Detector Technique Research Articles

Balanced development: Nature environment and economic and social power in China

Uneven spatial distribution of population and human activity still remain an inevitable problem for China's urbanization strategy and regional policies. The geographical detector technique was employed to re-investigated “Hu Line”, an important population dividing line in China, and impact factors of population distribution from 1953 to 2010. Different from traditional views, we believe that rapid population concentration driven by social and economic factors leads to increasing similar spatial patterns between two sides of the “Hu Line”. This trend offers a chance to realize a more balanced development by focusing on small-scale population concentration areas such as urban agglomerations. However, due to fundamental influence of some natural factors, gap among large-scale regions hard to be eliminated in China.

Electrocatalytic oxidation of tetracycline by Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al2O3 three-dimensional particle electrode

In this work, highly efficient Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al2O3 particle electrodes were prepared for effectively degrading tetracycline. The effects of a mass ratio (Sn: Sb), the mass ration of Bi:(Sn + Sb), impregnation times, calcination temperature, and calcination time on the electrocatalytic oxidation capacity of Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al2O3 particle electrode was investigated. Conditions in which mass ratio of (Sn: Sb) = 10:1, the mass ratio of Bi:(Sn/Sb) = 1:1, impregnation times 2 h, calcination temperature 500 °C., and calcination time 3 h were considered as optimal preparation conditions for Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al2O3 particle electrode. It was cherecterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques to conforming that the triclinic Bi2O3 formed in the preparation conditions has superior electrocatalytic activity. The electrocatalytic oxidation mechanism of tetracycline by Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al2O3 particle electrode is proposed by determining degradation intermediates through LC-MS detection. Electrocatalytic oxidation experiments by adding tert-butyl alcohol indicate that the formation of OH is the primary responsibility for degradating tetracycline. Electrocatalytic degradation of tetracycline at different initial concentration shows that the degradation of tetracycline meets the pseudo first-order kinetics. Results suggest that the three-dimensional electrochemical reactor with Bi-Sn-Sb/γ-Al2O3 particle electrodes could be an alternative for the pretreatment of antibiotic wastewater before biological treatment.

A clean production process for edible oil removal from wastewater using an electroflotation with horizontal arrangement of mesh electrodes

Abstract In this study, a novel electrochemical process using horizontal arrangement of stainless steel mesh electrodes was proposed to improve the flotation rate of oily wastewater treatment with emphasis on kinetic analysis and by-products removal. The effect of the current density (1.64–6.54 mA/cm2), initial pH (3–9), electrode distance (1–3 cm), supporting electrolyte (50–350 mg/l), and initial concentration (1000–4000 mg/l as COD) were investigated, and the optimum reaction conditions were found to be 4.11 mA/cm2, 80 min, pH 7, 1 cm, a NaCl concentration of 150 mg/l, and a chemical oxygen demand concentration (COD) of 4000 mg/l, respectively. The generated sludge and scum were examined through X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction analyses. The types of fatty acids present and their removal efficiencies were evaluated using the gas chromatography-flame ionization detector technique. The surface morphology of the mesh electrodes was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The highest chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency was calculated to be 94.6% ± 0.2%, and gas chromathography analysis showed that 97.71% of fatty acids were removed. The kinetics study showed that the removal reaction was consistent with a pseudo-second order equation.

Phytochemical Screening and Biological Activity of Extract Berries of Black Currant (Ribes nigrum L.)

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in extract of berries of seven black currant cultivars (‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘Titania’, ‘Cacanska Crna’, ‘Tisel’, ‘Tiben’ and ‘Tsema’). High performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) technique was used to establish the profile of phenolic compounds. Antioxidant properties were evaluated using different methods, including total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities, as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The highest amounts of phenolics (15.0 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (5.25 mg RU/g) and antioxidant capacity (12.4 mg AA/g) were found in the cultivar ‘Cacanska Crna’, whereas the other cultivars exhibited variability in the studied parameters. The fruits of black currant contained high concentrations of flavonols and phenolic acids. The main phenolic compounds were quercetin and caffeic acid. All explored extracts exhibited strong scavenging activity against DPPH radicals, which ranges from 56.19 μg/mL (‘Titania’) to 61.17 μg/mL (‘Tisel’). The antimicrobial activity was tested using broth dilution procedure for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MICs were determined for 8 selected strains. All extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity, in the range between 50.65 μg/mL and 166.38 μg/mL. Black currant fruit extract, rich in phenolic compounds and with strong antioxidant activity can be used as natural antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Configuration of the Operation Modes for a Scintillating Fiber Sub-Detector in LHCb Experiment

