Measurement Techniques Research Articles

Scalable narrow linewidth high power laser for barium ion optical qubits

The linewidth of a laser plays a pivotal role in ensuring the high fidelity of ion trap quantum processors and optical clocks. As quantum computing endeavors scale up in qubit number, the demand for higher laser power with ultra-narrow linewidth becomes imperative, and leveraging fiber amplifiers emerges as a promising approach to meet these requirements. This study explores the effectiveness of thulium-doped fiber amplifiers (TDFAs) as a viable solution for addressing optical qubit transitions in trapped barium ion qubits. We demonstrate that by performing high-fidelity gates on the qubit while introducing minimal intensity noise, TDFAs do not significantly broaden the linewidth of the seed lasers. We employed a Voigt fitting scheme in conjunction with a delayed self-heterodyne method to accurately measure the linewidth independently, corroborating our findings through quadrupole spectroscopy with trapped barium ions. Our results show linewidth values of 160 ± 15 Hz and 156 ± 16 Hz, respectively, using these two methods, underscoring the reliability of our measurement techniques. The slight variation within the error-bars of the two methods can be attributed to factors such as amplified spontaneous emission in the TDFA or the influence of 1/f noise within the heterodyne setup delay line. These contribute to advancing our understanding of laser linewidth control in the context of ion trap quantum computing as well as stretching the availability of narrow linewidth, high-power tunable lasers beyond the C-band.

Review of the Quantification of Aeolian Sediment Transport in Coastal Areas

Coastal dunes, formed and shaped by aeolian sediment transport, play a crucial role in ecosystem services and act as natural flood and coastal erosion defenses. This paper delves into theoretical equations and numerical models predicting sediment transport. Numerical models like cellular automata, XBeach-DUNA, the coastal dune model, and others are analyzed for their ability to simulate dune morphology, erosion processes, and vegetation impacts accurately. Evaluated are field observation and measurement techniques, such as sand traps, impact sensors, and optical sensors, for their precision in quantifying aeolian dynamics. Further examined is the effectiveness of vegetation and fencing in dune stabilization, noting species-specific responses and the influence of fence design on sediment accumulation. These tools offer insights into optimizing aeolian sediment management for coastal protection. By conducting a systematic review and connecting theoretical, empirical, and modeling findings, this study highlights the complex challenge of measuring and managing aeolian sediment transport and proposes integrated strategies for enhancing coastal dune resilience against the backdrop of climate change and erosion. This study’s objectives to bridge gaps in current understanding are met, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach to coastal dune management and conservation, especially combining wind- and wave-driven processes.

Establishment of Reference Value of 20 Amino Acids for Toddlers by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

BACKGROUND: Amino acids are one of the essential metabolites, especially the 20 amino acids that are preserved as the building blocks of protein. Alterations in amino acid concentrations are related to disease such as inborn error of metabolism, cancer, as well as nutritional status. Hence, it is necessary to define reference values of 20 plasma-free amino acids for Indonesian toddlers and to establish a robust measurement technique using chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (MS).METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional preliminary study to establish reference values. The sample was prepared by mixing plasma with 20% sulfosalicylic acid. Plasma-free amino acids were measured with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) non-derivatization technique using column XTerra for chromatographic separation coupled with tandem MS. Amino acids reference values were taken from 101 healthy Indonesian toddlers aged 1-3 years old. Since amino acids data were not Gaussian distributed, the lower and upper of the reference value was established from the 5th percentile and the 95th percentile, respectively.RESULTS: Analysis for 20 amino acids was validated. The accuracy ranged from 90.53-105.39% and the precision ranged from 0.06-3.80%. The limit of detection range was 1-2 nmol/mL, and the limit of quantification range was 2-4 nmol/mL. The result was linear, with R2 higher than 0.998. There was no significant difference between boys and girls for all amino acids except for glycine.CONCLUSION: HPLC with tandem MS method can be used to evaluate amino acids in clinical practice. The reference values obtained are specific for aged 1-3 years old from urban areas in Indonesia. The study suggests that for each population, the reference values for amino acids should be established.KEYWORDS: amino acids, high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, reference values, Indonesia

