Fenestration Technique Research Articles

In situ needle fenestration for aortic arch conditions during thoracic endovascular aortic repair

BackgroundTo evaluate the clinical outcomes and the validity of the in situ needle fenestration (ISNF) technique during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for patients with aortic arch conditions.MethodsA total of 115 patients with aortic arch conditions treated with ISNF during TEVAR between January 2018 and December 2021 were incorporated.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 62.0 years, and 10.4% (12/115) were female. The median follow-up time was 31.0 months. A total of 175 supra-arch branches were reconstructed. A single branch was fenestrated in 80 patients, while the left subclavian artery (LSA) and left common carotid artery (LCCA) were fenestrated simultaneously in 11 patients, and all supra-arch branches were fenestrated in 24 patients. The rate of technical success was 100%, 30-day mortality was 3.5% (4/115), overall mortality was 8.7% (10/115), and aortic-related mortality was 2.6% (3/115). Aortic-related reintervention was required in 7.8% (9/115) of patients. Among the major postoperative complications, four patients developed retrograde type A dissection requiring emergent open surgery, three patients had cerebrovascular accidents, and one patient had an endoleak. No occlusions or stenoses of the main or branch aortic stents were observed.ConclusionsThe mid-term results of the ISNF technique during TEVAR for aortic arch conditions were within the acceptable range; however, further follow-up results are needed and long-term stability and durability needs to be assessed. Related fenestration devices also require further development.

A Modification of Fenestration Technique (MOFT) to Increase Vestibular Depth: A Case Series.

The most prevalent mucogingival issues include insufficient gingival width, decreased vestibular depth, abnormal frenal attachment, gingival recession, pockets that reach the mucogingival junction, excess gingival, inconsistent gingival margin, excessive gingival display and abnormal gingival colour. Numerous periodontal plastic operations have been used to treat these issues. However, each approach has its own drawbacks and is technique-dependent. Adequate depth of vestibule is necessary to maintain good oral health as shallow vestibule leads to accumulation of food and thus impedes oral hygiene maintenance. This case series describes a vestibular deepening procedure performed using modification of periosteal fenestration technique. This technique includes a series of eight cases of shallow vestibule where vestibular deepening was conducted by giving a full-thickness incision to expose the periosteum and create a window of fenestration followed by suturing the labial mucosa to the periosteum at the apical level. The results reported an excellent post-operative outcome showing increased depth of the vestibule.

Transprosthetic Fenestration With Electrified Wires. Experimental Evaluation of Three Multifilament Endografts.

In situ fenestration of aortic endografts is an alternative endovascular technique for treatment of complex aortic aneurysms. While this technique has been carried out also to pass stent-grafts in individual cases, its feasibility and safety using different stent-grafts needs to be evaluated. In a saline bath at water temperature of 37°C, a 0.018" Astato 30 guidewire was advanced through 3 different stent-grafts (RelayPro, Zenith and Endurant II) by applying external current of 180 W via an electrosurgery pencil. Puncture efficacy and quality of the fenestration after ballooning with a 6 mm percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) catheter were assessed. Then, balloon-expandable covered stents were deployed in the fenestrations and evaluated for stenosis, using microscopy and radiography. Crossing of the electrified guidewire was instantaneous in the Zenith (n:10) and RelayPro (n:10) groups but not in 3 of 10 punctures in the Endurant group (p<.05). The fenestration area created after PTA was significantly larger in the RelayPro (5.3 mm2 ± 1.8, interquartile range [IQR] 1.6) and Zenith group (6.7 mm2 ± 0.7, IQR 0.5) compared to Endurant (2.3 mm2 ± 0.4, IQR 0.5, p<.001). Fraying was observed in all groups while graft shredding was found in 8 cases after PTA of the Zenith and Endurant endografts and in 5 of the RelayPro group, but the difference was not significant. Vertical tearing was detected after RelayPro (2 out of 10) and Zenith (6 out of 10) fenestrations, no damage was found in the Endurant group (p<.01). Residual stenosis at the level of the fenestration after implantation of a 6 × 79 mm VBX stent had to be corrected in all Endurant cases with a high-pressure PTA catheter. No stenosis was found in the RelayPro and Zenith groups before and after flaring. The "electrified wire" technique is a feasible tool that can be used to perform in situ fenestration by perforation of the endograft fabric. Based on this experimental evaluation the "ideal graft" for this technique could not be identified. Long-term fatigue tests and comparison with other fenestration techniques are required. In situ endograft fenestration can be a useful technique in emergent aortic repair. Recently, the electrified wire technique has been proposed as alternative option to laser, radiofrequency and needle-based techniques. In comparison to these methods, the use of electrified wires can be performed without modifications of routine equipment. Additionally, the material costs can be substantially reduced. However, the effectiveness of this approach for fenestration of different prosthetic grafts is unknown. Based on our experimental studies, the electrified wire technique is feasible but the Endurant endograft requires more attempts, and the placement of a bridging stent should be completed with high-pressure balloons.