In order to develop new techniques for the knowledge of the universe some experiments in elementary particles and high energy physics are proposed, where progress on detector and data acquisition techniques is fundamental. This project presents some improvements for the LHCb upgrade that will be performed in the period between 2018 and 2019 during the Long Shutdown 2 of the CERN experiments in order to configure, improve and re-structure the data acquisition practices. It will emphasize the Scintillating Fibers detector (SciFi), one of LHCb's future sub-detectors in charge of the trace pattern recognition based on the hits occurred on this sub-detector and the recording of significant events in the data transmission. Due to the proposed changes of the LHCb upgrade, regarding the increase of the luminosity and the collision center-of-mass energy, it is essential to reconsider the digital processes in the data acquisition and their respective processing among the transmission channels, due to the high velocities at which they occur. Therefore, the operation mode configurations in the acquisition digital boards were the aim of this work. And as such, the current condition of the detector and its acquisition techniques and protocols are documented corresponding to their modification. This paper shows a step-by-step presentation of the modifications applied to the codes to move from a Standard Mode to a Wide Bus Mode, increasing the data rate by means of the quantity reduction of the control bits to enlarge the amount of analyzable information among the events.

Identifying the Impacts of Social, Economic, and Environmental Factors on Population Aging in the Yangtze River Delta Using the Geographical Detector Technique

Under the background of social transformation and space reconstruction, population aging in China is becoming more and more diverse and complex. “Aging before getting rich”, a notion in population and economic development, has been a serious threat to sustainable development in China. On the basis of town- and street block-scale data from the Fifth and Sixth National Census in the Yangtze River Delta, we studied spatial distribution characteristics of population aging using global Moran’s I and hotspot analysis, and applied the geographical detector technique to explain the spatial heterogeneity of population aging. Several conclusions were drawn. (1) The promotion and replacement of aging coexist. Cluster of aging degree exhibits an increasing trend. Population aging is more severe in suburban areas than urban areas. (2) Migration is the main factor affecting the spatial heterogeneity of population aging. Per capital GDP and road network density are the second most influential factors. By contrast, the relief degree of land surface and the air quality index minimally influence population aging. The mechanisms of aging in various regions are affected by varying development levels. (3) The interaction among social, economic, and environmental factors enhances their effects and, thus, interacting factors have a greater influence on population aging than any single factor. The findings of this study have significant implications for local inhabitants and policy makers to address the population aging challenge in achieving sustainability of society, economy, and environment.

In situ immobilization of layered double hydroxides onto cotton fiber for solid phase extraction of fluoroquinolone drugs

Cotton fiber was proposed as a biodegradable support material. The properties like high specific area, hygroscopicity and adjustable shape make it be an idea substrate for solid phase extraction (SPE). In this work, inorganic layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were in situ immobilized onto cotton fiber through the linker of polydopamine as stationary phase. Uniform NiAl-LDHs crystal with nanostructure was observed on cotton fiber after one-step synthesis through urea hydrolytic method. The cotton fiber can not only increase the specific area and mass transfer rate, but also prevent aggregation and blocking of the freestanding LDHs crystal. Due to the electrostatic interaction and anion exchange features of LDHs, the prepared LDHs modified cotton fiber showed good extraction efficiency and selectivity towards fluoroquinolone drugs including norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin. After elution by 1 M NaOH, a simple acid-base neutralization method was proposed, so the natural elution can be directly analyzed by HPLC system. After optimizing the extraction parameters including adsorbent amount, sampling rate, sample volume, sample pH and eluent types and concentration, excellent extraction efficiency towards three fluoroquinolone drugs was obtained with high enrichment factors of 37–47. The adsorption capacity of LDHs modified cotton fiber was 21.18, 21.85 and 20.54 mg g−1 for norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, which was almost twice as much as that of freestanding LDHs. The established method based on SPE-HPLC-FLC (fluorescence detector) technique exhibited good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.995), low limits of detection (0.01 µg L−1) and good reproducibility (intra-day RSDs ≤ 3.89%). Moreover, this method has also been applied in analyzing fluoroquinolone drugs in chicken eggs and pork liver.