Analytical Model for Describing Transient Photocurrents in Bias‐Assisted Charge Extraction for Low‐Mobility Organic Solar Cells

Bias‐assisted charge extraction (BACE) is a powerful technique for measuring the carrier density in organic solar cells under operational conditions and to deduce information on the charge recombination properties. Hereby, the carrier density in the active layer device is determined by integrating the transient extraction current, while non‐geminate recombination during the charge extraction processes is neglected. This assumption becomes questionable for low‐mobilities, e.g. at low temperatures and in case of high energetic disorder. In this study, we theoretically investigate the extraction process in BACE measurement by incorporating both drift and bimolecular recombination of charges during charge extraction into a unified framework. We propose an explicit analytical model to describe the time dependence of the transient photocurrent in BACE measurement and found excellent agreement with drift‐diffusion simulations. We show that global fitting of transient photocurrents measured at various collection biases with this analytical model allows to determine the carrier density in the device with high accuracy. Furthermore, the analytical model is demonstrated to provide accurate mobilities for both the fast and slow carriers within the device, rendering it a valuable supplement to other mobility measurement techniques such as resistance‐dependent photovoltage and space‐charge‐limited current.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

A Study on Three-Dimensional Modelling of the Baitul Ilmi Mosque's Itera Using Terrestrial Laser Scanner Technology

As advancements in three-dimensional (3D) modeling continue to progress, the demand for precise and efficient measurement techniques has led to significant innovations in the methods and tools used for creating 3D models. Among these, the utilization of Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS) has become increasingly popular. This study focuses on the integration of TLS and total station technologies for 3D modeling of a mosque. The total station was employed to conduct five sets of perfectly bonded closed polygon measurements, each consisting of five polygon points, from which three marker points were derived. Concurrently, the TLS was used to perform a comprehensive scan of the mosque from 17 different positions. The data obtained from the TLS scan provided a detailed 3D model, while the total station measurements served as control points to ensure the model's global coordinate accuracy. The processing of the closed polygon data was executed using the Bowditch method, and the TLS data was registered using the cloud-to-cloud method. This approach yielded an overall quality assessment, including a bundle error of 0.008 m, an overlap of 27%, a strength of 65%, and a cloud-to-cloud discrepancy of 0.008 m. The integration of point clouds with total station coordinates resulted in an error margin of 0.160 m. Geometric validation of the model was conducted by comparing its dimensions to measurements obtained using a measuring tape, which yielded a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.045 m.

Technology Selection for Inline Topography Measurement with Rover-Borne Laser Spectrometers.

This work studies enhancing the capabilities of compact laser spectroscopes integrated into space-exploration rovers by adding 3D topography measurement techniques. Laser spectroscopy enables the in situ analysis of sample composition, aiding in the understanding of the geological history of extraterrestrial bodies. To complement spectroscopic data, the inclusion of 3D imaging is proposed to provide unprecedented contextual information. The morphological information aids material characterization and hence the constraining of rock and mineral histories. Assigning height information to lateral pixels creates topographies, which offer a more complete spatial dataset than contextual 2D imaging. To aid the integration of 3D measurement into future proposals for rover-based laser spectrometers, the relevant scientific, rover, and sample constraints are outlined. The candidate 3D technologies are discussed, and estimates of performance, weight, and power consumptions guide the down-selection process in three application examples. Technology choice is discussed from different perspectives. Inline microscopic fringe-projection profilometry, incoherent digital holography, and multiwavelength digital holography are found to be promising candidates for further development.

