Neutralization Techniques Research Articles

Analysis and Design of a 35-GHz Hybrid π-Network High-Gain Phase Shifter With 360° Continuous Phase Shifting

This paper presents the analysis and design of a 35-GHz high-gain phase shifter with 360° continuous phase shifting. To enhance the phase shift range, a hybrid $\pi $ -network realized by combining the electrical tuning through capacitors and magnetic tuning through transformers is developed. The phase shift modules are inserted between the vertically stacking transistors to achieve the embedded phase shifting with the minimum loss. Furthermore, the Gm stages offer additional signal gain to suppress attenuation in the passive phase shifter. The capacitive neutralization technique is utilized to further increase the gain and enhance stability. This prototype, fabricated in a 28-nm CMOS process, demonstrates a 360° continuous phase shift with a maximum gain of 25.6 dB and a minimum noise figure of 4.1 dB. It consumes 26-mW power with a supply voltage of 0.9 V and 1.25 mm $\times0.75$ mm chip area.

Serologic profile of bovine alfaherpesvirus type1 (BOHV-1) and pestivírus A (BVDV-1) in herds of a family farming of the Sao Paulo State

Serum samples from 719 dairy cattle of reproductive age, from 47 farms in a settlement in the municipality of Andradina, São Paulo, were analyzed for the presence of antibodies against the Nebraska strain of BoHV-1 and Singer type 1 of BVDV-1, using the virus neutralization technique (VN). Regarding BoHV-1, 72.0% of the samples analyzed (518/719) were positive, with a geometric mean of antibody titers of 318. For BVDV-1, 44.8% of the samples were reactive, only one farm had no reactive animals, and the majority of antibody titers found in the animals' sera were low. The results of this study revealed that BoHV-1 was present in all of the studied herds, with moderate titration in the majority of cases, with the presence of some high individual titers among the tested animals. Also, even with the reactivation or circulation of BoHV-1 in herds, the clinical disease was not observed, an epidemiological finding that also applied to BVDV-1. In view of the results obtained, the circulation of diseases in family farm herds in the studied region was evident, suggesting the need to study local risk factors and improve health education policies as a way to prevent or reduce the prevalence of these diseases.

A 25.1 dBm 25.9-dB Gain 25.4% PAE X-band Power Amplifier Utilizing Voltage Combining Transformer in 65-nm CMOS

We present an X-band two-stage power amplifier (PA) in 65-nm CMOS process using a transformer (TF)-based voltage combining technique (VTC) which achieves the highest figure of merit (FOM) among recently reported CMOS PAs. The PA architecture is constructed with two-stage push-pull amplifiers with a three-way voltage power combiner and splitter which play the main role to achieve outstanding performance. The power combining was applied in the voltage domain to increase the output device size aiming at boosting the output power of the CMOS PA. We constructed a compact two-stage PA with a push-pull structure with conjugate matchings at the input, inter-stage, and output with the capacitive neutralization technique to improve the power gain and drain efficiency. Working under a 1.2-V supply with DC quiescent current of 865-mA, the proposed PA achieved a maximum saturated output power of 25.1 dBm with a 1-dB power bandwidth of 3-GHz from 8.4-GHz to 11.4-GHz, a peak power added efficiency (PAE) of 25.4% at 10.2 GHz, a power gain of 25.9-dB at 9.5-GHz with a 3-dB gain bandwidth of 2-GHz (8.7-10.7 GHz). The total chip size is 0.9 mm2, and the core size excluding pads is only 0.342 mm2.

Self-Assembled Type I Collagen-Apatite Fibers with Varying Mineralization Extent and Luminescent Terbium Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