Modified Peritoneal Fenestration as a Preventive Method for Lymphocele after Kidney Transplantation: A Preliminary Report.

Background: We aimed to assess the safety of a modified peritoneal fenestration technique with clipping of the window edges during kidney transplantation (KTx) and to determine its impact on reducing lymphocele following KTx. We compared the outcomes of this modified method with those of peritoneal fenestration without clipping. Methods: Among 430 consecutive KTxs performed between 2015 and 2019, preventive peritoneal fenestration and clipping of the margins were performed in 25 patients. These patients were compared with 75 matched patients in whom the margins were not clipped. Postoperative lymphocele formation and other patient data were compared between these two groups. Results: The rate of clinically relevant lymphocele decreased by 2.7% after peritoneal fenestration with clipping, although this decrease was not statistically significant (p = 0.829). There was no significant increase in the rate of other complications in the modified fenestration group (p = 0.067). The incidence of clinically significant lymphocele formation was notably higher in patients with a body mass index greater than 25 kg/m2 (p = 0.028). Univariate analysis indicated that older recipients, individuals with a history of previous abdominal surgery, those receiving the kidney from deceased and older donors were at increased risk of developing a clinically relevant lymphocele. Conclusions: Our preliminary results suggest that peritoneal fenestration with clipping may be as effective as the conventional fenestration technique in preventing lymphocele formation. Further clinical trials with larger sample sizes are required to determine the exact role of preventive peritoneal fenestration with clipping in preventing clinically relevant lymphocele after KTx.

Combination of covered endovascular reconstruction of aortic bifurcation technique and on-table fenestration to preserve inferior mesenteric artery in the treatment of subacute infrarenal aortoiliac occlusion

A 64-year-old man presented with severe intermittent claudication for 4 weeks. Computed tomography angiography showed aortoiliac occlusion. Aortoiliac thrombectomy and followed by covered endovascular reconstruction of aortic bifurcation was performed successfully. On-table fenestration technique was used for preservation of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) to minimize the risk of bowel ischemia. A follow-up computed tomography scan at 6 weeks showed aortoiliac artery and IMA were patent and patient was asymptomatic at 6 months follow-up. Comprehensive management with thrombectomy, covered endovascular reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation, and concurrent on-table fenestration for IMA preservation was an alternative novel, effective, and safe approach for treatment of complex aortoiliac occlusion.

Middle fossa arachnoid cyst fenestration for ruptured cysts associated with subdural collections: paediatric neurosurgery tertiary unit experience.

Arachnoid cysts are commonly encountered benign cystic structures and often come to attention as incidental findings following cranial imaging. Surgical intervention rates vary in different studies; however, rupture of cyst and subdural collection with mass effect are some of the indications for surgical intervention. In this study, we aimed to evaluate our operated cohort of middle fossa arachnoid cysts to determine the rate of traumatic subdural collection in this cohort and further assess outcomes. A retrospective review of all consecutive operated middle cranial fossa arachnoid cysts was carried out for the period 2010 to 2024. Demographics including age, sex, Galassi type, surgical technique for fenestration, preceding history of trauma, presence of papilloedema, and complications following surgery were extracted. Indication for surgery included papilloedema and headaches or increasing head circumference or rupture and subdural collections. Arachnoid cysts managed with CSF diversion as primary surgery were excluded. Over the study period, 21 fenestrations of the arachnoid cysts were carried out in 19 patients with mean age of 7years and M:F ratio of 2.2:1 (laterality: 9 right-sided and 10 left-sided). These included seven Galassi 2 and twelve Galassi 3 arachnoid cysts. At presentation, 10 had papilloedema, 5 with no papilloedema, and 4 with no available ophthalmological assessment. Fenestration of cyst included 12 microscopic, 6 endoscopic, and 3 combined approaches. Of the operated cohort, 8 were due to rupture of arachnoid cyst and subdural collections causing mass effect. Of 8 cases of ruptured arachnoid cyst with subdural collections, 75% had clear history of preceding head injury in the context of accidental or sports-related injuries. Two patients required redo-fenestration (10.5%), 1 patient required temporary lumbar drain (5.2%), and 2 patients required cysto-peritoneal shunts (10.5%). Rupture of arachnoid cysts and subdural collections although rare can be associated with head injury in majority of cases. All operated cases belonged to grade 2 and 3 Galassi.