Research and application of a flexible measuring array for deep displacement of landslides

Abstract. The multidimensional and multi-sliding surface measurement of deep-seated displacement on landslides poses a significant technical challenge in landslide monitoring and early warning. The fixed-borehole inclinometer serves as an important measurement method based on drilling for this purpose. In this study, a novel flexible measurement array for deep-seated landslide displacement and its installation and measurement processes were developed, enabling higher accuracy in full-hole multidimensional deformation measurement. The measurement array consists of individual measurement probes as basic units, connected in series through coaxial cables and high-pressure rubber hoses, forming a flexible measurement array. Each probe is equipped with acceleration and magnetic field sensors, allowing for the measurement of borehole inclination and azimuth angles and providing a more comprehensive understanding of the deformation of deep-seated landslides. This flexible measurement array resolves the limitations of traditional fixed inclinometers, such as limited probe quantity or inaccurate installation positions that fail to reflect the deformation trend of the landslide body. Moreover, it eliminates the need for auxiliary installation accessories like pulleys and inclinometer pipes, simplifying the mechanical structure and installation process, which represents an advancement in methodology and an improvement in measurement techniques. This array provides a more comprehensive and improved monitoring tool for disaster prevention and mitigation, thereby enhancing the level of geological hazard monitoring and early warning technology.

Simultaneous Reconstruction of Multiple Time-Varying Thermal Properties Based on Translucent Materials.

In the realm of high-tech materials and energy applications, accurately measuring the transient heat flow at media boundaries and the internal thermal conductivity of materials in harsh heat exchange environments poses a significant challenge when using conventional direct measurement methods. Consequently, the study of photothermal parameter reconstruction in translucent media, which relies on indirect measurement techniques, has crucial practical value. Current research on reconstructing photothermal properties within participating media typically focuses on single-objective or time-invariant properties. There is a pressing need to develop effective methods for the simultaneous reconstruction of time-varying thermal flow fields and internal thermal conductivity at the boundaries of participating media. This paper introduces a computational model based on the numerical simulation theory of internal heat transfer systems in participating media, stochastic particle swarm optimization algorithms, and Kalman filter technology. The model aims to enable the simultaneous reconstruction of various thermal parameters within the target medium. Our results demonstrate that under varying levels of measurement noise, the inversion results for different target parameters exhibit slight oscillations around the true values, leading to a reduction in reconstruction accuracy. However, overall, the model demonstrates robustness and accuracy in ideal conditions, validating its effectiveness.

Improvement in notch band characteristics of a hexagonal super wideband antenna by interfering back radiation out of phase with front radiation using frequency selective surface

SummaryA band‐notched super wideband (SWB) planar monopole antenna with improved notch characteristics is proposed in this article. A hexagonal SWB antenna operating in the frequency range from 3.04 to 36 GHz is initially designed on Arlon substrate. The hexagonal patch is then loaded with optimum sized U‐shaped slot to eliminate WLAN band (5.15–5.85 GHz). The notch band's characteristics are further improved by incorporating a frequency selective surface (FSS) of a square array at a specific distance below the antenna to introduce a phase delay of 180° between the back radiation reflected by the FSS with the front radiation at the notched frequency. Improvement of notch band gain, efficiency, and antenna front‐to‐back ratio (FBR) are studied. The antenna without embedding an FSS exhibits working spectrum from 3.1 to 33.6 GHz with notch frequency gain of −2.6 dBi and efficiency 53%. The inclusion of an FSS layer at 25.2 mm behind the antenna results in notch frequency gain of −7.6 dBi with an efficiency of 23%. FBR improvement of about 16 dB is achieved at 8 GHz, and FBR is reduced by about 5 dB at the notch frequency. 169% fractional bandwidth with bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 1622 is achieved in this proposed FSS integrated antenna. The inclusion of FSS to improve the band elimination performance represents the novelty of this proposal. The data are validated by electromagnetic simulation and physical measurement techniques.

