Argumentation Techniques Research Articles

ПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ ВІЗУАЛЬНОЇ ГРАМОТНОСТІ В ОСВІТНЬОМУ ПРОЦЕСІ ТА ЇЇ ЕКСПЛІКАЦІЯ В КУЛЬТУРІ МИСЛЕННЯ

У статті висвітлюється креативність і особливості застосування візуальної грамотності, що набула актуальності в епоху розвитку інформаційно-комп’ютерних технологій, упровадження яких в освіту підносить її на рівень сучасних вимог. Здійснено аналіз «візуального повороту», у результаті якого виникла візуальна культура. У її контексті набув розвитку комплекс наукових розвідок щодо проблеми візуальності, розв’язання якої формує способи обробки візуальної інформації, використання візуального сприйняття в освітніх процесах і комунікації, а також технік аргументації на основі візуальної інформації. Підкреслюється вплив візуалізації на освіту, в основі якої тепер лежить не тільки мова, а й мультимедійна екранна комунікація, що формує сучасну грамотність. Зазначається, що грамотність ХХІ століття мультимодальна, здатна до швидкої та творчої інтерпретації, означає навчання з власними правилами конструювання, спрямована на інтерактивні комунікації в режимі реального часу, передбачає можливість використання медіа для виклику емоційних реакцій, має потенціал зміни способів, методів, технологій, форм навчання. Вказуються ключові академічні досягнення сучасності: грамотність цифрової доби; базова, наукова, економічна, технологічна, візуальна, інформаційна, мультикультурна грамотність і глобальна обізнаність; винахідницьке мислення; ефективна комунікація; висока продуктивність. Виявлено, що під візуальною грамотністю розуміємо здатність сприймати та використовувати візуальні образи, разом із здатністю індивіда мислити, вчитися і виражати думки в зображеннях. Це означає сприйняття логіки, емоцій і смислів, які наявні у візуальній інформації, а також здатність продукувати образи в комунікації. Зазначається, що візуально грамотні учні та студенти мають практичні знання зі створення та відтворення візуальної інформації в цифрових медіа, а також постають продуктивними візуальними комунікаторами, які мислять відповідно до запитів цифрової реальності. Зазначається, що візуальна спрямованість сучасних освітніх практик обумовлена розвитком інформаційно-комп’ютерних технологій, які породжують екранно-образну реальність.

Argumentation in journalism A. Baitursynova

The paper identifies A. Baitursynov’s author’s style and methods of argumentation. A. Baitursynov’sjournalistic articles had made big impact on consciousness of the Kazakh people and on formation ofnational views. The main feature of his publicist works is his ability to convince the reader and prove hispoint. A. Baitursynov was able to find the right words and convey them directly to the reader. This waspossible only due to his thorough knowledge of argumentation techniques and their appropriate use.The publicist was able to apply the entire arsenal of logical methods. These are, first of all, methods ofinductive inference, as well as – methods of deductive inference based on the truth of generally validknowledge for a particular range of phenomena. The central idea of this work is to analyze the methodsof argumentation inherent in the journalistic works of A. Baitursynov. The results of the analysis showthat A. Baitursynov had a deep knowledge of laws of the logic, such as assimilation, justification, sufficiency of logic in the argumentation of his ideas, as well as methods of deduction and induction. Inaddition, A. Baitursynov skillfully used popular methods of national oratory (assessment, comparison,approval, recognition, repetition of the world as a whole).

An optimal error estimate for the two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional advection–diffusion equation with smooth and non-smooth solutions

In this paper, a linearized L1 Legendre–Galerkin spectral method for the two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional advection–diffusion equation is derived. The numerical method is stable without the CFL conditions based on the error splitting argument technique and the discrete fractional Gronwall type inequality. We also consider the case of non-smooth solutions by adding some correction terms. The numerical experiments are given to verify the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the correction method.

Formation of rhetorical skills in school: mental features and active teaching methods