This work explores in depth the simultaneous self-assembly and mineralization of type I collagen by a base-acid neutralization technique to prepare biomimetic collagen-apatite fibrils with varying mineralization extent and doped with luminescent bactericidal Tb3+ ions. Two variants of the method are tested: base-acid titration, a solution of Ca(OH)2 is added dropwise to a stirred solution containing type I collagen dispersed in H3 PO4 ; and direct mixing, the Ca(OH)2 solution is added by fast dripping onto the acidic solution. Only the direct mixing variant yielded an effective control of calcium phosphate polymorphism. Luminescence spectroscopy reveals the long luminescence lifetime and high relative luminescence intensity of the Tb3+ -doped materials, while two-photon confocal fluorescence microscopy shows the characteristic green fluorescence light when using excitation wavelength of 458nm, which is not harmful to bone tissue. Cytotoxicity/viability tests reveal that direct mixing samples show higher cell proliferation than titration samples. Additionally, osteogenic differentiation essays show that all mineralized fibrils promote the osteogenic differentiation, but the effect is more pronounced when using samples prepared by direct mixing, and more notably when using the Tb3+ -doped mineralized fibrils. Based on these findings it is concluded that the new nanocomposite is an ideal candidate for bone regenerative therapy.

Breaking Lockdown during Lockdown: A Neutralization Theory Evaluation of Misbehavior during the Covid 19 Pandemic

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic constitutes a global crisis that has necessitated many nations to adopt and enforce various strategies to reduce the spread of the virus, protect citizens, and alleviate pressures on healthcare systems. Central to such reactions are ‘lockdown’ regulations that limit travel, require restricted movement by citizens, and enforce stay-at-home rules. However, while evidence suggests general (but not unanimous) support for the principles of such lockdowns, reports also indicate that individuals are far from universally compliant. In this regard, lockdown rule breaking may be viewed as a form of misbehavior. The aim of this study is to explore and explicate if, and if so, how and why citizens deviate from espoused lockdown rules and neutralize or justify their guilt. In order to do so, we utilize the theory of neutralization as our conceptual lens of analysis. Using in-depth interviews of individuals experiencing lockdown conditions, we analyze neutralization techniques to lockdown infringements. Our analysis suggests that the guilt of rule transgressions is neutralized in two main ways; via the denial of deviance and the negation of the espouse lockdown norm. Insights are generated in specific forms of neutralization and wider implications discussed.

The importance of neutral zone in fully edentulous case with highly resorbed ridge

Full edentulous is one of the most challenging cases for prosthodontist. One of the difficulties in treating that cases is the limitations in support and retention, especially in cases with highly resorbed ridge where the denture bearing area avalaible is minimum.One of the techniques to achieve the retention is by using the neutral zone tech-nique. Neutral zone is the area where the displacing forces of the lips, cheeks, and tongue are in balance. It is in this zone that the natural dentitions lie and this is where the artificial teeth should be positioned. This area of mi-nimal conflict may be located by using the neutral zone technique. The artificial teeth can then be set up in the correct positions. By using this concept it will be able to achieve retention, stability and support. This case report will share the usage of the neutral zone technique in treating fully edentulous ridge with highly resorbed ridge.

Heat recovery of waste gases in thermal-oxidative waste disposal systems using gas turbine techniques

The issues of utilization of heat recovery of high-temperature waste gases of thermal-oxidative solid and liquid waste disposal systems using cogeneration gas turbine techniques with reverse order of processes are considered. The article presents technological scheme, calculation method, design characteristics and analysis of energy and environmental efficiency of thermal-oxidative solid and liquid waste disposal systems based on rotating, layer and chamber furnaces using gas turbine techniques with reverse order of processes. The results of the analysis indicate the possibility of additional generation of electric and thermal energy, which will significantly reduce fuel consumption in the replaced thermal power plants and the corresponding negative environmental impacts. The coefficient of heat utilization in the thermal oxidation neutralization system can reach 0.72 – 0.79, the coefficient of efficiency of the system (CEWEP) 1.17 – 1.57. The obtained calculated data can be used in selecting the best available techniques for energy waste disposal using thermal-oxidative neutralization and gas turbine techniques with reverse order of processes.

