Network Intrusion Detection Techniques Research Articles

Evaluating the Performance of Classification Algorithms on the UNSW-NB15 Dataset for Network Intrusion Detection

Network intrusion detection is a critical aspect of cybersecurity, aiming to distinguish between normal and malicious network activities. This study evaluates the performance of various machine learning algorithms on the UNSW-NB15 dataset for binary classification of network traffic into normal and attack categories. We employed several preprocessing steps, including handling missing values, encoding categorical features, and addressing class imbalance using a mix of Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) and undersampling. The models evaluated include k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Neural Networks. Our experimental results show that complex models like Neural Networks and SVMs significantly outperform simpler models. The Neural Network model achieved the highest accuracy of 92%, with a precision of 91%, recall of 93%, and an F1-score of 92%. SVM also performed robustly with an accuracy of 90%. Simpler models, while less effective, still achieved respectable performance, with Logistic Regression and k-NN reaching accuracies of 88% and 85%, respectively. The study highlights the importance of comprehensive preprocessing and the implementation of advanced machine learning techniques for effective network intrusion detection. The results suggest that while complex models offer superior detection capabilities, simpler models can still be valuable in resource-constrained environments. Future research should focus on applying these models to real-world data, exploring more advanced neural network architectures, and implementing cost-sensitive learning techniques to further enhance detection performance and efficiency.

Integration Between Network Intrusion Detection and Machine Learning Techniques to Optimizing Network Security

Integration Between Network Intrusion Detection and Machine Learning Techniques to Optimizing Network Security

A Comprehensive Review of Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Real time Network Intrusion Detection with Applications in Cybersecurity

This paper reviews popular signature and anomaly-based intrusion detection systems (IDS). Dimensionality reduction techniques (DRT) are used to increase the efficiency of such systems for real-time operation. Autoencoder-based IDS is rapidly gaining in popularity, primarily due to its inherent ability to denoise data and reduce dimensionality. In addition to the efficiency, we also look at the classification techniques used by various authors, and the overall impact of a model in terms of performance metrics. This article is written for novices in cybersecurityto get a jumpstart on the latest IDS algorithms. The purpose is to give useful insights into the broad and progressive view of various techniques in wide use, expose high-impact future research areas and to summarize classic IDS methods and feature selection techniques.

Designing a modified feature aggregation model with hybrid sampling techniques for network intrusion detection

Designing a modified feature aggregation model with hybrid sampling techniques for network intrusion detection

DCNNBiLSTM: An Efficient Hybrid Deep Learning-Based Intrusion Detection System

In recent years, all real-world processes have been shifted to the cyber environment practically, and computers communicate with one another over the Internet. As a result, there is a rising number of network security vulnerabilities, and network administrators are unable to secure their networks from all forms of cyberattacks. Many techniques for network intrusion detection have also been developed. However, they encounter significant challenges as a result of the ongoing emergence of new vulnerabilities that present systems cannot comprehend. We are motivated by deep learnings exceptional performance in various detection and identification tasks, we present an intelligent and efficient network intrusion detection system (NIDS) based on Deep Learning (DL). In this study, we present a deep learning-based IDS for attack detection. The model has been trained with real-time traffic datasets; CICIDS2018 and Edge_IIoT datasets. The performance of the model is investigated using multiclass classification and achieved a 100% and 99.64% accuracy rate respectively when trained and tested with the datasets.

A Particle Swarm Optimization and Deep Learning Approach for Intrusion Detection System in Internet of Medical Things

Integrating the internet of things (IoT) in medical applications has significantly improved healthcare operations and patient treatment activities. Real-time patient monitoring and remote diagnostics allow the physician to serve more patients and save human lives using internet of medical things (IoMT) technology. However, IoMT devices are prone to cyber attacks, and security and privacy have been a concern. The IoMT devices operate on low computing and low memory, and implementing security technology on IoMT devices is not feasible. In this article, we propose particle swarm optimization deep neural network (PSO-DNN) for implementing an effective and accurate intrusion detection system in IoMT. Our approach outperforms the state of the art with an accuracy of 96% to detect network intrusions using the combined network traffic and patient’s sensing dataset. We also present an extensive analysis of using various Machine Learning(ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques for network intrusion detection in IoMT and confirm that DL models perform slightly better than ML models.