Object Detection from a Range Image Using Sparse Keypoint Detector Technique

This proposal presents the object detection using Sparse Keypoint Detector technique, in which is computed the interesting points from directional surface. This surface is built with the normal vectors corresponding to the homogeneous surface, and this in turn, is obtained from range image. A probability dense function (pdf) analysis applied to the normal vectors contained in the directional surface, allows us to select the highlight points to obtain the contour of the scene. Furthermore, a probability mass function (pmf) analysis applied to the information contained in the surrounding of these points, aim to select a region of interest, in which is found the object 3D to be detected. Finally, it is applied a Chess distance to the interesting points contained in the region of interest to detect the object. The presented experimental tests involve a qualitative and quantitative analysis using the Middlebury and DSPLab dataset.

Using a portable laser methane detector in goats to assess diurnal, diet- and position-dependent variations in enteric methane emissions

The Laser Methane Detector (LMD) technique has proven to be reliable for estimating enteric methane (CH4) output in ruminants. The number of peer-reviewed publications related to LMD measurements in ruminants is still small. Studies are largely limited to measurements of animals in controlled research environment and respiration chambers, while measurements on animals outside respiration chambers are rare. Most studies focused on cattle or sheep, but the LMD has not yet been applied to goats. Finally, no systematic measurement protocol is available for different livestock species. Thus, the experimental setup of studies varies considerably, making a comparison of results difficult, although previous papers have provided guidance. In the present study, the LMD technique was applied in two experiments with goats to evaluate the effect of; the position of goats, the time after feeding, CH4 peaks and troughs, the recording interval and the proportion of concentrate feed and hay in the diet on enteric CH4 emission. Measurements were taken on four (Experiment 1) and 12 (Experiment 2) 1-year old female Boer goats. The position affected the mean enteric CH4 emission, with higher values for lying than for standing goats. However, results across goats differ. In contrast, a day effect was observed that was consistent across positions and goats, with highest CH4 emissions obtained for day 3 (Experiment 1). As could be expected, the time after feeding strongly influenced the CH4 concentrations that were highest directly after morning feeding. CH4 concentrations gradually decreased with increasing time after feeding and were lowest early in the morning. No diet effect (quality and quantity) was observed (Experiment 2). This indicates a high individual variation of enteric CH4 emissions that could be exploited to select and breed animals with lower CH4 output. For subsequent experiments utilizing the LMD technique, it is recommended to use a 0.1-s interval for recording point measurements of CH4 concentrations, and for analysis to consider peaks only. A reduction of the recording interval to 1 s and 4 s only using CH4 peaks led to high deviances from the reference (0.1-s records, CH4 peaks and troughs), whereas the 0.1-s recording interval cleaned from CH4 troughs and using only CH4 peaks showed good accordance with the reference. Ongoing studies will verify the present results in view of developing a standardized protocol for measuring CH4 output in the major ruminant livestock species.

Effect of land prices on the spatial differentiation of housing prices: Evidence from cross-county analyses in China

This study analyzes the spatial patterns and driving forces of housing prices in China using a 2,872-county dataset of housing prices in 2014. Multiple theoretical perspectives on housing demand, supply, and market, are combined to establish a housing price model to explore the impact of land prices on housing prices. The relative impacts of land prices on housing prices at different administrative levels are then analyzed using the geographical detector technique. Finally, the influencing mechanism of land prices on housing prices is discussed. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Housing prices have a pyramid- ranked distribution in China, where higher housing prices are linked to smaller urban populations. (2) Land prices are the primary driver of housing prices, and their impacts on housing prices vary over different administrative levels. To be specific, the effect of land prices is the strongest in the urban districts of provincial capital cities. (3) The internal influence mechanisms for land prices driving housing prices are: topographic factors, urban construction level, the agglomeration degree of high-quality public service resources, and the tertiary industrial development level. The urban land supply plan (supply policies) is the intrinsic driver that determines land prices in cities; through supply and demand, cost, and market mechanisms, land prices then impact housing prices.

