3D Modeling Techniques Research Articles

Software for browsing sectioned images of a dog body and generating a 3D model.

The goals of this study were (1) to provide accessible and instructive browsing software for sectioned images and a portable document format (PDF) file that includes three-dimensional (3D) models of an entire dog body and (2) to develop techniques for segmentation and 3D modeling that would enable an investigator to perform these tasks without the aid of a computer engineer. To achieve these goals, relatively important or large structures in the sectioned images were outlined to generate segmented images. The sectioned and segmented images were then packaged into browsing software. In this software, structures in the sectioned images are shown in detail and in real color. After 3D models were made from the segmented images, the 3D models were exported into a PDF file. In this format, the 3D models could be manipulated freely. The browsing software and PDF file are available for study by students, for lecture for teachers, and for training for clinicians. These files will be helpful for anatomical study by and clinical training of veterinary students and clinicians. Furthermore, these techniques will be useful for researchers who study two-dimensional images and 3D models.

3D Modeling and prototyping of jaw models as a stage of osteoreconstructive surgery on the facial part of the skull of children

The article presents the results of surgical treatment of children with tumors, with postoperative facial deformities and defects of the skull secondary to tumors, using the technique of 3D modeling followed by prototyping of jaw models.

Generation of 3D Model for Urban area using Ikonos and Cartosat-1 Satellite Imageries with RS and GIS Techniques

Abstract. Urban design is a subject that is concerned with the shape, the surface and its physical arrangement of all kinds of urban elements. Although urban design is a practice process and needs much detailed and multi-dimensional description. 3D city models based spatial analysis gives the possibility of solving these problems. Ahmedabad is third fastest growing cities in the world with large amount of development in infrastructure and planning. The fabric of the city is changing and expanding at the same time, which creates need of 3d visualization of the city to develop a sustainable planning for the city. These areas have to be monitored and mapped on a regular basis and satellite remote sensing images provide a valuable and irreplaceable source for urban monitoring. With this, the derivation of structural urban types or the mapping of urban biotopes becomes possible. The present study focused at development of technique for 3D modeling of buildings for urban area analysis and to implement encoding standards prescribed in "OGC City GML" for urban features. An attempt has been to develop a 3D city model with level of details 1 (LOD 1) for part of city of Ahmedabad in State of Gujarat, India. It shows the capability to monitor urbanization in 2D and 3D.

Face 3D Modeling Based on Projective Rectification

Face 3D modeling is the difficulty problem in the field of computer graphics, computer vision and artificial intelligence. In recent years, it has become the most active research focus both at home and broad. 3D modeling of face is the key step to realize face recognition, and the technique of face 3D modeling has obtained extensive applications in many fields, such as film, animation, interactive games, video conference, human-computer interaction, reverse engineering, medical and public safety. In this paper, the technology of face 3D modeling based on projective rectification is presented and the reconstruction of face 3D digital model can be achieved by it. Firstly, BP neural network is used to simulate the mapping relationship between the 3D object and its images. Then, the rectification on the left and right images acquired by stereo vision system is implemented according to the principle of epipolar line constraint. On the left and right rectified image planes, the match researching of corresponding points are reduced from 2D plane to the horizontal lines, so the image matching and face 3D modeling can be implemented efficiently.

UAV archaeological reconstruction: The study case of Chamartin Hillfort (Avila, Spain)

Abstract. Photogrammetry from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is a common technique for 3D modelling in a low-cost way. This technique is becoming essential to analyse the cultural heritage, e.g. historical buildings, monuments and archaeological remains in order not only to preserve them, but for disseminate accurate graphic information. The study case of Chamartin hillfort (Ávila, Spain) provided us the opportunity to apply automation techniques to generate geomatic products with high metric quality. A novel photogrammetric software tool was used with the aim to achieve high resolution orthophoto and 3D models of complex sites. This tool allows a flexible way for heritage documentation, since it incorporates robust algorithms to cope with a wide range of studies cases and shooting configurations.

