Disposal Techniques Research Articles

Patients Knowledge and Practices about Disposal of Used Insulin Needles in Diabetic patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background: Pakistan is now the 3rd country having highest diabetic population in the world. [1] Many of the diabetics are on insulin. The issue of the safe disposal of insulin syringes is an area of concern. Aim: To assess the knowledge & disposal practices of insulin needles and its relationship with the different parameters related to diabetes education. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Services Hospital Lahore after approval of institutional review board. 363 diabetic patients, fulfilling the inclusion criteria, were approached. The patients were interviewed through a validated questionnaire. The data was stratified according to the age, gender, duration of diabetes, duration since last instructions reviewed. The chi-square test was applied. Data was analysed using SPSS 22. Results: Almost all patients 98.6% were (n=359) adult, 4(1.2%) were adolescents i.e., below 18 years of age. Mean age of study population was 49.71±13.36 years, mean weight was 67.12±13.29 kg and mean height was 160.95± 6.89 cm. Among 363 cases, 209(57.6%) were females and 154(42.4%) were males. 242(67.5%) of study population was above age of 45 years while 118(32.5%) was below the age of 45 years. Mean duration of diabetes was 95.18±54.49 months and mean duration of insulin use was 6.45±3.7 years. Among all, 332(91.5%) use syringe for injecting insulin and 31(8.5%) use pen as device for insulin. About 95% of patients discard their insulin waste into home rubbish. Among that 95% of patients who are discarding their insulin waste into household rubbish, 91% discards it after recapping of needles but 4% of them put it into rubbish without recapping. More than three fourth (82.9%) of study participants were not confident about having correct knowledge of waste disposal while small proportion of participants (17.1%) were confident of having correct knowledge. Conclusion: Unawareness about correct insulin disposal technique is much prevalent and is a major hazard for transmitting infectious diseases accidentally. Risk can be reduced by reinforcing the education. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin.

Petroleum sludge treatment and disposal techniques: a review.

Petroleum sludge is a solid emulsified waste and contaminant commonly produced in the petroleum industry. In the recent past, there has been increased business growth in the oil sector, resulting in increased volumes of oily sludge characterized by high viscosity and toxicity. Therefore, sludge treatment before discarding is extremely necessary. This review seeks to highlight various conventional and evolving approaches in the treatment, recovery, and disposal of petroleum sludge and assess their suitability under various conditions.

EVALUATION OF 3RS CONCEPT FOR SUSTAINABLE STEEL WASTE DISPOSAL: CONTROL STRATEGY

The construction industry is consuming substantial quantities of raw materials in processes, and it harms the environment by producing a considerable amount of waste. Steel is one of the common wastes produced in the construction industry. This research paper analyzes steel waste disposal techniques in the construction sites in Malaysia concerning environmental perspectives and sustains steel waste efficiently. This paper aims to examine the practical disposal techniques of steel waste in construction sites using the 3Rs concept of material sustainability. A questionnaire survey was effectively distributed to evaluate the practical disposal techniques of steel waste in the construction sector. The quantitative data of 66 out of 165 respondents were analyzed using SPSS software to decide whether the results met our research objectives. The results prove that construction and demolition stages have the highest amounts percentages of steel waste. Therefore, the reuse technique is a first and preferable option for construction stakeholders rather than adopting recycling techniques which include specific processes rising CO2 emissions. Reduce strategy: The highest impact and the top of the waste disposal hierarchy become a third option. This technique refers to the preliminary stages and stakeholders’ awareness of establishing steel waste management plans. Generally, the authors concluded that conventional implementation of project activities and poor adoption of innovation except for major projects had a significant impact on construction waste and steel waste. Therefore, they suggested studying the incurred cost of adopting each technique.

Tetracycline fiber: A drug in your pocket

Periodontal disease is a broad phrase that refers to a variety of diseases that damage the tooth: Different mechanisms and ways to medication release in the periodontal pocket are used in local drug delivery. Such technologies deliver the medicine directly into the periodontal pocket and provide up to 11 days of continuous release.: This study exhibited that albeit careful SRP is a successful therapy technique for disposal of chronic periodontal pockets, further developed outcomes can be acquired by adjunctive utilization of locally controlled antibiotic medication tetracycline fibres and others such products.