The presence of more than twenty directions in Russian rhetoric is based on a different understanding of the effectiveness of communication. Common is the understanding of the effectiveness as an overall criterion of rhetoricalness – nonrhetoricalness speech communication. This article considers the formation of rhetorical skills in the American and Kazakh schools on the example of the study of literature in a non-native language ‒ didactic prose of Leo Tolstoy. The article analyzes the active methods for the formation of rhetorical competence of the student in the American school, for the schools of Kazakhstan with non-Russian language of education, forecasts of active tasks on the same didactic prose of Tolstoy are offered. These scenarios of designing lessons are explained by the identification of commonality and differences in the formation of rhetorical competence. The solution of such issues is made in the article: an attempt to understand whether the recommendations for the formation of rhetorical skills in the American and Kazakh schools with non-Russian language of education are common, is there a connection with mental differences. To answer this question types of speech activity, argumentation technique, critical thinking, empathy, receptive and productive activity in the classroom (reflection) were analyzed. Comparison of teaching non-native literature in American and Kazakh schools with non-Russian language of education is based on the application of such experience in social life and the formation of students’ motivation to study. The establishment of commonality and differences in the formation of effective communication skills allowed to understand the role of mental characteristics of students, the impact of national psychology of students in Kazakhstan on the cognitive and metacognitive scaffolding. The use of the same types of speech activity ‒ listening, speaking, reading, writing ‒ showed the dominance of speaking in the school in Kazakhstan.

Understanding how local actors implement teacher rotation policy in a Chinese context: a sensemaking perspective

ABSTRACTThe Teacher Rotation Policy (TRP) is a recent teacher policy developed in the context of China. TRP seeks to close China’s teacher quality disparities through rotating ‘high-quality’ urban schoolteachers to teach in hard-to-staff rural schools for a period of time. This qualitative case study examined how five policy actors carried out TRP in one rural county from 2012 to 2015. Guided by a sensemaking perspective, the study generated interview and observational data over three months of ethnographic fieldwork in 2016. The analysis of the data revealed high administrative expenses as well as unintended consequences of rotating teachers across schools. Three sensemaking strategies, namely using argumentation techniques, tailoring policy incentives, and leveraging cultural logics have emerged from the participants’ efforts at enacting this policy. These research findings suggest implications for the efficacy and effects of teacher rotation for equalising teacher workforce in China and internationally.

Between a “Heavenly” Life and an “Earthly” Life: Jurisprudence of the Court of the EAEU from 2012–2019

In 2012, a new jurisdictional body – the Court of the Eurasian Economic Community – began to operate in post-Soviet space. During the almost seven years of activity, from September 2012 to May 2019, the Court primarily dealt with appeals of economic entities who challenged acts of the Eurasian Economic Commission, as well as requests from Member States and the Commission for interpretations of international treaties. On one hand, the decisions of the Court meet basic international standards and contain certain answers to the questions submitted to the Court. On the other hand, they do not draw detailed arguments and clear conclusions and sometimes reflect the Court’s predisposition towards the Commission and Member States. As a result, they successfully perform the task of resolving specific disputes, but do not perform (at least effectively) the general task of strengthening the rule of law of the EAEU. The Court did not formulate major concepts that complement and enrich the law of the EAEU. The author substantiates this conclusion and analyzes the Court use of sources of law and evidence; its participation in judicial dialogue; its technique of argumentation; linguistic features of its decisions; procedural and substantive problems faced by the Court, and options for their solution; the practice of presenting separate opinions; legal concepts formulated by the Court, and its overall influence on the development of EAEU law. The ineffective resolution of problems faced by the Court are attributable to subjective and objective reasons – shortcomings of applicable acts, the Court’s isolation from Russian doctrine, the Court’s focus on an internal model of legal proceedings, mistrust on the part of Member States, failure of the Court organizational structure to conform to international standards, and the vertical nature of the EAEU. If these factors are not overcome, and the Court does not change its conduct, it risks becoming a decorative body engaged in explaining provisions that are clear (and will repeat the sad fate of the CIS Economic Court). This prospect is discouraging.

Alessandro di Afrodisia e Proclo sulla dialettica

Abstract In this paper I compare Alexander of Aphrodisias’ and Proclus’ conceptions of dialectic by discussing a passage from Alexander’s commentary on Aristotle’s Topics and texts from Proclus’ Platonic Theology and commentary on Plato’s Parmenides. I show how Alexander takes up Aristotle’s view of dialectic as an argumentative technique that has no specific object but can be put in the service of philosophy e. g. to establish first principles. In a key passage, Alexander quotes some lines from the Parmenides to emphasize that this was also Plato’s view on dialectic. By contrast, Proclus uses the Parmenides as a crucial source for his conception of dialectic as the crowning glory of philosophy, and fiercely criticizes such interpretations of the Parmenides as that of Alexander, which reduce it to the illustration of a logical method. I argue that the difference in their conceptions of dialectic lies in Alexander’s positive and Proclus’ negative view on doxa and on its role in knowledge.

Plato’s Socrates, Sophistic Antithesis and Scepticism

In some Platonic dialogues Socrates apparently shares significant characteristics with contemporary sophists, especially a technique of antithetical argumentation. Since sophists anticipated later Academic philosophers in arguing antithetically and a resultant form of, then, with Socrates’ repeated claims to ignorance, Plato’s depiction of him arguing antithetically suggests later Academics could plausibly appeal to Plato for evidence that Socrates and he were, as it seems they actually did.