T.O.F. LASER SCANNER FOR THE SURVEYING OF STATUES: A TEST ON A REAL CASE

Abstract. The contribution regards the surveying of two statues of famous contemporary sculptors that have been placed in the central zone of Cosenza, which has been transformed in an open air museum. To realize a 3-D representation of the museum, different methodologies have been used, based on classical surveying (total stations and GNSS), image data and range data. The increasing performances of the new models of Time Of Flight (T.O.F.) laser scanners allow to build accurate models also for medium-size objects; on the other hand, the recent techniques of 3D modeling enable the processing of large amount of data and the effective removal of noises. Thus, if an extreme accuracy is not required, one can think to use the T.O.F. laser scanner, also for the surveying of statues. For the acquisition of the surfaces of the statues, two different types of laser scanning have been used: the Leica Scan StationC10, based on Time Of Flight, and the Minolta VIVID 300 triangulation scanner. In the paper, the comparison between the results obtained by using the different techniques is described.

Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space–time access to food

A majority of literature about food deserts is focused on geographic access to food retailers by a buffered distance differentiating high and low access. An overlooked facet in this representation is that food acquisition is not only geographically dictated, but it is also temporally constrained. Food retailers invariably have limited opening hours that create a temporal restriction for shoppers. In this paper, a three-dimensional (3D) construct was proposed to delineate the limited food access to a retailer location across space and over its time of operation. Food retailer data in Columbus, OH, USA were collected for examining the variation of food access on both spatial and temporal scales. This study also employed the technique of interactive 3D modeling in a geographic information system (GIS) to visualize the food environment to delimit where and when food is accessible on a daily basis. The interactive 3D geovisualization (visualization of geographic information) of space–time access contributed to improving the representation of food environment and exploring the inequity of food access across space and over time. The development of this geovisualization context for food science studies could assist public health professionals and government stakeholders in understanding the effect of temporal access and improving food access for regions with limited operation hours in policy formulation.

3D modelling of ferrite and austenite grain coarsening using real-valued cellular automata based on transition function

A new extended technique for 3D modelling of normal grain growth in low carbon steels is presented in this paper. This technique is based on real-valued cellular automata with the use of a local transition function that allows it to be applied to materials with both fcc and bcc lattices with the grain growth being easily simulated in ferrite as well as in austenite cases. The simulated data were calibrated with four sets of experimental data for isothermal grain coarsening in austenite, alpha- and delta-ferrites. The obtained results cogently demonstrate that there is a good agreement between simulated and experimental data across a wide range of temperatures. The new model developed in this paper, allows for the identification of two different mechanisms of grain growth in austenite. It is also shown in this paper that the newly presented approach can be used to extract additional parameters from the grain growth process, such as grain boundary velocity, mobility and driving force, which are hardly accessible even via real-time experiments.

A GPU Based Texture Mapping Technique for 3D Models Using Multi-View Images

A GPU Based Texture Mapping Technique for 3D Models Using Multi-View Images

Multiple linear system techniques for 3D finite element method modeling of direct current resistivity

The strategies that minimize the overall solution time of multiple linear systems in 3D finite element method (FEM) modeling of direct current (DC) resistivity were discussed. A global stiff matrix is assembled and stored in two parts separately. One part is associated with the volume integral and the other is associated with the subsurface boundary integral. The equivalent multiple linear systems with closer right-hand sides than the original systems were constructed. A recycling Krylov subspace technique was employed to solve the multiple linear systems. The solution of the seed system was used as an initial guess for the subsequent systems. The results of two numerical experiments show that the improved algorithm reduces the iterations and CPU time by almost 50%, compared with the classical preconditioned conjugate gradient method.

Computerized modeling techniques predict the 3D structure of H4R: Facts and fiction

The functional characterization of proteins presents a daily challenge r biochemical, medical and computational sciences, especially when the structures are undetermined empirically, as in the case of the Histamine H4 Receptor (H₄R). H₄R is a member of the GPCR superfamily that plays a vital role in immune and inflammatory responses. To date, the concept of GPCRs modeling is highlighted in textbooks and pharmaceutical pamphlets, and this group of proteins has been the subject of almost 3500 publications in the scientific literature. The dynamic nature of determining the GPCRs structure was elucidated through elegant and creative modeling methodologies, implemented by many groups around the world. H₄R which belongs to the GPCR family was cloned in 2000; understandably, its biological activity was reported only 65 times in pubmed. Here we attempt to cover the fundamental concepts of H₄R structure modeling and its implementation in drug discovery, especially those that have been experimentally tested and to highlight some ideas that are currently being discussed on the dynamic nature of H₄R and GPCRs computerized techniques for 3D structure modeling.