Sustainable waste management solutions for the foodservice industry: A Delphi study.

Foodservice businesses influence the sustainability of their natural environment by producing significant amounts of waste. Yet, research has, thus far, been dominated by studies that limit their scope to food waste alone. Few studies have taken a broader look at sustainable waste initiatives, including innovative waste processing techniques, with a view to constructing management indicators for foodservices. This study combines management innovation practices related to resource management, waste prevention, processing and disposal techniques, and stakeholder involvement to offer sustainable standards. It primarily adopts the Delphi technique to propose specific solutions pertaining to waste management. Experts from government, industry, and academia reveal that potential waste management initiatives comprise three facets - service, process (operational), and organisational practices and innovations, 15 sub-facets and 41 indicators. This study thus establishes a catalogue of solutions for food, packaging and other 'non-food' waste that foodservice establishments can implement. In addition to its practical implications, an important contribution is its focus on management systems to establish waste management standards for hospitality, food and beverage (F&B) services, restaurants, and non-commercial catering.

New Models to Reduce the Health Risks of Informal WEEE Recyclers in MTN Phone Village, Rumukurushi, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) management in Port Harcourt, an oil-producing city in Nigeria, has become an environmental challenge for the location. WEEE recycling is predominantly managed by informal recyclers, who lack the skills to perform risk-free recycling, hence raising health risks to individuals in associated communities and degrading the environment. Formal recycling, which embraces the best practices for effective WEEE management, is faced with several limitations, such as a lack of detailed guidelines on waste recycling, reuse, and final disposal techniques, with no opportunities for landfilling. A qualitative approach was adopted for this study. Data were gathered via questionnaires and analysed graphically. A background literature review of the assessment of informal recycling methods and associated challenges was performed. Hence, a new concept for the local management of WEEE processing was introduced. This concept limits the role of informal recyclers to WEEE collection. In this case, informal recyclers are paid for WEEE collection; they no longer engage in further WEEE processing. The results show that 48% and 40% agree to partner and collaborate with government agencies, respectively. Conversely, 52% and 40% agree and strongly agree, respectively, to limit their activities to WEEE collection only if the government is willing to pay for the services.

Study Explores Cost-Effective, Ecologically Sound Fluid-Disposal Methods

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202917, “Cost-Effective and Ecologically Sound Fluid Disposal During Well Cleanup and Post-Fracturing Flowback Operations,” by Yakov Shumakov, Florian Hollaender, SPE, and Bertrand Theuveny, SPE, Schlumberger. The paper has not been peer reviewed. The complete paper summarizes the results and lessons learned from the application of different methods used for fluid disposal in a wide range of well-testing operations around the globe. These were used to determine that economical and environmentally responsible solutions exist for fluid disposal during these operations. The complete paper also details a field-proven and cost-effective fluid-storage solution using a shuttle tanker during well-test and flowback operations offshore. Fluid-Disposal System Ecologically sound and safe fluid disposal during well testing and cleanup is one of the primary objectives, from an operational standpoint, of any temporary surface well-test package. Each fluid-disposal system is designed and sized for each operation according to the expected operating conditions. Typical fluid-disposal systems include the following. Water-Filtration System. In this system, produced water is first separated from hydrocarbons at the surface by using the well-test separator included in the temporary surface package; then, it is treated to remove as much oil as possible before discharge overboard. Even after effective treatment, however, produced water still contains traces of oil at parts-per-million levels. Overboard discharge of any kind is controlled strictly by environmental regulators and legislation. The primary pollutants of concern are hydrocarbons and grease; therefore, most treatment technology for water produced offshore is geared toward removing these contaminants. Mobile water-treatment systems are ideal for fast-response or urgent situations, as well as supplemental or temporary operations such as completions, workovers, or well testing. They are often used to assist during plant startup and maintenance outages when the water-treatment system is unavailable or cannot meet water-production requirements. Temporary Fluid Storage. Provisional storage of produced hydrocarbons has been used successfully in the past and is still considered an optimal solution for operations with a relatively small volume of liquid hydrocarbons produced. In offshore operations, one important factor beyond the space on the deck of offshore rigs is the limit on the volume of live crude that can be stored permanently on the rig. The limitation in recoverable liquid volume applies a significant constraint on the duration of the test; thus, this disposal technique is applicable mainly on gas wells and in environmentally sensitive areas.

Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of landfill leachate treated with a Rotating Biological Reactor

ABSTRACT One of the major drawbacks of this final disposal technique is leachate production, which occurs due to the degradation of organic matter and rainwater percolation. The leachate composition is quite varied, with high organic load and various compounds that may be toxic to the environment. To reduce the polluting potential of the leachate, it must be subjected to an appropriate treatment. Biological treatments are widely used in the treatment of leachate, although these technologies have some drawbacks. As an alternative to conventional biological treatments, rotating biological reactors are used. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of a pilot scale rotating biological reactors in the removal of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and phosphorus from the landfill leachate. Effluent toxicity and rotating biological reactors's ability to remove this toxicity were also verified by calculating the germination index of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds. The reactor showed an average efficiency of 75.99% of biochemical oxygen demand removal, 33.53% of chemical oxygen demand removal, and 16.04% of phosphorus removal. In fact, the cucumber and lettuce seeds proved sensitive to the toxicity of the effluent. For crude leachate, the germination index values of lettuce and cucumber were 13.28 and 49.61%, respectively. In this study, rotating biological reactors obtained a good efficiency in the removal of toxicity from leachate. The germination index of the seeds for the treated effluent was 60.9% for lettuce and 82.49% for cucumber.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Health Behaviors Regarding Air Pollution from Burning Waste: A Cross-sectional Study Among Villagers in the North of Iran in 2020

Background: Incineration is a waste disposal technique employed to reduce the volume of waste, resulting in air pollution. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice on health behaviors among Rasht villagers regarding air pollution from burning waste. Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 rural households in Rasht. Data were collected using a questionnaire by interviewing participants. The participants were randomly selected and entered the study. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using the t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation at a 95% confidence interval. the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were used to assess the instrument's validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to evaluate the questionnaire reliability. Results: The findings confirmed the optimal validity and reliability of the instrument used in the study. The participants' age range was 19 to 78, with a mean age of 43.87 ± 12.66 years. The practice had a significant positive correlation with knowledge (r = 0.216). The correlation between practice and attitude was positive but not statistically significant. Education and information on burning wastes had a substantial relationship with knowledge. Participants received 80%, 29.3%, and 66.7% of the maximum achievable scores for knowledge, attitude, and practice components in the questionnaire, respectively. Conclusions: The villagers' attitude in performing health behaviors regarding air pollution was not favorable, and there is a need to provide educational and behavioral interventions in this regard.

Innovation in a food SME to match the UN2030 sustainable development goals

Sustainable development goals may be reached with some bold country policies but also optimizing any manufacturing process. Awareness of the large amount of waste produced along the dairy supply chain, for instance, raised great concern: continuous questions are raised about the consequences that will affect environmental sustainability, the continuous waste of resources and, above all, the future health of the entire ecosystem. In fact, dairy wastewater cannot be disposed of as simple wastewater (due to the high organic load and the nutrients it contains); therefore, adequate disposal processes and techniques are requested. The latter have a huge impact on company production costs.In this regard, coherently with some goals of Agenda2030, the study focuses on the search for a technological solution that could guarantee a reduction in the volume of whey, in order to reduce the number of monthly trips dedicated to disposal and the consequent environmental impact. The optimal selection could improve from one side corporate finances but, at the same time, could result in a green technological solution allowing a more harmonious production within the Pollino National Park in which the farm is located.