Unconditionally convergent numerical method for the two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional diffusion-wave equation

In this paper, we develop a Crank-Nicolson Legendre spectral method for solving the two-dimensional nonlinear time fractional diffusion-wave equation in bounded rectangular domains. In terms of the error splitting argument technique, an optimal error estimate of the numerical scheme is obtained without any time-step size conditions, while the usual analysis for high dimensional nonlinear fractional problems always required certain time-step restrictions dependent on the spatial mesh size. Some numerical results are given to justify the theoretical analysis.

The Control of Spatial Utilization in the Tourism Areas Oriented to Public Welfare and Justice

The rapid development of tourism in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, is a challenge in controlling and utilizing spaces. The establishment of local protected areas (sacred areas, borders, green open spaces), as part of protected areas through the Regional Regulation of Bali Province Number 16 of 2009, is considered unfair by a group people because it delimits the utilization of property rights to land in the area. As a result, numerous violations occur in spatial regulations in tourism areas, especially in the areas designated as protected areas. This study aims to find, discover and formulate a model for controlling the spatial utilization in tourism area that is oriented towards justice and welfare of the community. The research method used in this study is normative legal research method supported with statute approach and conceptual approach. The research materials used included primary legal materials and secondary legal material collected through note-taking technique. The analysis of the legal materials was carried out qualitatively assisted with reasoning and legal argumentation techniques. The results are then presented descriptively.Based on the presentation of the results of the research and the discussion, it can be concluded that the ideal model of the spatial utilization and control comprises the model that is based on the concept of bioregionalism, that is to say, the concept of developing and fulfilling the living needs through adjusting the ecosystem of local communities by preserving and fostering the ecosystem to support the life of the economy. The model encompasses the concept of fusion within the control of the spatial utilization by not damaging the existing ecosystem environment, and on the other hand, economically the community is not harmed in meeting their needs and welfare. The model is also in accordance with the provisions of Article 2 letter h of Law Number 32 of 2009, which stipulates that the environmental protection and management is carried out based on the principle of ecoregion, in that, the environmental protection and management shall consider the characteristics of the natural resources, ecosystems, geographical conditions, the culture of the local community, and the local wisdom. Keywords : Control of Spatial Utilization; Sustainable Development, Public Justice and Welfare DOI : 10.7176/JLPG/87-05 Publication date :July 31 st 2019

Numerical Analysis of Linear and Nonlinear Time-Fractional Subdiffusion Equations

In this paper, a new type of the discrete fractional Gr{\"o}nwall inequality is developed, which is applied to analyze the stability and convergence of a Galerkin spectral method for a linear time-fractional subdiffusion equation. Based on the temporal-spatial error splitting argument technique, the discrete fractional Gr{\"o}nwall inequality is also applied to prove the unconditional convergence of a semi-implicit Galerkin spectral method for a nonlinear time-fractional subdiffusion equation.

Pensar por si e dizer o que pensa: o ensino da argumentação e a formação de sujeitos autônomos

O ato de argumentar é uma prática essencialmente social e evidencia-se em variadas ações cotidianas, nas quais se faz uso da linguagem, em suas diferentes atividades. Especificamente no ambiente escolar, sobretudo no Ensino Médio, a argumentação é assunto bastante explorado, principalmente nas aulas de produção textual, pois, para obter um bom resultado na redação do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) e em vestibulares – grande objetivo da maioria dos alunos – é preciso dominar algumas técnicas argumentativas. A fim de que o trabalho com argumentação não se resuma ao ensino mecânico de modelos para obter sucesso em tais avaliações, e ancorando-se em uma perspectiva sociointeracionista, o presente trabalho procura mostrar que há outras formas de se trabalhar a argumentação na Educação Básica com o objetivo de formar cidadãos críticos: explorando os gêneros orais e os textos verbo-visuais presentes na mídia. Para isso, parte da experiência de dois projetos de iniciação científica que se inserem em um projeto maior desenvolvido pelas professoras, voltado para a leitura, análise e produção de gêneros argumentativos. Enfim, acreditamos que, ao oferecer subsídios que possibilitem aos alunos vivenciar as diferentes modalidades de leitura e produção, poderemos contribuir para a formação de cidadãos que saibam expor suas opiniões e que sejam capazes de ter uma efetiva participação na vida social.

