamond processing factories). Among other things, new directions in the field of selective disintegration of finely dispersed mineral raw materials based on energy effects and deep processing of slags are outlined; increasing the selectivity of enrichment processes; combined processing of technogenic raw materials; resource-saving processing of technogenic and hydro-mineral resources, obtaining secondary products from processing waste. It is shown that in the face of new economic challenges, Russia has sufficient scientific and technological potential in the field of deep and environmentally safe processing of technogenic raw materials in the form of developed and, to varying degrees, tested innovative resource-saving technologies that correspond to the world level, and in a number of technologies are superior to it.

Integrated use of technogenic raw materials in cement technology

This work used a combination of modern physico-chemical research methods with standardized testing of technological and operational properties of raw materials, clinker, cement and compositions with its application.
 Results over of research of the silicate systems with rice husk and ash-fly as technogenic raw material for making of cement clinker are driven. The features of the chemical-mineralogical composition, phase transformations during burning and astringent properties of material at the use of 42,5-50,5 % industry wastes in composition initial raw material mixtures are shown.
 The object of the study were raw material mixtures for the production of Portland cement clinker based on the systems of chalk - clay - man-made raw materials and chalk - man-made raw materials.
 The possibility of replacing exhaustible and non-renewable natural raw materials with a complex of multi-tonnage wastes of agro-industry and heat energy, which meets the objectives of expanding the raw material base of cement production, resource conservation and environmental protection.
 Peculiarities of phase formation during firing of silicate systems of chalk-polymineral clay and chalk-technogenic raw materials taking into account changes in the quantitative ratio of components, in particular rice husk and ash-removal of thermal power plants are noted.