Comparative Retrospective Cohort Study of Carotid-Subclavian Bypass versus In Situ Fenestration for Left Subclavian Artery Revascularization during Zone 2 Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair: A Single-Center Experience.

Background: Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) has become the first-line therapy for descending aortic disease. Recent studies have demonstrated that preventive revascularization of the left subclavian artery (LSA) in zone 2 TEVAR cases reduces the risk of neurological complications. However, there is no uniform consensus on the choice of revascularization techniques. Although carotid-subclavian bypass is considered the gold standard method, in situ fenestration techniques have also shown encouraging results. This study aims to compare the carotid-LSA bypass with in situ fenestration (ISF) for LSA revascularization and to discuss our treatment approach. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients undergoing zone 2 TEVAR with in situ fenestration (ISF) or carotid-subclavian artery bypasses for LSA revascularization at our institution between February 2011 and February 2024. Preoperative patient characteristics and primary outcomes, such as operative mortality, transient ischemic attack, stroke, and spinal cord ischemia, were analyzed between the groups. Results: During the 13-year study period, 185 patients underwent TEVAR procedures. Of these, 51 patients had LSA revascularization with zone 2 TEVAR; 32 patients underwent carotid-subclavian artery bypasses, and 19 underwent in situ fenestration. The technical success rate was 100%. Statistically, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of primary outcomes such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, spinal cord ischemia, and death (p > 0.05). Conclusions: In situ fenestration (ISF) may be an effective and feasible method for LSA revascularization. With precise patient selection and in experienced hands, ISF appears to be associated with similar perioperative outcomes and mortality rates to the carotid-subclavian bypass.

Pilon fracture with central articular surface collapse treated by posterior tibial fenestration indirect reduction and compression technique: Two cases report.

Central collapsed fracture blocks traditionally require either an anteromedial or anterolateral approach for reduction. However, existing techniques face challenges such as soft tissue damage and compromised tibial strength, especially in pilon fractures with central articular surface collapse and an intact anterior cortex, as classified under 43B2.3 in the 2018 Orthopaedic Trauma Association/Association for the Study of Internal Fixation Fracture and Dislocation Classification Compendium. We address the management of pilon fractures with central articular surface collapse, focusing on 2 cases where conventional reduction techniques posed a risk to soft tissues and tibial integrity. The patients presented with pilon fractures characterized by a central articular surface collapse and an intact anterior cortex, aligning with the 43B2.3 classification. A novel approach was employed, utilizing posterior tibial fenestration and indirect reduction with compression techniques. This method leveraged the talus as a template for precise articular surface realignment. Both cases demonstrated excellent reduction of the distal tibial articular surface and achieved favorable functional recovery of the ankle, evidenced by high American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle Hindfoot Scale scores during the 3-year follow-up. The posterior tibial fenestration technique offers significant advantages for distal tibial pilon fracture reduction. It allows for precise articular realignment, facilitates bone grafting, and minimizes soft tissue and cortical bone disruption. This method is particularly effective for pilon fractures with an intact anterolateral cortex and central articular collapse, providing a valuable surgical alternative.

Comparison of total percutaneous in situ microneedle puncture and chimney technique for left subclavian artery fenestration in thoracic endovascular aortic repair for type B aortic dissection.