César Vallejo frente a José María Eguren: Los heraldos negros y Simbólicas. Un ensayo de retórica comparada

Comparative Rhetoric is an area of knowledge that assimilates the contributions of General Textual Rhetoric (Garcia Berrio, Arduini and Bottiroli), Rhetoric of Argumentation (Perelman and Olbrechst-Tyteca) and Cultural Rhetoric (Albaladejo). It is a question of comparing rhetorical figures, argumentative techniques, and visions of the world of two or more writers from a previous analysis of the cultural context of the time. The article seeks to compare two poems from the first decade of the twentieth century: Los heraldos negros and Simbolicas. The idea is to establish similarities and differences based on proposals of researchers such as Jorge Basadre or Estuardo Nunez, among others, who have addressed the work of both Vallejo and Eguren. First, Eguren and Vallejo will be placed in the context of the Peruvian poetry. Then, the specific features of both authors’ poetry will be analyzed. And finally, a representative poem of Eguren will be compared with one of Vallejo. Both authors are fundamental in the context of the bicentennial of the independence of Peru because they laid the foundations for the creation of a national literary tradition.

حجاجية الكناية في الخطاب السياسي إطار نظري ونموذج تطبيقي Argumentation of Metonymy in Political Discourse A Theoretical Framework and an Applied Model

The present paper on of Metonymy in Political Discourse – a Theoretical Framework and an Applied Model aims to study the argumentative dimension in the figures of thought by studying the argumentation of metonymy in the non-literary discourses such as the political discourse, the military discourse, the economic discourse, the judicial discourse, etc. Thus, it is to identify the extent of the Arab rhetoric success in going beyond producing oratorical discourses to the production of serious discourses with strategies successful in achieving its objectives.The research has concluded several results, including:- The metonymical expression is an argumentative expression whose structure contains an evidentiary knowledge of a persuasive nature, which enabled it to be one of the successful argumentative techniques in the speeches of President Sadat.- The research has shown that metonymy has gone beyond the entertaining function in literary texts to the persuasive argumentative function in the political discourse, which reflects its ability to absorb both the mental argumentative and the entertaining imaginative visions.- Argumentation using metonymy in some contexts of the political discourse of President Sadat has reflected that he enjoyed eloquent democracy, which allowed him to address the public with arguments, evidence and reasoning in a context that puts the act of persuasion within a communicative perspective which takes the public authority into account, on even a prima facie basis.- Argumentation with metonymy is a manifestation of achieving the act in the political discourse; as it tries to persuade audiences with the objectives and goals of the discourse, and then driving them to act in the direction of the goals and objectives planned.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak Istri Dalam Perkawinan Poligami Melalui Perjanjian Perkawinan

Marriage is carried out to form a happy and eternal family as a new stage of entering the real social life. Many things can happen in a marriage life. To avoid various problems in the future, the parties anticipate it by making a marriage agreement. Various problems that arise often result from the actions of the couple themselves for example, such as the desire of a husband who wants to have more than one wife or polygamy. With the marriage agreement, it is very helpful for the parties to resolve such problems because there is no agreement that the parties feel that they have been harmed because everything has been stated in the contents of the agreement. The problem is that there is a void of norms in Article 29 of the Marriage Law which regulates marriage agreements that do not explain how the rights of the wife occur in the case of polygamous marriages. This type of research is normative research. The type of approach used by legislation. The source of the legal material is primary legal material and secondary legal material. The legal collection technique is the technique of literature study and legal material analysis techniques, namely evaluation techniques and argumentation techniques. The results of the study indicate that there must be a joint agreement between husband and wife in making marriage agreements and by making a marriage agreement can protect the rights of wives who experience polygamy in their marriages.

The Strategies of Maxim Flouting In Lincoln Movie Script

This undergraduate thesis entitled The Strategies of Maxim Flouting in Lincoln Movie Script. It was aimed to analyze maxim flouting in movie script. In more specific terms, it was aimed to identify the strategies applied and the reasons of maxim flouting by the characters in Lincoln movie script. Documentation method and note taking technique were used to collect the data. Qualitative method and descriptive technique, theory of cooperative principle by Grice (1975), and theory of rhetorical strategy by Grundy (2000) were used to analyze the data. Informal method and argumentative technique were used to descriptively present the data. All four types of maxim flouting were performed in the movie script. Among six strategies of maxim flouting, four strategies were applied in Lincoln movie script. They are: overstatement, metaphor, rhetorical question, and irony. Various reasons have lead the character to flouting the maxim, they are: demanding, offering, accusing, reprimanding, cursing, threatening, announcing, instructing, greeting, reporting, asserting, and insulting.