A smartphone-enabled colorimetric sensing platform based on Au-decorated Fe3O4 nanoparticles as nanozyme for dual-mode visual monitoring of dopamine hydrochloride

The potential risks associated with the use of dopamine hydrochloride (DH) on the quality of meat and poultry products, as well as human health, are examined in this study. A novel approach for the synthesis of Au-decorated magnetic spherical nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au) is proposed, aiming to develop colorimetric analysis sensors for mobile devices. Notably, this newly developed nanocomposite exhibits inherent peroxidase-like activity, enabling efficient catalysis of the oxidation reaction between the substrate 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and H2O2. The results of the study led to the development of a colorimetric smartphone sensor, known as Color Image Capture, which demonstrated high sensitivity and visual capability in detecting DH. The methodology involved the utilization of a smartphone and hydrogen peroxide in conjunction with a Fe3O4@Au nanocomposite for the quantification of DH. The alteration in color exhibited by the platform was captured using a mobile camera and subsequently analyzed using a smartphone application. The smartphone colorimetric sensor exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0722 μmol/L, enabling the quantitative detection of DH within the concentration range of 0.005–0.125 mmol/L. The colorimetric measurement technique demonstrated efficacy in quantifying DH levels in pork samples. The development of innovative catalysts and the implementation of novel methodologies have contributed novel insights into the detection of DH in intricate food and biological matrices.

Three modes of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements performed on vanadium redox flow battery

This article presents an innovative approach to monitor working redox flow batteries using dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, diverging from the commonly sequential impedance methods carried out under potentiostatic or galvanostatic conditions close to the open circle voltage. The authors introduce a fresh variation of dynamic impedance measurement that leverages an amplitude-modulated multi-frequency alternating current perturbation signal. This technique leads to a reduction in measurement time, making it possible to monitor impedance in real-time under typical operational conditions. Consequently, it effectively addresses the limitations stemming from the absence of stationary conditions during impedance measurements. There is no doubt that measurement techniques enabling the study of processes during the operational life of a battery provide the most valuable insights into the properties of these systems. The potential of this proposed approach is exemplified through the examination of a full vanadium redox flow battery as a case study. Classical impedance measurements were also conducted under potentiostatic and galvanostatic conditions with sequential frequency signal change, which requires stopping the battery operation, resulting in electrode potential changes of over 200 mV compared to the working system. Spectra for all modes of measurements were compared. In the case of dynamic measurements, such significant differences in spectra during charging and discharging are not observed, which is characteristic of classical measurements. The authors deliberately and consciously refrain from analyzing the results by fitting equivalent circuits.

A cold laboratory hyperspectral imaging system to map grain size and ice layer distributions in firn cores

Abstract. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are covered in a layer of porous firn. Knowledge of firn structure improves our understanding of ice sheet mass balance, supra- and englacial hydrology, and ice core paleoclimate records. While macroscale firn properties, such as firn density, are relatively easy to measure in the field or lab, more intensive measurements of microstructural properties are necessary to reduce uncertainty in remote sensing observations of mass balance, model meltwater infiltration, and constrain ice age – gas age differences in ice cores. Additionally, as the duration and extent of surface melting increases, refreezing meltwater will greatly alter firn structure. Field observations of firn grain size and ice layer stratigraphy are required to test and validate physical models that simulate the ice-sheet-wide evolution of the firn layer. However, visually measuring grain size and ice layer distributions is tedious, is time-consuming, and can be subjective depending on the method. Here we demonstrate a method to systematically map firn core grain size and ice layer stratigraphy using a near-infrared hyperspectral imager (NIR-HSI; 900–1700 nm). We scanned 14 firn cores spanning ∼ 1000 km across western Greenland’s percolation zone with the NIR-HSI mounted on a linear translation stage in a cold laboratory. We leverage the relationship between effective grain size, a measure of NIR light absorption by firn grains, and NIR reflectance to produce high-resolution (0.4 mm) maps of effective grain size and ice layer stratigraphy. We show the NIR-HSI reproduces visually identified ice layer stratigraphy and infiltration ice content across all cores. Effective grain sizes change synchronously with traditionally measured grain radii with depth, although effective grains in each core are 1.5× larger on average, which is largely related to the differences in measurement techniques. To demonstrate the utility of the firn stratigraphic maps produced by the NIR-HSI, we track the 2012 melt event across the transect and assess its impact on deep firn structure by quantifying changes to infiltration ice content and grain size. These results indicate that NIR-HSI firn core analysis is a robust technique that can document deep and long-lasting changes to the firn column from meltwater percolation while quickly and accurately providing detailed firn stratigraphy datasets necessary for firn research applications.

Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances with JWST: An Absolute Calibration in NGC 4258 and First Applications to Type Ia Supernova Hosts

The tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) allows for the measurement of precise and accurate distances to nearby galaxies based on the brightest ascent of low-mass red giant branch stars before they undergo the helium flash. With the advent of JWST, there is great promise to utilize the technique to measure galaxy distances out to at least 50 Mpc, significantly further than the Hubble Space Telescope's (HST's) reach of 20 Mpc. However, with any standard candle, it is first necessary to provide an absolute reference. Here, we use Cycle 1 data to provide an absolute calibration in the F090W filter. F090W is most similar to the F814W filter commonly used for TRGB measurements with HST, which had been adopted by the community due to its minimal dependence on the underlying metallicities and ages of stars. The imaging we use was taken in the outskirts of NGC 4258, which has a direct geometrical distance measurement from the Keplerian motion of its water megamaser. Utilizing several measurement techniques, we find MTRGBF090W = −4.362 ± 0.033 (stat) ± 0.045 (sys) mag (Vega) for the metal-poor TRGB. We also perform measurements of the TRGB in two Type Ia supernova hosts, NGC 1559 and NGC 5584. We find good agreement between our TRGB distances and previous determinations of distances to these galaxies from Cepheids (Δ = 0.01 ± 0.06 mag), with these differences being too small to explain the Hubble tension (∼0.17 mag). In addition, we showcase the serendipitous discovery of a faint dwarf galaxy near NGC 5584.

Novel surface wave technique for moderate-pressure plasma measurements

Most in situ plasma diagnostics are only reliable for low-pressure systems, e.g., systems where the collision frequency, νen, is small compared to the plasma frequency, ωpe. In this article, we describe a novel diagnostic technique for simultaneous measurement of the plasma density, ne; electron temperature, Te; and νen in systems in which νen approaches ωpe. We illustrate the operational setup of our probe system along with an analytical framework for ascertaining ne, Te, and νen. Furthermore, we show experimental results from argon capacitively coupled plasma operating in the 0.5–1 Torr pressure range.

Relationship between endoscopic gastroesophageal valve grading and mean nocturnal baseline impedance and postreflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between endoscopic gastroesophageal valve grading and mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) and postreflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave index (PSPWI) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A total of 120 patients diagnosed with GERD disease were included in the study. According to the classification of endoscopic gastroesophageal valves, the patients were divided into 5 groups, group 1 as baseline group, and Group 2-4 as Hill grade I-IV. Basic information about the patients was collected, including age and gender. The mean nocturnal baseline impedance and creep wave index induced by swallowing after rumination were measured by high resolution creep measurement technique. Through statistical analysis, the relationship between valve classification and observation index was discussed. In terms of MNBI, impedance values gradually decreased with increasing valve classification. The average impedance of the Grade 1 group was 23.5 mm Hg/cm2, while the average impedance of the Grade 5 group was 15.2 mm Hg/cm2. This reduction showed a significant decreasing trend (P < .001). In addition, in terms of the peristaltic wave index caused by swallowing after regurgitation, the peristaltic wave index gradually increased with the increase of valve classification. The mean index in the Grade 1 group was 1.8 beats/min, while the mean index in the Grade 5 group was 3.6 beats/min. This increase showed a significant positive relationship (P < .001). Endoscopic gastroesophageal valve grading was significantly correlated with MNBI and PSPWI in patients with GERD. These observations can serve as useful tools for assessing the severity of GERD and monitoring disease progression.