9D-12 3次元モデリングを考慮した超音波エコー画像の方位分解能向上手法の検討(OS-6 バイオシミュレーションに向けたイメージベースドモデリングの新展開(2))

9D-12 3次元モデリングを考慮した超音波エコー画像の方位分解能向上手法の検討(OS-6 バイオシミュレーションに向けたイメージベースドモデリングの新展開(2))

3D Parametric Modeling of Numerical Simulation on Oblique Cutting

The finite element simulation of metal machining is a complex process. It is essential to develop a system to construct a model of simulation so as to obtain simulation data conveniently and rapidly. The paper detailed the parametric modeling. The key techniques of 3D modeling with MSC.Marc software and the parametric modeling procedure of metal oblique cutting process were presented in the paper. The modeling rule based on the procedure file was investigated. The interface of the system, designed using C++ Builder, could access data, which includes the geometrical angles and dimensions of a tool, the sizes of a workpiece, the relative position between the tool and the workpiece, their properties and cutting conditions, etc.. The procedure file, which is able to model in the MSC.Marc environment, was created by the program automatically. Calling the file, the system can finish the parametrical modeling of the finite element simulation. Then an example was given and the simulation model was also run. It was proved that the parametric modeling is an effective way for metal cutting simulation.

Modeling of Aerosol Vertical Profiles Using GIS and Remote Sensing

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) by climatologists, environmentalists and urban planners for three dimensional modeling and visualization of the landscape is well established. However no previous study has implemented these techniques for 3D modeling of atmospheric aerosols because air quality data is traditionally measured at ground points, or from satellite images, with no vertical dimension. This study presents a prototype for modeling and visualizing aerosol vertical profiles over a 3D urban landscape in Hong Kong. The method uses a newly developed technique for the derivation of aerosol vertical profiles from AERONET sunphotometer measurements and surface visibility data, and links these to a 3D urban model. This permits automated modeling and visualization of aerosol concentrations at different atmospheric levels over the urban landscape in near-real time. Since the GIS platform permits presentation of the aerosol vertical distribution in 3D, it can be related to the built environment of the city. Examples are given of the applications of the model, including diagnosis of the relative contribution of vehicle emissions to pollution levels in the city, based on increased near-surface concentrations around weekday rush-hour times. The ability to model changes in air quality and visibility from ground level to the top of tall buildings is also demonstrated, and this has implications for energy use and environmental policies for the tall mega-cities of the future.

Information-theoretic hashing of 3D objects using spectral graph theory

Identification and authentication of multimedia content has become one of the most important aspects of multimedia security. In this paper, we present a hashing technique for 3D models using spectral graph theory and entropic spanning trees. The main idea is to partition a 3D triangle mesh into an ensemble of sub-meshes, then apply eigen-decomposition to the Laplace–Beltrami matrix of each sub-mesh, followed by computing the hash value of each sub-mesh. This hash value is defined in terms of spectral coefficients and Tsallis entropy estimate. The experimental results on a variety of 3D models demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique in terms of robustness against the most common attacks including Gaussian noise, mesh smoothing, mesh compression, scaling, rotation as well as combinations of these attacks.

Online Personalised Non‐photorealistic Rendering Technique for 3D Geometry from Incremental Sketching

AbstractThis paper presents an online personalised non‐photorealistic rendering (NPR) technique for 3D models generated from interactively sketched input. This technique has been integrated into a sketch‐based modelling system. It lets users interact with computers by drawing naturally, without specifying the number, order, or direction of strokes. After sketches are interpreted as 3D objects, they can be rendered with personalised drawing styles so that the reconstructed 3D model can be presented in a sketchy style similar in appearance to what have been drawn for the 3D model. This technique captures the user's drawing style without using template or prior knowledge of the sketching style. The personalised rendering style can be applied to both visible and initially invisible geometry. The rendering strokes are intelligently selected from the input sketches and mapped to edges of the 3D object. In addition, non‐geometric information such as surface textures can be added to the recognised object in different sketching modes. This will integrate sketch‐based incremental 3D modelling and NPR into conceptual design.