An efficient architecture of iterative logarithm multiplier

Multiplication is one of important arithmetic component for digital signal processing, neural network and image processing. But, it is well known fact that multiplier has most hardware consuming component out of all arithmetic components. Here, it is given a possible solution by using an efficient VLSI architecture of Mitchell’s algorithm based Iterative Logarithmic Multiplier (ILM) with modified architecture of Leading One Detector (LOD) and seamless pipelined technique. The proposed work is based on the hardware minimization at the same error cost than of previously reported architectures. We use VHDL to design the existing and proposed Mitchell’s algorithm based iterative logarithmic multiplier. Both multipliers design are evaluated with the Synopsys design compiler by using 90 nm CMOS technology and compared the results in terms of Data Arrival Time (DAT), area, power, Area Delay Product (ADP) and energy. The proposed Mitchell's based ILM gives 33.18 %, 39.03 % and 31.62 % less ADP, 25.08 %, 38.08 % and 46.72 % less energy for 8, 16, and 32 bits architecture respectively in comparison of the reported ILM. The importance of LODs and seamless pipeline has been shown in an efficient architecture of Mitchell's based ILM.

Estimate Level of Radon Concentration for Drinking Water in Some Regions of Baghdad City

In this study, the assessment of radon concentration in drinking water in some regions of Baghdad city in Iraq has been studied using CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detector technique. A total of 18 samples selected from 6 region (5 samples from each region) in Baghdad city have been placed in the dosimeters for 50 day. The average radon concentration was found to be 516.1 hbox { Bq/m}^{3} which is greater than the standard international limit (300 hbox { Bq/m}^{3}). The potential alpha energy concentration and annual effective dose have been calculated. A proportional relationship between the annual effective dose and radon concentration within the studied region has been certified.

Assessment of Radioactivity in Concrete Made with e-Waste Plastic

Abstract The paper reports the impact of e-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] mixing in concrete on its radioactivity profile. The concrete was prepared with HIPS as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in varying percentages by volume and radioactivity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were measured using gamma-ray spectrometer and radon activity by solid state nuclear track detector (SSNTD) technique. Both gamma radiation and radon activity in standard concrete and concrete with HIPS were well within the permissible limit. However, the gamma-radiation level and radon activity decreased with an increase in HIPS content of the concrete. The study concludes that the concrete with HIPS does not pose any radiation hazard and, hence, is suitable as a construction material.

GEM detector performance with innovative micro-TPC readout in high magnetic field

Gas detector development is one of the pillars of the research in fundamental physics. Since several years, a new concept of detectors, called Micro Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD), allowed to overcome several problems related to other types of commonly used detectors, like drift chamber and micro strips detectors, reducing the rate of discharges and providing better radiation tolerance. Among the most used MPGDs are the Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs). Invented by Sauli in 1997, nowadays GEMs have become an important reality for particle detectors in high energy physics. Commonly deployed as fast timing detectors and triggers, their fast response, high rate capability and high radiation hardness make them also suitable as tracking detectors. The readout scheme is one of the most important features in tracking technology. Analog readout based on the calculation of the center of gravity technique allows to overcome the limit imposed by digital pads, whose spatial resolution is limited by the pitch dimensions. However, the presence of high external magnetic fields can distort the electronic cloud and affect the performance. The development of the micro-TPC reconstruction method brings GEM detectors into a new prospective, improving significantly the spatial resolutionin presence of high magnetic fields. This innovative technique allows to reconstruct the 3-dimensional particle position, as Time Projection Chamber, but within a drift gap of a few millimeters. In these report, the charge centroid and micro-TPC methods are described in details. We discuss the results of several test beams performed with planar chambers in magnetic field. These results are one of the first developments of micro-TPC technique for GEM detectors, which allows to reach unprecedented performance in a high magnetic field of 1 T.