To compare the outcomes of totally percutaneous in situ microneedle puncture for left subclavian artery (LSA) fenestration (ISMF) and chimney technique in type B aortic dissection (TBAD) during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). Data on patients who underwent either chimney-TEVAR (n = 89) or ISMF-TEVAR (n = 113) from October 2018 to April 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. The primary outcomes were mortality and major complications at 30 days and during follow-up. The technical success rate was 84.3% in the chimney group and 93.8% in the ISMF group (p = 0.027). The incidence of immediate endoleakage was significantly higher in the chimney than ISMF group (15.7% vs 6.2%, respectively; p = 0.027). The 1- and 3-year survival rates in the chimney and ISMF groups were 98.9% ± 1.1% vs 98.1% ± 0.9% and 86.5% ± 6.3% vs 92.6% ± 4.1%, respectively (log-rank p = 0.715). The 3-year rate of cumulative freedom from branch occlusion in the chimney and ISMF group was 95.4% ± 2.3% vs 100%, respectively (log-rank p = 0.023). Both ISMF-TEVAR and chimney-TEVAR achieved satisfactory short- and mid-term outcomes for the preservation of the LSA in patients with TBAD. ISMF-TEVAR appears to offer better clinical outcomes with higher patency and lower reintervention rates. However, ISMF-TEVAR had longer operation times with higher procedure expenses. When LSA revascularization is required during TEVAR, in situ, fenestration, and chimney techniques are all safe and effective methods; in situ, fenestration-TEVAR appears to offer better clinical outcomes, but takes longer and is more complicated. LSA revascularization during TEVAR reduces post-operative complication rates. Both in situ ISMF-TEVAR and chimney-TEVAR are safe and effective techniques for the preservation of the LSA during TEVAR. The chimney technique is associated with a higher incidence of endoleakage and branch occlusion, but ISMF-TEVAR is a more complicated and expensive technique.

A new minimal invasive technique with in-situ stent-graft fenestration for type A aortic dissection

BackgroundAortic surgery successfully improves the prognosis of patients with type A aortic dissection. However, total arch replacement and reconstruction remain challenging. This study presents a new surgical modality, the in-situ stent-graft fenestration (ISSF) technique, for simplifying aortic arch reconstruction and assesses its short-term efficacy and safety in patients with type A aortic dissection. MethodsData from 177 patients with type A aortic dissection who underwent aortic arch reconstruction were retrospectively analyzed. Sun's procedure was performed in 90 patients and ISSF was performed in the other 87. ResultsThe in-hospital mortality rate was 7.8% in the Sun's procedure group and 3.4% in the ISSF group (p = 0.357). Compared to the Sun's procedure group, the ISSF group had significantly shorter surgical duration, cardiopulmonary bypass time, circulatory arrest time, mechanical ventilation time, and aortic cross-clamp time (p < 0.05). Additionally, intraoperative blood loss was lower in the ISSF group than in the Sun's procedure group (p < 0.05). Patients who underwent ISSF also had a lower incidence of postoperative complications, including lung injury, renal failure, peripheral nerve injury, and chylothorax, than those who underwent Sun's procedure (p < 0.05). During the 6-month follow-up period after surgery, both groups showed significant improvements in the true lumen diameter of the descending thoracic aorta post-operation compared with the pre-operation measurements; meanwhile, the false lumen diameter decreased (p < 0.05). ConclusionsThe ISSF technique appears to be an effective and safe alternative to conventional surgical procedures for patients with type A aortic dissection, with the potential to simplify the procedure, shorten the operation time, and yield satisfactory operative results. However, further investigation is needed to determine its long-term benefits.

Physician Endograft Modification and Electrocautery Wire Technique for Aortic Dissection Flap Fenestration

Physician Endograft Modification and Electrocautery Wire Technique for Aortic Dissection Flap Fenestration

In Situ Fenestration and Carotid-Subclavian Bypass for Left Subclavian Artery Revascularization During Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and feasibility of left subclavian artery (LSA) revascularization techniques during thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR)—the in situ needle fenestration (ISNF) technique and the carotid-subclavian bypass (CS-Bp)—for complicated aortic pathologies.MethodsA retrospective single-center observational study was conducted to identify all patients with thoracic aortic pathologies who underwent TEVAR with LSA revascularization using either CS-Bp or ISNFs from January 2014 to December 2020.ResultsOne hundred and twelve consecutive patients who received TEVAR with LSA revascularization were included. Among them, 69 received CS-Bp and 43 received ISNF (29 using the Futhrough adjustable puncture needles, 14 using the binding stent-graft puncture systems). Technical success, defined as achieving aortic arch pathology exclusion and LSA preservation, was attained in 99.1% patients. Early mortality was 0.9%. Major adverse events within 30 days, including one cerebral hemorrhage, one cervical incision hemorrhage, one stroke and two paraplegia, were exclusively observed in the CS-Bp group. Immediate type I, II and III endoleaks occurred in 0%, 4.7% and 2.3% in the ISNF group, respectively, compared to 0%, 2.9% and 0% in the CS-Bp group.One hundred and eight (97.2%) patients were available for follow-up at a median 50 (maiximum of 103) months, revealing a LSA patency rates of 99.1%. Six patients died during follow-ups—five in the CS-Bp group and one in the ISNF group. Cause of death include one aortic-related stent-graft infection, three non-related and two with unknow causes. The survival exhibited no significantly different between the ISNF (97.7%) and CS-Bp (89.9%) groups (p = 0.22).ConclusionsBoth CS-Bp and ISNF are feasible techniques for LSA reconstruction in TEVAR. ISNF, whether using Futhrough or BPS, seems to be competitive with CS-Bp.Graphical