President Joko Widodo’s Rhetorical Technique of Arguing in the Presidential Speeches of the Reform Era

A good speech has the power in presenting the rhetorical argument, therefore it is required a study corresponds to the speech preparation with rhetorical techniques to argue, especially in the presidential speech of the President of the Republic of Indonesia Joko Widodo of reform era in the field of education. The research method was the critical discourse analysis method of Norman Fairclough model. Data collection techniques used were documentation techniques, note-taking techniques, and interviews. Data analysis techniques were administered by connecting micro, meso, and macro elements in dimensions: (a) text, (b) discourse practice, and (b) socio-cultural practices. The results show that President Joko Widodo and his team used the argument technique: 1) The introduction has two patterns: (a) claim and ground; and (b) claims. 2) The trunk or content section has a pattern: (a) claim and ground; (b) claim, ground, and claim; (c) claim, ground, and warrant; (d) claim, ground, and possible; and (e) claim, ground, warrant and backing with each sub topic or argument, minimally and dominantly comprising claim and ground. 3) The closing section has a pattern: (a) claim, ground, and claim; (b) claim. The rhetorical technique of arguing in a presidential speech aims at explaining the plans of educational programs, undertaken educational programs, and the promise and expectation to improve the quality of education in Indonesia during the reform era.

The Analysis of Deixis in the Novel The Fault In Our Stars by John Green

This research entitled The Analysis of Deixis in The Novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green. Deixis is a study to describe the relation between language and contexts in language structure itself. The objectives of this study are (1) to find out and identify types of deixis in the novel The Fault in Our Stars (2) to analyze the function of each deixis type found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars. The data were collected using documentation and observation methods using the reading and note taking techniwques. Qualitative method was used to analyze the data and the method were done by descriptive technique. The method of presenting the result of data analysis was the descriptive method and was done by argumentative technique. The result of the research shows that there are three types of deixis found in the novel The Fault in Our Stars by John Green, namely person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis. Person deixis consists of first person, second person and third person. The first person deixis is used to identify the speaker. The second person deixis is used to show the addressee. The third person deixis is used to show the referent not identified as the speaker or the addressee. The spatial deixis is used to describe a location participant in speech event. Temporal deixis is used to point a certain period of time.

Typologies and Argumentation Tactics in Religious Polemics - An Analysis of al-Jawāb al Sahih and the Cyprus Letter

Christian-Muslim polemical exchanges and the relationship between the two faiths’ religious authorities in the medieval period were often rigid. One exchange between Christian theologians in Cyprus and Muslim theologians in Damascus is evidently polemical and exemplifies the difficult relations that occurred early in the fourteenth century and the nature of challenging religious arguments. That is The Letter from the People of Cyprus and Ibn Taymiyya’s response to it. This article offers a new analysis through the perspective of particular theoretical typologies of religious polemics. Accordingly, the article shows that these two polemicists adhere to multiple scriptural and rational tactics in support of their biased understanding of religious truth and the definition of impeccable revelations. It also shows that both theologians were involved in forceful and sometimes contradictory argumentative techniques.

¿Qué caracteriza a un buen jurista? ¿Era Magnaud un buen juez?

Los puntos presentados en este documento pueden resumirse a continuación:1. La mentalidad de jurista se caracteriza por una peculiar técnica de argumentación que está en conflicto con el sentido común. Esto se debe al hecho de que un jurista tiene que trabajar con textos y conceptos definidos (o precedentes) y resolver varios problemas prácticos con una referencia a estos (en lugar de los sentimientos personales, la moralidad o la eficiencia).2. Otra cualidad típica es un enfoque de procedimiento práctico (por ejemplo, auditur et altera pars). Esto se remonta a varias generaciones de experiencia.3. La característica más llamativa de un buen jurista es el pensamiento de conexión dual. Esto requiere que un jurista cumpla con un criterio interno de argumentación (típicamente de jurista) y un criterio externo de evaluación. Este criterio externo significa que un buen jurista siempre debe tener en cuenta los intereses/valores en juego en el debate jurídico.4. En general, el criterio de evaluación normalmente no aparece explícitamente en la argumentación, sólo entre líneas e indirectamente. La argumentación teleológica puede ser, en circunstancias especiales, la excepción.5. Magnaud, el famoso juez francés de finales siglo XIX e inicio del siglo XX, cumplió con los criterios anteriores, por lo que fue realmente un buen jurista (o “buen juez” como se refleja en su epíteto). 6. Dependiendo del concepto de erudición jurídica utilizado, las declaraciones anteriores se aplican a las obras de la erudición legal sólo en una medida limitada o no se aplican para nada.