Measurement of droplets characteristics of UAV based spraying system using imaging techniques and prediction by GWO-ANN model

Modern agriculture relies on pesticides to increase crop yields, but these chemicals are also hazardous. Although conventional sprayers were designed for effective pest management, they nonetheless pollute the environment and endanger operators' health. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based sprayers overcome the aforesaid problem and can precisely target the areas that need treatment and difficult to reach for human operators. This study evaluated a UAV-based spraying system in a cotton field, employing imaging techniques such as Laser Droplet Analyzer, Deposit Scan, ImageJ, and Drop leaf. Furthermore, the system was optimized using response surface methodology, and deposition predictive analysis was conducted using a hybrid GWO-ANN approach. The volume median diameter, number median diameter, relative span, and uniformity coefficient were in the range of 95–248 µm, 65–174 µm, 0.8–1.7 %, and 1.3–1.7 %, respectively. Optimizing the working speed (3.3 m/s), working height (1.0 m), and discharge rate (2.0 L/min) resulted in a droplet density of 50.3 droplets/cm2, deposition of 0.20 µL/cm2, and coverage of 9.27 %. The GWO-ANN prediction model yielded R2, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.878, 0.01729, and 0.01368, respectively. Optimizing operational parameters through multiple measurement techniques enhance flexibility and effectiveness of UAV-based spraying system, facilitating wider deployment in remote agricultural areas for agrochemical applications.

Application of fiber loop ringdown spectroscopy technique for a new approach to beta-amyloid monitoring for Alzheimer Disease’s early detection

A novel fiber optic biosensor was purposed for a new approach to monitor amyloid beta protein fragment 1–42 (Aβ42) for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) early detection. The sensor was fabricated by etching a part of fiber from single mode fiber loop in pure hydrofluoric acid solution and utilized as a Local Optical Refractometer (LOR) to monitor the change Aβ42 concentration in Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid (ACSF). The Fiber Loop Ringdown Spectroscopy (FLRDS) technique is an ultra-sensitive measurement technique with low-cost, high sensitivity, real-time measurement, continuous measurement and portability features that was utilized with a fiber optic sensor for the first time for the detection of a biological signature in an ACSF environment. Here, the measurement is based on the total optical loss detection when specially fabricated sensor heads were immersed into ACSF solutions with and without different concentrations of Aβ42 biomarkers since the bulk refractive index change was performed. Baseline stability and the reference ring down times of the sensor head were measured in the air as 0.87% and 441.6 μs ± 3.9 μs, respectively. Afterward, the total optical loss of the system was measured when the sensor head was immersed in deionized water, ACSF solution, and ACSF solutions with Aβ42 in different concentrations. The lowest Aβ42 concentration of 2 ppm was detected by LOR. Results showed that LOR fabricated by single-mode fibers for FLRDS system design are promising candidates to be utilized as fiber optic biosensors after sensor head modification and have a high potential for early detection applications of not only AD but possibly also several fatal diseases such as diabetes and cancer.

Interpretability of negative latent heat fluxes from eddy covariance measurements in dry conditions