MANAGEMENT OF DISC HERNIATION AT THE LUMBAR REGION THAT IS COMPLICATED WITH SPINAL STENOSIS USING SMALL INCISION FENESTRATION

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to compare the alternative approach of smaller incision fenestration in managing lumbar disc herniation with spinal stenosis to previous conventional laminectomy procedures. Patients and methods: The current case-control study included a total of 290 patients who were represented by two groups. Those patients were complaining of herniation of the lumbar disc with a complication of stenosis of the lumbar segments. Patients in the study group were treated by a small incision fenestration approach, whereas patients in the control group were treated by posterior laminectomy and decompression. Those patients were selected retrospectively from the pool of patients visiting the orthopedic units of Adiwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Adiwaniyah province, Iraq. Results: Mean hospital stay of patients in the study group was lower in a significant way in comparison with that of patients in the control group, 6.03 ±2.08 days versus 8.07 ±3.13 days, separately (p&lt; 0.001). Added to that, mean operative loss was significantly lower in a group of intervention in comparison with the control group, 52.12 ±5.17 ml versus 65.48 ±5.08 ml, respectively (p&lt; 0.001). Added to that, mean operative time was lower in a significant way in the group of intervention in comparison with patients in the group of control, 62.62 ±3.09 minutes versus 87.09 ±3.47 minutes, respectively (p&lt; 0.001). The mean“visual analogue score (VAS)” was significantly lower in the study group in comparison with the control group, 3.09 ±1.15 versus 6.08 ±2.17, respectively (p&lt;0.001). A comparison of the mean “Japanese orthopedic association (JOA) score” for nerve function between the study group and the control group is shown in Figure 2. The mean “Japanese orthopedic association (JOA) score” was higher in a significant manner in the group of an intervention study in comparison with the control group, 27.15 ±3.07 versus 20.18 ±4.81, respectively (p&lt; 0.001). Conclusion: Small incision fenestration techniques are associated with significantly less hospital stay, less duration of operation, less blood loss, less visual pain score and better nerve function in comparison with conventional laminectomy procedure. Keywords: smaller incision fenestration, lumbar disc herniation, spinal stenosis

Effect of continuous drainage of cranial arachnoid cysts into the ventricular system by stereotactic placed catheters

Background: Surgical treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts (iACs) is challenging. Microsurgical resection, endoscopic fenestration and cysto-peritoneal shunting are the most frequently used methods, each implying their own drawbacks. Stereotactic-guided cysto-ventricular drainage has been described as an alternative method. Here we describe our experience with this technique and how we conducted volumetric measurements to evaluate the effect of permanent drainage. Methods: Standardized stereotactic planning was performed. The planned trajectory included both the iAC and the ventricle system. The catheter was shortened to the defined length and was further fenestrated along its planned course through the iAC to allow drainage into the ventricular system. Clinical and radiological control was performed on outpatient basis after a mean follow-up of 2 (1–3) months. The overall mean follow-up was 32 months (6–59). The measurement of the cyst volume was conducted by the ABC/2-method. Results: Six patients with symptomatic arachnoid cysts (4 f, 2 m) were treated between 2010 and 2016. The overall postoperative reduction in cyst volume at the first follow-up was 36.04% (at the long-term follow-up: 38.57%). Decrease of the midline-shift was achieved in all cases and averaged 57.83% (long term: 81.88%). Clinical improvement of related symptoms could be achieved in all patients (4 patients were symptom free, two patients had alleviated symptoms). There was no case of over-drainage. The catheter had to be removed after 6 months in one case due to infection. Conclusions: We demonstrate successful symptom control and volume reduction in a small series of iACs by continuous drainage into the CSF-system through stereotactic placed catheters. This method may facilitate a self-regulated egress of entrapped cyst fluid in symptomatic patients without risk of over-drainage. A literature survey of the success rate and the complications of this approach is provided. It is concluded that this minimally- invasive method may be an alternative to established fenestration techniques especially for patients with arachnoid cysts that aren’t directly adjacent to a cisternal or ventricular CSF space.