Spatial and Temporal Dilemmas of Managers and Entrepreneurs. The Reconstruction of Neutralization Techniques

It is often assumed (in line with social expectations) that being a business manager and/or owner implies the feeling of omnipotence. Not only do organizational leaders run businesses, but they are also qualified to do so and are well-organized to physically and mentally cope with their duties. Thus, permanent (external and internal) pressure forces key organizational actors to use self-presentation strategies that meet social expectations. Narratives of organizational leaders show that other aspects of their lives are subdued to the sphere of business activities or are even incorporated by it. One of the most dominant strategies is to present oneself as an inner-directed individual in control of one’s career (a “self-made man” or “self-made woman”). At the same time, such an attitude results in “tensions” between irreconcilable roles or activities undertaken in various spheres of life. These tensions are depicted in the paper. The author shows different types of neutralization techniques used by organizational leaders to overcome or mitigate these tensions. Eleven neutralization practices have been outlined. These techniques have been identified in the course of the nearly decade-long research into spatial and temporal dimensions of careers of managers and entrepreneurs.

Application of Neutralization and Freeze-Drying Technique for the Preparation of the Beneficialin Drug Delivery 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin Complexes with Bioactive Molecules.

Bioavailability of active substances is of great importance for the formulation of a drug product, as it actually reflects drug absorption and achievement of the optimum pharmacological effect. A great number of chemical compounds with excellent pharmacological properties possess low solubility and permeability values, ending in low bioavailability in the human body after administration (especially after per os administration). CDs are oligosaccharides that possess biological properties similar to their linear counterparts, but some of their physicochemical properties differ. They are enhancing bioavailability and solving problems of absorption for poorly soluble lipophilic drugs by forming water-soluble inclusion complexes. For this reason, they are widely used in drug delivery systems (Carrier et al. J Control Release 123:78-99, 2007; Kurkov and Loftsson, Int J Pharm 453:167-80, 2013). The main purpose of this chapter is to show a protocol for the preparation of drug:CDcomplex delivery systems.

Kaçak Elektrik Kullananların Suçlarını Suçlarını Nötrleştirme Teknikleri: İki Yeni Teknik

The most important problem in Turkey in terms of electricity consumption is the illegal use of this energy. Illegal electricity consumption is seen mostly in Eastern and South-Eastern Regions of Turkey. This study aims to reveal the approaches displayed by the local communities while using. This study is prepared with 949 participants who are from the cities of Van, Bitlis and Mus which are the service areas of Vangolu electricity distribution company, and from the cities of Diyarbakir, Sanliurfa and Batman which are the service areas of Dicle electricity distribution company. It has been determined that individuals consuming illegal electricity use two new neutralization techniques.

Invisible children? Non-recognition, humanitarian blindness and other forms of ignorance in Sabah, Malaysia

In the Malaysian state of Sabah, public antipathy towards the presence of large numbers of migrant workers influences a widespread ignorance of the educational and other exclusions of their children. Children of migrants are rendered invisible in Sabahan cultural discourse because they are not recognized as proper subjects, or even as ‘normal’ children. Cultural denial of such children’s circumstances can be seen in local newspaper reports that consider such children with reference to fears of ‘illegals’ and their threat to future Sabahan citizens. This discourse draws on a particular understanding of child deservingness, and utilizes what Cohen describes as ‘neutralization techniques’. However, such apparently wilful blindness can best be understood by considering it on a spectrum of different forms of ignorance and denial. This includes the blatant lack of recognition afforded by powerful individuals who should be more aware of the children of their workers, the humanitarian blindness of volunteer teachers who over-emphasize the saving power of education, and the complex and situational ignorance of children of migrants themselves. Appreciating other, potentially more benign or protective, forms of denial is crucial to understanding how ignorance of the complexity of the situation of children of migrants continues, even among those hoping to resolve it.

A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have revolutionized the aircraft industry in this decade. UAVs are now capable of carrying out remote sensing, remote monitoring, courier delivery, and a lot more. A lot of research is happening on making UAVs more robust using energy harvesting techniques to have a better battery lifetime, network performance and to secure against attackers. UAV networks are many times used for unmanned missions. There have been many attacks on civilian, military, and industrial targets that were carried out using remotely controlled or automated UAVs. This continued misuse has led to research in preventing unauthorized UAVs from causing damage to life and property. In this paper, we present a literature review of UAVs, UAV attacks, and their prevention using anti-UAV techniques. We first discuss the different types of UAVs, the regulatory laws for UAV activities, their use cases, recreational, and military UAV incidents. After understanding their operation, various techniques for monitoring and preventing UAV attacks are described along with case studies.