Wooden Disposable Tongue Depressor: Can Facilitate Appropriate Reinforced Laryngeal Mask Insertion? A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: The reinforced laryngeal mask airway (RLMA) is difficult to insert due to the flexibility of its inner armored shaft. Many authors agreed that the available techniques have some disadvantages. They use materials that are reusable and require resterilization but may not guarantee infection control particularly during pandemics. The standard method can cause contamination and prone the operator to unanticipated trauma to their finger during placement. So this study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of disposable tongue depressors to aid insertion of the reinforced laryngeal mask airway. Methods: A randomized controlled trial included one hundred ninety-four adult patients of either gender American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II attended for elective day case surgery under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly categorized into two groups; each group consisted of ninety-seven. In the first group, insertion of the reinforced laryngeal mask airway was done using the standard technique of digital manipulation whereas the second one is the study group where disposable wooden tongue depressor guided insertion was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Data were presented as frequencies or means and standard deviations. Chi-Square, Fisher Exact, and t-test were used. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: No significant difference in basic patients' demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics were noticed between the two groups. The insertion time as well as the total time for RLMA placement, was significantly shorter in the new method group. Trauma was significantly less than 2.1% in the new method group compared to the standard group 10.3%, p=0.003). Conclusion: The disposable wood tongue depressor insertion technique helps facilitate the correct placement of the reinforced laryngeal mask airway.

Fuzzy inventory model with multilevel permissible delay in payments

In the last few decades the study of deteriorating items has gained enormous importance. Most of the companies are facing cut throat competition due to the wastage of resources that drastically reduce their profit margins. So decision makers adopt various techniques for disposal of decaying items with minimum inventory cost. In the present paper a fuzzy inventory model for deteriorating items is considered with four levels of permissible delay in payments. Time and selling price induced quadratic demand is considered and fuzzy approach is introduced in certain parameters to count the uncertainty in the environment. The objective of the study is to optimize the total cost function to reduce economic losses. Empirical Investigation is demonstrated and sensitivity analysis is carried out to gain managerial insights.

Application of mine tailings sand as construction material – a review

Tailings are found during the exploration and processing of mineral ores. They contain a mixture of grounded rocks, processed effluent, and some trace elements that have the potential to damage the environment. Recent urbanisation has led to a large stockpile of tailings in many mining environment constituting health hazard. It becomes very important to develop disposal techniques that will reduce the huge mountain of tailings in mining environment. One of such method is the application of tailings in sustainable concrete production. It is shown that physical and chemical characteristics of tailings are comparable to crusher sand used in engineering construction and therefore, tailings can be used to partially replace sand in bituminous and concrete mixtures. In this review, specific interest has been given to iron, copper, and gold tailings, this is due to their dominance in mining areas of Kwa-Zulu Natal province of South Africa.

Rapid impact assessment matrix for municipal material disposal for Agartala City- a case study

The non-planned development of cities has created numerous problems especially with respect to waste material management system. Many aspects of environmental impact of waste material disposal methods are not addressed properly in normal planning system. Thus Environmental Impact Assessment with respect to different waste management techniques is indispensible. Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix is an effective tool of Environmental Impact Assessment which can provide transparent results in a limited time frame and can reduce the impact related uncertaininty that arise due to subjective nature of impact assessment. In the present study to evaluate the impact of solid waste material disposal techniques for Agartala city shows that Sanitary Landfill with 16 no of positive impacts among 27 no selected criteria followed by Composting with 14 no positive impacts are the most appropriate alternatives of waste disposal from environmental point of view. Such a study is a novel one with respect to the city of Agartala which will definitely contribute towards attaining the sustainable town planning & smart city goal of Agartala.

Patients' Knowledge and Practice on Disposal of Medicines Kept in Households in South Africa: Findings and Implications.

Objective:The disposal of unwanted, unused, or expired medicines is a concern. Currently, there is little knowledge regarding their disposal among patients in South Africa. Consequently, there is a need to address this.Methods:This was a descriptive and quantitative study with patients conducted among 16 primary health-care clinics (PHCs) in South Africa. A structured questionnaire was administered to 171 conveniently selected patients. Data on ideal disposal methods were collected and compared to actual disposal practices.Findings:74.9% of patients reported having unused medicines at home, of whom 34.4% wanted these medicines disposed of. However, 64.9% did not know how to dispose of them, with 95.3% reporting having never been informed by health-care professionals of disposal methods. While patients prefer to return medicines to their PHC, only 7.0% did so. Patients’ ideal disposal practices included designated collection task teams (25.1%) and dissolving their unused medicines in water (38.6%). However, current practices indicated that patients flushed medicines down the sewer (31.6%) or disposed of them in municipal bins (23.9%).Conclusion:Patients disposed of their unwanted medicines using incorrect disposal techniques, which they thought were correct. This urgently needs to be addressed.