Assessment of Bridging Stents in In Situ Laser Fenestrations of Aortic Endografts With Intravascular Ultrasound

ObjectiveTreatment of complex aortic aneurysms with the in situ laser fenestration (ISLF) technique involves implantation of a balloon expandable stent graft (bSG) in the created fenestration. Adequate expansion of this bSG is of importance both to achieve seal and to ensure target vessel stability. This experimental study assessed the expansion rate of different bSGs in the ISLF setting using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). MethodsA commercially available aortic endograft was used to test the laser fenestration technique (Zenith Alpha, Cook Medical LLC, Bloomington, IN, USA). The ISLF was stented with the following bSGs: two Gore Viabahn VBX balloon expandable endoprostheses (WL Gore & Associates, Bloomington, IL, USA), three BeGraft Peripheral and three BeGraft Plus (Bentley InnoMed GmbH; Hechingen, Germany), and three Advanta V12 (Atrium, Hudson, NH, USA). The bSGs were expanded in three steps: (1) nominal, (2) rated burst pressure, and (3) dilatation with a non-compliant balloon at 15 atmospheres. After each step, an IVUS assessment of the bSG minimal diameter and the area at the fenestration (FA) and in a fully expanded segment distal to the fenestration (SA) was performed. A mean of the three IVUS measurements was used as the value for comparison. An insufficient bSG expansion was defined as a mean of FA/SA of < 0.8 (i.e., < 80% expansion). ResultsThe VBX was the only bSG that could be expanded to its intended diameter (i.e., at least 80%) at nominal pressure. The BeGraft Peripheral and BeGraft Plus showed the lowest expansion degrees after nominal and rated burst pressure. All bSGs that were tested reached a sufficient expansion degree after the use of a higher pressure balloon. ConclusionIn this ex vivo experiment, a dilatation up to nominal pressure showed satisfactory expansion only for the VBX. The consistency of the results when applied to the different types of stent grafts that were analysed reflects structural stent graft specific issues to consider when choosing the right device in cases of ISLF.

Purely Endoscopic Treatment for Arachnoid Cysts.

Arachnoid cysts are benign, mostly congenital lesions that are asymptomatic in most patients. In some cases, due to their location or sheer size, they produce a mass effect or hydrocephalic obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and thus might warrant surgical treatment. The goal of the surgery is usually to reduce pressure inside the cysts, to reduce the mass effect, or to restore the CSF pathway. Surgical treatment options are resection, fenestration, or shunting of the cyst. Over the past decades, treatment under sheer endoscopic control either through a tube or via craniotomy of arachnoid cysts has been studied thoroughly and replaced open microsurgical cyst surgery in the opinion of many neurosurgeons. Endoscopic treatment has proven to be a safe and feasible technique for both patients and surgeons. In the following chapter, the authors describe their indications for surgery and pre- and postoperative workup, where precautions should be taken, and discuss the different possibilities and techniques of endoscopic cyst fenestration. The aim is to give detailed instructions and present cases for ventriculocystostomy, cystocisternostomy, ventriculocystocisternostomy, and cystoventriculostomy and point out specifics deemed to be important to avoid complications and to ensure the best possible outcome for each patient.

Posterior Decompression of Central, Lateral Recess, and Unilateral Foraminal Lumbar Spinal Stenosis by Semi-Circumferential Decompression and the Lateral Fenestration Technique

Posterior Decompression of Central, Lateral Recess, and Unilateral Foraminal Lumbar Spinal Stenosis by Semi-Circumferential Decompression and the Lateral Fenestration Technique

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair for type B aortic dissection with aberrant right subclavian artery: a single-center retrospective study.