A deep learning based misbehavior classification scheme for intrusion detection in cooperative intelligent transportation systems

With the rise of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and the number of connected vehicles increasing on the roads, Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (C-ITSs) have become an important area of research. As the number of Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Interface (V2I) communication links increases, the amount of data received and processed in the network also increases. In addition, networking interfaces need to be made more secure for which existing cryptography-based security schemes may not be sufficient. Thus, there is a need to augment them with intelligent network intrusion detection techniques. Some machine learning-based intrusion detection and anomaly detection techniques for vehicular networks have been proposed in recent times. However, given the expected large network size, there is a necessity for extensive data processing for use in such anomaly detection methods. Deep learning solutions are lucrative options as they remove the necessity for feature selection. Therefore, with the amount of vehicular network traffic increasing at an unprecedented rate in the C-ITS scenario, the need for deep learning-based techniques is all the more heightened. This work presents three deep learning-based misbehavior classification schemes for intrusion detection in IoV networks using Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The proposed Deep Learning Classification Engines (DCLE) comprise of single or multi-step classification done by deep learning models that are deployed on the vehicular edge servers. Vehicular data received by the Road Side Units (RSUs) is pre-processed and forwarded to the edge server for classifications following the three classification schemes proposed in this paper. The proposed classifiers identify 18 different vehicular behavior types, the F1-scores ranging from 95.58% to 96.75%, much higher than the existing works. By running the classifiers on testbeds emulating edge servers, the prediction performance and prediction time comparison of the proposed scheme is compared with those of the existing studies.

A novel wide & deep transfer learning stacked GRU framework for network intrusion detection

With the increasing frequency, severity and complexity of recent cyber attacks around the world, network intrusion detection has become mandatory and highly sophisticated task. Achieving high performance in network intrusion detection by applying benchmark machine learning classifiers (including deep learning techniques) has become a major challenge in recent times. One of the biggest challenges is improving the memorization capacity and generalization ability of NIDS (Network Intrusion Detection Systems). In this paper, we propose a highly scalable novel wide & deep transfer learning (TL) based stacked GRU (Gated Recurrent Unit) model to deal with multi-dimensional point data and multi-variate time series regression and classification problems in network intrusion detection. The proposed model has the memorization capacity of linear regression model and the generalization ability of deep GRU model. The deep component consists of a transfer learning framework that pretrains a source model and then fine-tunes the whole source model on the same dataset multiple times until it gives peak performance. This method gives a multi-class evaluation accuracy of 99.92% on KDDCup 99(10%) dataset and 94.22% on UNSW-NB15 dataset respectively. Extensive experimentations and evaluations have been carried out by comparing it with other machine learning (including deep learning) network intrusion detection techniques. The proposed method outperforms most of the existing intrusion detection approaches.

Input splits design techniques for network intrusion detection on Hadoop cluster

Intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the most important components being used to monitor network for possible cyber-attacks. However, the amount of data that should be inspected imposes a great challenge to IDSs. With recent emerge of various big data technologies, there are ways for overcoming the problem of the increased amount of data. Nevertheless, some of this technologies inherit data distribution techniques that can be a problem when splitting a sensitive data such as network data frames across a cluster nodes. The goal of this paper is design and implementation of Hadoop based IDS. In this paper we propose different input split techniques suitable for network data distribution across cloud nodes and test the performances of their Apache Hadoop implementation. Four different data split techniques will be proposed and analysed. The techniques will be described in detail. The system will be evaluated on Apache Hadoop cluster with 17 slave nodes. We will show that processing speed can differ for more than 30% depending on chosen input split design strategy. Additionally, we?ll show that malicious level of network traffic can slow down the processing time, in our case, for nearly 20%. The scalability of the system will al so be discussed.