Flexible pavement construction using different waste materials: A review

Flexible pavement is the most preferred pavement system for road construction. In achieving the goal of becoming a developed country, industrialization and construction activities are increasing daily in a developing country like India. Today's ever-growing demand for the supply of exhaustible natural resources is one of the significant challenges of the global pavement industry. Wrenching out and generation of these virgin materials is an unsustainable practice. Further, rapid industrialization and infrastructure development leads to the generation of different waste materials. Uncontrolled waste management causes various health hazards and leads to environmental pollution. Also, the open dumping of these wastes requires a huge landfill area and minimizes the land available for further development. Detailed laboratory investigation conducted by various researchers showed the usage of industrial waste in unbound base and sub-base layers of pavements in the form of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates, and mineral fillers. Utilization of recycled or already used materials and natural aggregates provides an economical, efficient and sustainable construction technique without compromising the strength and durability characteristics of pavement. Various studies have established that secondary material provides an efficient waste disposal technique, reduces the demand for conventional materials, and reduces the overall construction cost. Asphalt pavements and construction and demolition wastes are among the primary sources of reclaimed aggregates. The recycled material is first extracted from its source, processed, and then made suitable for further pavement construction utilization. This paper provides an overview of such recycled materials that have been successfully used in sub-base and base layers of flexible pavement. Further, this review paper is expected to address several major issues with the usage of Recycled Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in unbound layers of flexible pavements, and it will encourage researchers and highway agencies across the globe to develop a framework for the efficient use of RAP in pavement construction.

Hydrothermally-calcined waste paper ash nanomaterial as an alternative to cement for clay soil modification for building purposes

It has been observed that clay soil cannot be used for building design, unless it is modified by firing or with cement. Either method of stabilization can adversely affect the environment and public health just like indiscriminate dumping or open burning adopted in developing countries as the prevalent disposal technique for waste papers. This paper sought to examine the feasibility of using assorted waste papers to derive an alternative stabilizer to Portland Limestone Cement for modification of clay soil into composite materials suitable for building design. Specifically, clay-based composites were fabricated at 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20% replacement levels by weight with cement, and then hydrothermally-calcined waste paper ash nanomaterial (HCWPAN). Water absorption, sorptivity, bulk density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, flaking concentration, flexural strength, and compressive strength were investigated for each of the fabricated samples. Irrespective of the stabilizing agent utilized, 10% loading level was found to be the optimum for possession of maximum mechanical strength by the samples. Only samples with the HCWPAN content were found to be capable of reducing building dead loads and improving thermal insulation efficiency over un-stabilized clay material, if applied as walling elements in buildings. Generally, it was revealed that the cement and HCWPAN have comparable influences on the properties of clay soil, thus indicating that HCWPAN could be utilized as an alternative stabilizer to cement. In addition, the preparation of HCWPAN was found to be more energy-saving than that of the cement.

Exergetic sustainability analysis of municipal solid waste treatment systems: A systematic critical review