Исследование ширины запрещенной зоны смешанных кристаллов ZnSxSe1–x

Scintillators based on ZnSxSe1–x are promising materials for X-ray and γ-ray detection. For optoelectronic devices, it is better to use semiconductor compounds with a direct-zone energy structure with its spectral range lying in the fundamental absorption region. The band gap in such semiconductors is an important parameter that affects the energy resolution, ionization energy, dark current and other scintillation characteristics. The effect of sulfur content on the optical width of the band gap in mixed crystals ZnSxSe1–x is investigated in this paper. The test samples for this study were grown by Bridgman-Stockbarger in graphite crucibles with the diameter of 25 mm in the Ar atmosphere (PAr = 2∙106 Pa) at a temperature from 1870 to 2000 K, depending on the composition of the initial raw materials. Six samples with different content of components were obtained: ZnS0.07Se0.93, ZnS0.15Se0.85, ZnS0.22Se0.78, ZnS0.28Se0.72, ZnS0.32Se0.68, ZnS0.39Se0.61. The transmittance of the samples in the range from 61 to 67% at 1100 nm (sample thickness 4 mm) indicates a high optical quality of the crystals. It was established that the optical width of the band gap for mixed crystals ZnSxSe1–x increases from 2.59 to 2.78 eV with increasing sulfur content from 0.07 to 0.39 for direct transitions and from 2.49 to 2.70 eV for indirect transitions. A comparison was made between theoretical and experimentally obtained values of the band gap width. It is shown that no new (defective) levels appear in the band gap. The smooth dependence of the optical band gap on the composition indicate a possibility of growing ZnSxSe1–x mixed crystals by directional solidification techniques for X-ray and γ-ray detectors. The wider band gap and higer atomic mass ratio of ZnSxSe1–x crystals, as compared to ZnSe(Te) or/and ZnSe(Al) crystals, extend application areas of such semiconductor material

Liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection and quantification of heat-labile toxin produced by enterotoxigenic E. coli cultured under different conditions

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the main bacterial cause of dehydrating infant diarrhoea in less-developed countries. Labile toxin (LT) is the major virulent factor of ETEC. Easy diagnostic tests are necessary to reduce the number of cases. Immunological methods have some drawbacks and also have important limitations. For that reason, a Liquid Chromatography coupled to UV detector technique (LC-UV) has been optimize to a rapid identification and quantification of LT from bacteria cultures. It is also important to know optimal conditions for LT and with this purpose several enterotoxigenic E. coli strains have been studied to determine the influence of glucose concentration and different culture media on LT production.LC-UV technique demonstrated to be a good method for LT quantification showing values of 15 ng/mL and 45 ng/mL for limits of detection and quantification respectively. LT quantification revealed that toxin production is directly related to the concentration of glucose added in the broth medium. Tryptic Soy Broth is the most efficient culture medium for E. coli growth and enterotoxin production.

Photolysis and chromatographic analysis of biphenyl and diphenyl ether mixtures in soil by infrared lamp irradiation

To study the environmental behaviors of soil-bound pollutants, it is meaningful to investigate the photolysis of organic pollutants in soil. The pure biphenyl and diphenyl ether mixtures, one of synthetic heat transfer oil, which are the most widely used thermal fluid in solar centrals, were used in this experiment. The photolysis of the mixtures in soil with infrared lamp irradiation were analyzed experimentally using the gas chromatograph. The ultrasonic cleaner was utilized to make the adsorbent gas in the activated charcoal tube dissolved well with analytic agent. The retention time, peak area and peak height was measured by the hydrogen flame ionization detector (FID) technique. The biphenyl and diphenyl ether mixtures can indeed be decomposed by infrared light, although the amount of decomposition was rather small. The results demonstrated that the new substances were various both at different infrared lamp lighting periods and outlets. The proportion between biphenyl and diphenyl ether, of which the mass ratio was no longer 26.5: 73.5, was diverse at different infrared lighting periods and outlets, and the attribution of diphenyl ether to the loss was always higher than that of biphenyl from the analysis of peak area. Based on the chromatographic analysis of condensed liquid mixtures, the decomposition of biphenyl and diphenyl ether mixtures was not only restricted to the time periods of exposure to infrared lamp. The results suggested a reference to prevent soil and groundwater contamination and soil remediation.