Abstract. It is known from arid and semi-arid ecosystems that atmospheric water vapor can directly be adsorbed by the soil matrix. Soil water vapor adsorption was typically neglected and only recently received attention because of improvements in measurement techniques. One technique rarely explored for the measurement of soil water vapor adsorption is eddy covariance (EC). Soil water vapor adsorption may be detectable as downwardly directed (i.e., negative) EC latent heat (λE) flux measurements under dry conditions, but a systematic assessment of the use of negative λE fluxes from EC flux stations to characterize adsorption is missing. We propose a classification method to characterize soil water vapor adsorption, excluding conditions of dew and fog when λE derived from EC is not trustworthy due to stable atmospheric conditions. We compare downwardly directed λE fluxes from EC with measurements from weighing lysimeters for 4 years in a Mediterranean savanna ecosystem and 3 years in a temperate agricultural site. Our aim is to assess if overnight water inputs from soil water vapor adsorption differ between ecosystems and how well they are detectable by EC. At the Mediterranean site, the lysimeters measured soil water vapor adsorption each summer, whereas at the temperate site, soil water vapor adsorption was much rarer and was measured predominantly under an extreme drought event in 2018. During 30 % of nights in the 4-year measurement period at the Mediterranean site, the EC technique detected downwardly directed λE fluxes of which 88.8 % were confirmed to be soil water vapor adsorption by at least one lysimeter. At the temperate site, downwardly directed λE fluxes were only recorded during 15 % of the nights, with only 36.8 % of half hours matching simultaneous lysimeter measurement of soil water vapor adsorption. This relationship slightly improved to 61 % under bare-soil conditions and extreme droughts. This underlines that soil water vapor adsorption is likely a much more relevant process in arid ecosystems compared to temperate ones and that the EC method was able to capture this difference. The comparisons of the amounts of soil water vapor adsorption between the two methods revealed a substantial underestimation of the EC compared to the lysimeters. This underestimation was, however, comparable with the underestimation in evaporation by the eddy covariance and improved in conditions of higher turbulence. Based on a random-forest-based feature selection, we found the mismatch between the methods being dominantly related to the site's inherent variability in soil conditions, namely soil water status, and soil (surface) temperature. We further demonstrate that although the water flux is very small with mean values of 0.04 or 0.06 mm per night for EC or lysimeter, respectively, it can be a substantial fraction of the diel soil water balance under dry conditions. Although the two instruments substantially differ with regard to the measured ratio of adsorption to evaporation over 24 h with 64 % and 25 % for the lysimeter and EC methods, they are in either case substantial. Given the usefulness of EC for detecting soil water vapor adsorption as demonstrated here, there is potential for investigating adsorption in more climate regions thanks to the greater abundance of EC measurements compared to lysimeter observations.

Clustering algorithm based on DINNSM and its application in gene expression data analysis.

Selecting an appropriate similarity measurement method is crucial for obtaining biologically meaningful clustering modules. Commonly used measurement methods are insufficient in capturing the complexity of biological systems and fail to accurately represent their intricate interactions. This study aimed to obtain biologically meaningful gene modules by using the clustering algorithm based on a similarity measurement method. A new algorithm called the Dual-Index Nearest Neighbor Similarity Measure (DINNSM) was proposed. This algorithm calculated the similarity matrix between genes using Pearson's or Spearman's correlation. It was then used to construct a nearest-neighbor table based on the similarity matrix. The final similarity matrix was reconstructed using the positions of shared genes in the nearest neighbor table and the number of shared genes. Experiments were conducted on five different gene expression datasets and compared with five widely used similarity measurement techniques for gene expression data. The findings demonstrate that when utilizing DINNSM as the similarity measure, the clustering results performed better than using alternative measurement techniques. DINNSM provided more accurate insights into the intricate biological connections among genes, facilitating the identification of more accurate and biological gene co-expression modules.

Comparative study of thermodynamic & kinetic parameters measuring techniques in lithium-ion batteries

Quantitative analysis of the aging process of lithium-ion batteries by using electrochemical thermodynamic and kinetic parameters such as electrochemical potential, Li stoichiometry, and Li inventory loss is a key research topic in the development of Li-ion battery for electric vehicles and smart grids. It is generally known the above parameters can be acquired through the analysis of Electromotive Force (EMF) or Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) curves. In this work, we proposed and applied five EMF measurement techniques to obtain the EMF-SoC relationships in LFP/Gr single-layer laminated pouch cells at different temperatures and States of Health (SoH), and comprehensively examined them from the viewpoints of eight evaluation dimensions. A Python program, named Degradation Modes Analysis (DMA), is used to diagnose the thermodynamic degradation modes of the battery automatically. Furthermore, electrochemical kinetic parameters were also extracted along with the depolarization process. For faster and more accurate aging diagnosis, we recommend an optimal blend of short relaxation time GITT (Short-Rest-GITT) and extrapolated EMF (Extrap-EMF) to reach the most precise EMF measurements and gain the most comprehensive information about battery thermodynamics and kinetics at the same time.