The growing volume of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated worldwide often undergoes open dumping, landfilling, or uncontrolled burning, releasing massive pollutants and pathogens into the soil, water, and air. On the other hand, MSW can be used as a valuable feedstock in biological and thermochemical conversion processes to produce bioenergy carriers, biofuels, and biochemicals in line with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Valorizing MSW using advanced technologies is highly energy-intensive and chemical-consuming. Therefore, robust and holistic sustainability assessment tools should be considered in the design, construction, and operation phases of MSW treatment technologies. Exergy-based methods are promising tools for achieving SDGs due to their capability to locate, quantify, and comprehend the thermodynamic inefficiencies, cost losses, and environmental impacts of waste treatment systems. Therefore, the present review paper aims to comprehensively summarize and critically discuss the use of exergetic indicators for the sustainability assessment of MSW treatment systems. Generally, consolidating thermochemical processes (mainly incineration and gasification) with material recycling methods (plastic waste recovery), heat and power plants (steam turbine cycle and organic Rankine cycle), modern power technologies (fuel cells), and carbon capture and sequestration processes could improve the exergetic performance of MSW treatment systems. Typically, the overall exergy efficiency values of integrated MSW treatment systems based on the incineration and gasification processes were found to be in the ranges of 17–40% and 22–56%, respectively. The syngas production through the plasma gasification process could be a highly favorable waste disposal technique due to its low residues and rapid conversion rate; however, it suffers from relatively low exergy efficiency resulting from its high torch power consumption. The overall exergy efficiency values of integrated anaerobic digestion-based MSW processing systems (34–73%) were generally higher than those based on the thermochemical processes. Exergy destruction and exergy efficiency were the most popular exergetic indicators used for decision-making in most published works. However, exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental indices have rarely been used in the published literature to make decisions on the sustainability of waste treatment pathways. Future studies need to focus on developing and realizing integrated waste biorefinery systems using advanced exergy, exergoeconomic, and exergoenvironmental methods.

Application of bio-drying technique for effective moisture reduction and disposal of sewage sludge in the framework of water-energy nexus

This research was conducted to study the application of bio-drying technique for effective disposal of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plant. Sewage sludge and bio–dried products were randomly collected from the Wupa wastewater/sludge treatment plant at the Idu Industrial area Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. The bio–dried product was a mixture of sewage sludge and sawdust that were bio–dried and cured before this experiment. The bacterial communities were analyzed in the laboratory using Pour Plate Technique to examine the total bacterial present in the sewage sludge bio -drying Material (SSBM) and the bacterial were later isolated using other techniques like Oxidase test, Catalase test, Grams Staining technique and Spread Plate Technique while evaporation of free water and water formation was determined by humidity gauge and moisture-oven drying method. The result shows that the moisture content of the SSBM decreased from 63.1% to 51.6%, the water evaporation was 43.56 kg, 2.86% of water generation was noticed on the 6th day and the volatile solid content decreased from 67% to 54%, the bacterial density dropped down drastically (Mesophilic - 483 × 104 cfu/g to 15 × 104 cfu/g and Thermophilic – 2.50 × 104 cfu/g to 0.10 × 104 cfu/g). The study concludes from the bacterial density grades that increase the temperature of the SSBM during the bio–drying process reshaped the bacterial communities.

Opioid Prescribing and Utilization Following Isolated Mid-Urethral Sling.

Introduction: Overprescribing by providers is a leading contributor to the opioid crisis. Despite available information regarding the role that physician prescribing plays in the community availability of opioids, guidelines for the management of acute pain remain sparse. This project aims to evaluate opioid prescribing, opioid usage patterns, and postoperative pain control in patients undergoing isolated mid-urethral sling (MUS) placement.Methods: Patients who underwent isolated MUS placement from March 19, 2019 through March 19, 2020 were contacted by telephone in May 2020 and asked a series of questions examining opioid usage, postoperative pain, what they did with unused opioids, and whether they had received education on disposal techniques. A chart review was utilized to determine the amount of opioid prescribed, the presence of any operative complications, and medical and demographic characteristics of subjects.Results: A total of 53 subjects met inclusion criteria, of which 31 participated in a phone interview. Of the 53 subjects, 54.7% received a postoperative opioid prescription, and all but two of these subjects filled their prescription. Of the interviewed subjects, only 66.6% who filled a prescription reported using opioids Fifty percent (n=6) of patients that required oxycodone reported use of four tablets (30 morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs)) or less and used for 1-2 days postoperatively. No patient reported using opioids beyond five days. Only 22.2% reported receiving instruction on opioid disposal, and 16.7% returned unused opioids to a disposal center. 87.1% of subjects rated postoperative pain as “better” or “much better” than expected.Conclusion: Patients undergoing isolated MUS placement require limited amounts of postoperative opioids, if any are needed at all, to achieve satisfactory pain control. Excess prescribed opioids, along with inadequate patient education on proper disposal techniques, may contribute towards opioids that are at risk of diversion for nonmedical use.