Parental Control as a Stimulus for Youth Control: Mediating the Parental Knowledge–Child Delinquency Relationship With Cognitive Impulsivity

Parental knowledge was investigated as a foil to reactive criminal thinking, as represented in the current study by cognitive impulsivity. Cognitive impulsivity and neutralization were tested as mediators of the parental knowledge–child delinquency relationship in 1,734 early adolescents (811 boys, 923 girls) from the Gang Resistance and Education Training (GREAT) study. A path analysis of the first three waves of GREAT data revealed that Wave 2 cognitive impulsivity but not Wave 2 neutralization techniques negatively mediated the link between Wave 1 parental knowledge and Wave 3 child delinquency. These results were replicated in variables measured at Waves 2 through 4. Parental control, in the form of parental knowledge and monitoring, may therefore prevent delinquency by countering cognitive impulsivity.

Understanding the Relationship Between the Dark Triad of Personality Traits and Neutralization Techniques Toward Cybersecurity Behaviour

This study considers the framework of neutralization techniques, which responds to the attitude/rationalization leg of the fraud triangle with respect to the dark triad of personality traits' predictability toward compliant cybersecurity behaviour. Logically, organizations focus on reducing the insider's motivation and opportunities for malfeasance. However, it may be prudent to consider the rationalization for insider crime, which is arguably the most obscure element. This study is a unique contribution as it considers both the roles of neutralization techniques and the dark triad of personality traits with respect to insider threats and compliance intention. Furthermore, the specific categories of neutralization techniques will be considered as antecedents towards insider maleficence.

A 20-GHz 1.9-mW LNA Using g m-Boost and Current-Reuse Techniques in 65-nm CMOS for Satellite Communications

A 20-GHz low-power low-noise amplifier (LNA) in 65-nm CMOS is presented. The LNA is cascaded with a single-ended $g_{\mathrm {m}}$ -boosted common-gate (CG) stage and a differential neutralized common-source (CS) stage. Current-reuse technique is employed to save the power consumption with little deterioration in gain and noise figure (NF). The transformer-based $g_{\mathrm {m}}$ -boost technique in the CG stage and neutralization technique in CS stage further enhances the RF performances. Inter-stage magnetically coupled resonator (MCR) extends the bandwidth. An elaborate analysis of the current-reused CG–CS LNA using a transformer-based $g_{\mathrm {m}}$ -boost technique and transformer-based MCR is proposed. Fabricated in 65-nm CMOS technology, the LNA achieves a measured power gain of 14.9 dB at 21 GHz with a −3-dB bandwidth of 4.8 GHz. The lowest NF is 3.3 dB at 19.5 GHz and is below 4 dB from 17 to 21 GHz. The LNA consumes 1.9 mW from a 1-V supply, with a chip area of 600 $\mu \text{m}\,\,\times $ 700 $\mu \text{m}$ .

Clustering of Endorsements of Techniques of Neutralization as Predictors of Offending Among College Students: A Latent Profile Analysis Approach

Past research has provided evidence that techniques of neutralization may be used to rationalize offending, and individuals who endorse such rationalizations demonstrate greater offending risk. However, there is a dearth of research focused on how the endorsement of multiple techniques of neutralization may cluster together within an individual. There is also little understanding of how different clusters predict offending risk. The present study utilized data from 248 undergraduate students. Latent profile analysis was utilized to identify unobserved clusters of stronger/weaker endorsement of techniques of neutralization. Logistic regression was utilized to model the impact of differential clustering to predict offending risk. Results indicated that a five-profile solution best fits the data (low, responsibility deniers, moderate, victim deniers, and high). Participants assigned to the high profile demonstrated elevated offending risk relative to participants assigned to any of the other profiles. Participants assigned to the high profile reported relatively high endorsement of all techniques of neutralization but especially appeal to higher loyalties and denial of injury. Identification of college students demonstrating endorsement of techniques of neutralization consistent with the high profile should be targeted for intervention. Mentoring programs that take a social learning theory approach may be useful in this regard.