Examining the effects of socioeconomic development on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China's cities using spatial regression and the geographical detector technique

The frequent occurrence of extreme smog episodes in recent years has begun to present a serious threat to human health. In addition to pollutant emissions and meteorological conditions, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is also influenced by socioeconomic development. Thus, identifying the potential effects of socioeconomic development on PM2.5 variations can provide insights into particulate pollution control. This study applied spatial regression and the geographical detector technique for assessing the directions and strength of association between socioeconomic factors and PM2.5 concentrations, using data collected from 945 monitoring stations in 190 Chinese cities in 2014. The results indicated that the annual average PM2.5 concentrations is 61±20μg/m3, and cites with more than 75μg/m3 were mainly located in North China, especially in Tianjin and Hebei province. We also identified a marked seasonal variation in concentrations levels, with the highest level in winter due to coal consumption, lower temperatures, and less rainfall than in summer. Monthly variations followed a “U-shaped” pattern, with a down trend from January and an inflection point in September and then an increasing trend from October. The results of spatial regression indicated that population density, industrial structure, industrial soot (dust) emissions, and road density have a significantly positive effect on PM2.5 concentrations, with a significantly negative influence exerted only by economic growth. In addition, trade openness and electricity consumption were found to have no significant impact on PM2.5 concentrations. Using the geographical detector technique, the strength of association between the five significant drivers and PM2.5 concentrations was further analyzed. We found notable differences among the variables, with industrial soot (dust) emissions playing a greater role in the PM2.5 concentrations than the other variables. These results will be helpful in understanding the dynamics and the underlying mechanisms at work in PM2.5 concentrations in China at the city level, and thereby assisting the Chinese government in employing effective strategies to tackle pollution.

A Microwave Flow Detector for Gradient Elution Liquid Chromatography.

This study presents a microwave flow detector technique for liquid chromatography (LC) application. The detector is based on a tunable microwave interferometer (MIM) with a vector network analyzer (VNA) for signal measurement and a computer for system control. A microstrip-line-based 0.3 μL flow cell is built and incorporated into the MIM. With syringe pump injection, the detector is evaluated by measuring a few common chemicals in DI water at multiple frequencies from 0.98 to 7.09 GHz. Less than 30 ng minimum detectable quantity (MDQ) is demonstrated. An algorithm is provided and used to obtain sample dielectric permittivity at each frequency point. When connected to a commercial HPLC system and injected with a 10 μL aliquot of 10 000 ppm caffeine DI-water solution, the microwave detector yields a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) up to 10 under isocratic and gradient elution operations. The maximum sampling rate is 20 Hz. The measurements show that MIM tuning, aided by a digital tunable attenuator (DTA), can automatically adjust MIM operation to retain detector sensitivity when mobile phase changes. Furthermore, the detector demonstrates a capability to quantify coeluted vitamin E succinate (VES) and vitamin D3 (VD3).

Probing direct and indirect unitarity violation in future accelerator neutrino facilities

The possible existence of light and heavy sterile neutrinos may give rise to direct and indirect unitarity violation of the 3×3 lepton mixing matrix respectively. In the current work we study the potential of future accelerator neutrino facilities in probing the unitarity violation effects. Taking DUNE, T2HK and a low-energy Neutrino Factory (LENF) as working examples of future accelerator neutrino facilities, we study the distinct effects of direct and indirect unitarity violation on the discovery reach of the leptonic CP violation and precision measurements of θ23 in the three neutrino framework. In addition, constraints on the additional mixing parameters of direct and indirect unitarity violation are also discussed. Finally, we stress that the combination of experiments with different oscillation channels, different neutrino beams and different detector techniques will be an effective solution to the parameter degeneracy problem and give the robust measurement of leptonic CP violation even if the direct and indirect unitarity violation are taken into account.