To evaluate the outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for type B aortic dissection (TBAD) with aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA). A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with TBAD and ARSA who underwent TEVAR between the period of January 2017 and December 2022. Patient demographics, computed tomography angiography (CTA) measurements, surgical procedures, and postoperative outcomes were reviewed. A total of 9 patients (6 males and 3 females) were included in the study. 4 ARSA were reconstructed, 3 by periscope technique and 1 by in vitro fenestration technique. 3 left subclavian arteries (LSA) were reconstructed, 1 by the chimney technique and 2 by the single-branched stent technique. 2 patients underwent reconstruction of both ARSA and LSA. The overall technical success rate was 100%, with no occurrences of stroke, paraplegia, or mortality within 30 days. 1 patient experienced immediate type Ia endoleak, which resolved after 3 months. 1 patient developed weakness in the right upper limb, while 1 patient presented mild subclavian steal syndrome (SSS); both cases showed recovery during follow-up. The average follow-up duration was 35.6 ± 11.1 months, during which no reinterventions, deaths, or strokes were observed. Our limited experience involving 9 patients demonstrates that early and mid-term outcomes of TEVAR for the treatment of TBAD with ARSA are satisfactory.

Treatment of intermittent exotropia in children using a lateral rectus fenestration technique

To report the results of bilateral fenestration of the lateral rectus muscle in cases of intermittent exotropia in pediatric patients. Children <12 years of age with basic and pseudo-divergence excess type intermittent exotropia who underwent bilateral lateral rectus muscle fenestration were prospectively enrolled in this study. Success was defined as postoperative alignment within 8Δ of orthotropia in the primary position at the last follow-up. A total of 36 children were included. The mean preoperative angle of deviation at distance improved from 33.1Δ ± 3.8Δ (range, 25Δ-40Δ) preoperatively to 4.5Δ ± 5.7Δ (range, 0-16Δ) postoperatively (P < 0.001). The near angle was reduced from 32.0Δ ± 4.2Δ (range, 25Δ-35Δ) to 2.8Δ ± 4.5Δ (range, 0Δ-14 Δ) postoperatively (P < 0.001). Successful outcome was achieved in 81% of the cases at the 6-month follow-up. There were no reported intra- or postoperative complications. In our study cohort, bilateral fenestration of the lateral rectus muscle resulted in successful outcomes in the majority of patients, resulting in a significant reduction in angle of deviation in primary position at both distance and near fixation.

Outcomes of Castor Single-Branched Stent Graft for Reconstruction of Multiple Supra-Aortic Branches in Aortic Arch Disease.

To report the outcomes of a combination of Castor single-branched stent grafts with other techniques for the reconstruction of multiple supra-aortic branches in aortic arch disease. Between December 2019 and December 2021, 20 patients with aortic arch disease underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) at our institution using a Castor single-branched stent graft combined with the fenestration, chimney, or bypass techniques. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair is indicated for complicated or acute type B aortic dissection (TBAD), nonruptured aneurysms with a maximum aneurysm diameter >5.5 cm or showing rapidly expanded, ruptured, or threatened aneurysms, and penetrating aortic ulcers (PAUs) with a maximal aortic diameter >5.5 cm or with PAUs >10 mm deep or >20 mm in diameter. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative clinical data were recorded. The median age of the patients was 56 (range=52-69 years) years, and 19 patients were men. Seven patients underwent the Castor single-branched stent graft and left common carotid artery (LCCA) chimney technique, 8 patients underwent the Castor single-branched stent graft and fenestration technique, and 5 patients underwent the Castor single-branched stent graft and bypass technique. The technical success rate was 100%. Major adverse events included 2 endoleaks, 1 spinal cord ischemia, and 1 early-stage retrograde type A aortic dissection. No cerebral stroke-related complications were observed. The mortality rate was 10% (2/20 patients). One patient with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) died because of a sudden decrease in oxygen saturation and blood pressure after surgery. Relatives declined autopsy, and the cause of death was not determined. Another patient died of a retrograde type A dissection after surgery. The median follow-up period was 6 months (range=3.5-12 months). During follow-up, 1 patient with type I endoleak underwent thoracotomy again after a year. The remaining patients recovered well. The combination of a Castor single-branched stent graft with fenestration, chimney, or bypass techniques may be an effective treatment for preserving multiple supra-aortic branches in aortic arch disease. This study introduced three methods of reconstruction of multiple supra-aortic branches using a Castor single-branched stent graft (Castor single-branched stent graft combined with fenestration, chimney, or bypass technique) and analysed their advantages and shortcomings to provide experience for the future treatment of aortic arch diseases.