APT attack detection based on flow network analysis techniques using deep learning

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attacks are a form of malicious, intentionally and clearly targeted attack. This attack technique is growing in both the number of recorded attacks and the extent of its dangers to organizations, businesses and governments. Therefore, the task of detecting and warning APT attacks in the real system is very necessary today. One of the most effective approaches to APT attack detection is to apply machine learning or deep learning to analyze network traffic. There have been a number of studies and recommendations to analyze network traffic into network flows and then combine with some classification or clustering methods to look for signs of APT attacks. In particular, recent studies often apply machine learning algorithms to spot the present of APT attacks based on network flow. In this paper, a new method based on deep learning to detect APT attacks using network flow is proposed. Accordingly, in our research, network traffic is analyzed into IP-based network flows, then the IP information is reconstructed from flow, and finally deep learning models are used to extract features for detecting APT attack IPs from other IPs. Additionally, a combined deep learning model using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) and Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) is introduced. The new detection model is evaluated and compared with some traditional machine learning models, i.e. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and single GCN models, in the experiments. Experimental results show that BiLSTM-GCN model has the best performance in all evaluation scores. This not only shows that deep learning application on flow network analysis to detect APT attacks is a good decision but also suggests a new direction for network intrusion detection techniques based on deep learning.

A New Framework for Anomaly Detection in NSL-KDD Dataset using Hybrid Neuro-Weighted Genetic Algorithm

There are an increasing number of security threats to the Internet and computer networks. For new kinds of attacks constantly emerging, a major challenge is the development of versatile and innovative security-oriented approaches. Anomaly-based network intrusion detection techniques are in this sense a valuable tool for defending target devices and networks from malicious activities. With testing dataset, this work was able to use the NSL-KDD data collection, the binary and multiclass problems. With that inspiration, data mining techniques are used to offer an automated platform for network attack detection. The system is based on the Hybrid Genetic Neuro-Weighted Algorithm (HNWGA).In this weighted genetic algorithm is used for the selection of features and in this work a neuro-genetic fuzzy classification algorithm has been proposed which is used to identify malicious users by classifying user behaviors. The main benefit of this proposed framework is that it reduces the attacks by highly accurate detection of intruders and minimizes false positives. The evaluation of the performance is performed in NSL-KDD dataset. The experimental result shows of that the proposed work attains better accuracy when compared to previous methods. Such type of IDS systems are used in the identification and response to malicious traffic / activities to improve extremely accuracy.

Interactive three-dimensional visualization of network intrusion detection data for machine learning

The threat of cyber-attacks is on the rise in the digital world today. As such, effective cybersecurity solutions are becoming increasingly important for detecting and combating cyber-attacks. The use of machine learning techniques for network intrusion detection is a growing area of research, as these techniques can potentially provide a means for automating the detection of attacks and abnormal traffic patterns in real-time. However, misclassification is a common problem in machine learning for intrusion detection, and the improvement of machine learning models is hindered by a lack of insight into the reasons behind such misclassification. This paper presents an interactive method of visualizing network intrusion detection data in three-dimensions. The objective is to facilitate the understanding of network intrusion detection data using a visual representation to reflect the geometric relationship between various categories of network traffic. This interactive visual representation can potentially provide useful insight to aid the understanding of machine learning results. To demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed visualization approach, this paper presents results of experiments on commonly used network intrusion detection datasets.

A Semi-Boosted Nested Model With Sensitivity-Based Weighted Binarization for Multi-Domain Network Intrusion Detection

Effective network intrusion detection techniques are required to thwart evolving cybersecurity threats. Historically, traditional enterprise networks have been researched extensively in this regard. However, the cyber threat landscape has grown to include wireless networks. In this article, the authors present a novel model that can be trained on completely different feature sets and applied to two distinct intrusion detection applications: traditional enterprise networks and 802.11 wireless networks. This is the first method that demonstrates superior performance in both aforementioned applications. The model is based on a one-versus-all binary framework comprising multiple nested sub-ensembles. To provide good generalization ability, each sub-ensemble contains a collection of sub-learners, and only a portion of the sub-learners implement boosting. A class weight based on the sensitivity metric (true-positive rate), learned from the training data only, is assigned to the sub-ensembles of each class. The use of pruning to remove sub-learners that do not contribute to or have an adverse effect on overall system performance is investigated as well. The results demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve exceptional performance in applications to both traditional enterprise intrusion detection and 802.11 wireless intrusion detection.

Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detection and Intrusion Prevention for Enhanced User Privacy

Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Network Intrusion Detection and Intrusion Prevention for Enhanced User Privacy

A Real-time LAN/WAN and Web Attack Prediction Framework Using Hybrid Machine Learning Model

Real-time network attacks have become an increasingly serious issue to LAN/WAN security in recent years. As the size of the network flow increases, it becomes difficult to pre-process and analyze the network packets using the traditional network intrusion detection tools and techniques. Traditional NID tools and techniques require high computational memory and time to process large number of packets in incremental manner due to limited buffer size. Web intrusion detection is also one of the major threat to real-time web applications due to unauthorized user’s request to web server and online databases. In this paper, a hybrid real-time LAN/WAN and Web IDS model is designed and implemented using the machine learning classifier. In this model, different types of attacks are detected and labelled prior to train the machine learning model. Future network packets are predicted using the trained machine learning classifier for attack prediction. Experimental results are simulated on real-time LAN/WAN network and client-server web application for performance analysis. Simulated results show that the proposed machine learning based attack detection model is better than the traditional statistical and rule based learning models in terms of time, detection rate are concerned.

Data Fusion for Network Intrusion Detection: A Review

Rapid progress of networking technologies leads to an exponential growth in the number of unauthorized or malicious network actions. As a component of defense-in-depth, Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) has been expected to detect malicious behaviors. Currently, NIDSs are implemented by various classification techniques, but these techniques are not advanced enough to accurately detect complex or synthetic attacks, especially in the situation of facing massive high-dimensional data. Besides, the inherent defects of NIDSs, namely, high false alarm rate and low detection rate, have not been effectively solved. In order to solve these problems, data fusion (DF) has been applied into network intrusion detection and has achieved good results. However, the literature still lacks thorough analysis and evaluation on data fusion techniques in the field of intrusion detection. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive review on them. In this article, we focus on DF techniques for network intrusion detection and propose a specific definition to describe it. We review the recent advances of DF techniques and propose a series of criteria to compare their performance. Finally, based on the results of the literature review, a number of open issues and future research directions are proposed at the end of this work.

Network Intrusion Detection through Stacking Dilated Convolutional Autoencoders

Network intrusion detection is one of the most important parts for cyber security to protect computer systems against malicious attacks. With the emergence of numerous sophisticated and new attacks, however, network intrusion detection techniques are facing several significant challenges. The overall objective of this study is to learn useful feature representations automatically and efficiently from large amounts of unlabeled raw network traffic data by using deep learning approaches. We propose a novel network intrusion model by stacking dilated convolutional autoencoders and evaluate our method on two new intrusion detection datasets. Several experiments were carried out to check the effectiveness of our approach. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model can achieve considerably high performance which meets the demand of high accuracy and adaptability of network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs). It is quite potential and promising to apply our model in the large-scale and real-world network environments.

Data Mining Techniques for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems

Data Mining Techniques for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems

Data Mining Techniques for Network Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems

The main purpose of Intrusion Detection Systems(IDS) and Intrusion protection Systems(IPS) for data mining is to discover patterns of program and user activity, and determine what set of events indicate an attack. In the last years, the networking revolution has finally come of age. More than ever before, we see that the Internet is changing computing as we know it. The possibilities and opportunities are limitless; unfortunately, so too are the risks and chances of malicious intrusions. In Network Security, intrusion detection and prevention system is the act of detecting activity or action that attempt to compromise the confidentiality, integrity or availability of a resource. Intrusion prevention techniques, such as user authentication avoiding programming errors, and information protection (e.g., encryption) have been used to protect computer systems is act as first line of defense. We focus on issues related to deploying a data mining-based IDS in a real time of networking environment. To improve accuracy and security, data mining programs are used to analyze audit data and extract features that can distinguish normal activities from intrusions. In this paper presents an intrusion detection system architecture consisting of network sensors, detectors, a data warehouse, and model generation components and we can identify network attack and which type of attack on databases being take place.

Network Anomaly Detection Based on BQPSO-BN Algorithm

As cloud computing becomes popular, intrusion detection has been focused again, since huge amount of network attacks have increased the requirement of efficient network intrusion detection techniques. Currently, lots of methods are used to solve this issue, but lower detection rate of these original models cannot satisfy complex Internet environment. In this paper, we propose a novel intrusion detection model–Bayesian Network-based binary quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization (BQPSO-BN). Since the classical QPSO algorithm only operates in continuous and real-valued space, and the problem of Bayesian networks learning is in discrete space, we redefine the position vector and the distance between two positions, and adjust the iterative equations of QPSO to binary search space. Experiment results with KDD’99 dataset show that BQPSO-BN is an efficient and effective algorithm and has better convergence speed compared with BPSO-BN and GA-BN models.