Geometric Parameters as Key Factors for the 3D-modeling of Fluvial Deposits

GIS is an established and appropriate tool for the management and evaluation of geodata which is being increasingly used for the three-dimensional modeling of strata. An advanced technique for the GIS-based 3D-modeling is developed here in order to integrate genetic aspects of deposition into the modeling process. The ArcView® software (ESRI, Inc., Redlands, California) and the extensions 3D-Analyst and Spatial Analyst have been used for the data management and layer rendering. The tools VirGIL and GSI-3D (Insight Corp., Germany) have been applied for the purpose of visualization of the layers in 3D. The main topic of the work is the generation of geometrically consistent models of fluvial terrace bodies, which represent monogenetic fills of Pleistocene palaeovalleys. One peculiarity of the investigated Illerglacier foreland, southern Germany, is the occurrence of highly eroded terrace remnants. The preserved deposits are tied to several accumulation levels, but the usual way of morphostratigraphic interpretation is limited and results in lots of different stratigraphies and palaeogeographic ideas presented in literature. The sediment fill of meltwater valleys, which can be identified in the Illerglacier area is reconstructed based upon intense field mapping. The terrace accumulations are defined by the base and surface layers, which are thought to be isochronous. Some 1,400 data points were used to model these layers in 3D. The geometry of the sediment deposits is defined using basic parameters, e.g. the gradient and the thickness of the terrace, which are used as bench levels for the modeling process. The quality of the calculated maps and cross-sections far surpasses that of those derived in the classic way without a genetic concept and without using the 3D-modeling technique. The results derived from the terrace models are relevant for the stratigraphy and palaeogeography of the investigated region of the Alpine foreland. The advanced modeling technique can be used for the detail analyses of terrace sequences of other regions.

High-Frequency Method of Antenna Directional Pattern Calculation

The method for calculation of antenna directional pattern is developed. The main accent is fixed on detailed 3D modeling of nearest antenna vicinity and subsequent correct solution of scattering problem. The original technique of terrain relief 3D modeling is based on "finite elements" method. The scattering problem is solved using approach of Kirchhoff approximation.

Three-Dimensional Garment Computer Aided Intelligent Design

This paper proposes to use expert systems and the technique of 3D modeling to realize intelligent design of 3D garments. The advantages of this new approach, compared with conventional ones, are discussed. The new approach includes several steps: First, set up the 3D garment prototype by using the method developed in this paper. Next study the relationship between the parameters of the 3D garment prototype and different garment styles. Based on the relationship, the algorithms and production rules for transferring style requirements to the parameter values of the garment prototype are developed. As such, the knowledge base can be constructed, and the intelligent design system of the 3D garment style is built. Using the system, various 3D garment styles can be designed automatically to satisfy various style requirements.

New technique for 3D artery modelling by noninvasive ultrasound

Three-dimensional (3D) modelling of arteries using noninvasive ultrasound is a further development of this modality which currently displays images in a two-dimensional format. The approach aims to improve visualisation of the artery under consideration for later use in monitoring disease within it. The technique is based on analysing a series of transverse noninvasive ultra-sound scans. Other ultrasound techniques have used invasive scans, flow information and noninvasive longitudinal scans. The advantages of the new method concern noninvasive transverse scanning which allows a circle to be used as an appropriate model to determine the arterial wall data in each slice. This circle is extracted from the edge magnitude information provided by a version of the Canny edge-detection operator and is then located using an implementation of the Hough transform tailored to determine the contour which best fits the arterial data. The deviation from the circle provides the arterial wall template except where data is absent when the approximation itself is used. By extracting the template from successive ultrasound images in in vivo studies 3D pictures of vessels, initially of the carotid artery and the bifurcation, have been developed. These were initially portrayed using oblique projection, but to improve visualisation more sophisticated voxel-based solid modelling has been used even though it incurs greater complexity and memory cost. The resulting images show that it is indeed possible to provide a realistic model via noninvasive transverse scanning by capitalising on modern techniques of feature extraction in images. The model's accuracy has been validated by a test object study and research is ongoing to include stenosis depiction.