Towards a discourse and governmentality approach to spatial development – the case of inner city shopping centres

Using the example of the political-planning discourse on former plans to develop a large-scale shopping centre in the inner city of Mainz, the potential benefits of a discourse and governmentality approach to spatial research subjects is discussed. In particular, the discursive discursive mechanisms of inscribing an entrepreneurial and depoliticized conception of urban space into apparently neutral and objective techniques of spatial analysis are worked out. At the same time, this idea of urban space as a competitive entity determined by spatio-economic principles is challenged by competing conceptions of urban development focused on the conservation of place-specific structures of the built environment. Thus, the case study illustrates how discourse analysis can excavate the spatial knowledge structures guiding the management of contemporary urban development projects.

Genocide, Mass Atrocity, and Theories of Crime: Unlocking Criminology's Potential

Surprisingly, scholars studying mass atrocity and genocide have frequently sidelined criminological theories and concepts. Other disciplines have addressed these crimes while mostly ignoring criminological insights and theories. In this review, we assess the potential of criminological theories to contribute to explaining and preventing mass atrocities and genocide, highlight criminological insights from the study of these crimes, and unlock the existing criminological knowledge base for application in the context of these crimes. We begin by outlining how mass atrocities and genocide are similar to other crimes that criminologists have routinely studied. We then turn toward frameworks of structural causation, focusing on the state and community levels. Subsequently, we address microlevel theories that inform why individuals commit such violence, ranging from theories of choice, the life course, and techniques of neutralization to social learning theory and theories of desistance from crime. Finally, we address the victims of genocide and mass atrocity, including the factors associated with victim labels and victimhood itself.

How Do Individuals Justify and Rationalize their Criminal Behaviors in Online Romance Fraud?

Online romance fraud (ORF) is a growing concern with such serious negative consequences as financial loss or suicide to the victim. Majority of empirical studies on online romance fraud using attachment, deception, protection motivation and relation theories focus on the victim. While neutralization offers insights into how individuals justify their deviant behaviors, the results have not been consistent in different contexts. In the ORF context, offenders may not only rely on justifying techniques but also rationalize their actions by denying risk both to the victim and the offender. Thus, drawing from the neutralization and denial of risk theories, we develop a research model to explain how online romance offenders justify and rationalize their intended criminal activities. To confirm our theoretical model, we collected 320 responses from individuals at Internet Cafes alleged to be online romance fraud hotspots. Our results highlight the boundary conditions of neutralization techniques in the context of online romance fraud. The study shows that denial of risk, a rationalization mechanism, moderates the relationship between denial of victim, a justification technique, and intention to commit romance fraud. This insight advances the frontiers of neutralization theory. We offer both theoretical and managerial implications of the findings.

Mechanistic understanding of salt-induced drug encapsulation in nanosuspension via acid-base neutralization as a nanonization platform technology to enhance dissolution rate of pH-dependent poorly water-soluble drugs

An acid-base neutralization technique has generated interest for the ability to achieve an enhanced dissolution of pH-dependent weakly basic or acidic poorly water-soluble drugs. However, the underlying nanonization mechanism, following acid-base neutralization, requires further elucidation. We hypothesized that the nanosuspensions (NSPs) via nanonization of drug particles could be attributed to the “salt-induced effect” and surfactant-driven micellization after acid-base neutralization. Rebamipide (RBM) and valsartan (VAL) were chosen as model drugs owing to poor water solubility and pH-dependent aqueous solubility. The drug NSP was rapidly obtained via salt formation (NaCl) after neutralization of the drug in basic NaOH solution and poloxamer 407 (POX 407) in acidic HCl solution. The NSP surrounded by NaCl salt was further stabilized by POX 407. The resulting NaCl salt modulated the critical micelle aggregation of POX 407, stabilizing the drug-loaded NSP in a cage of salt and micellar surfactant. In non-assisted homogenization, size analysis indicated the relationship between salt concentration and size reduction. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed that the existence of hydrogen bonding between the drug and surfactant after neutralization, attributed to NSP size reduction. Changes in drug crystallinity to the nano-amorphous state were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Overall, the salt-induced drug NSP synergistically enhanced the dissolution rate, narrowing a gap between drug dissolution profiles in different pH environments.