Bioremediation Techniques Research Articles

Research on the treatment and utilization of hydrophobic soil in sponge city construction

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics of hydrophobic soil, including its strong hydrophobicity, poor water retention capacity, and unstable mechanical properties. It explores treatment technologies for hydrophobic soil such as soil amendments, bioremediation techniques, and physical treatment methods. Based on these findings, the paper proposes the utilization of hydrophobic soil as permeable paving material, filling material for rain gardens and ecological retention ponds, covering layer for green roofs, and for ecological slopes and dikes. These suggestions provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the effective use of hydrophobic soil in sponge city construction.

The use of bioremediation as a technique to treat oil-contaminated effluents

Demographic growth has increased the demand for natural resources, especially in oil exploration, which, despite its benefits, has negative environmental and social impacts. The occurrence of environmental accidents, such as oil spills, highlights the need for effective remediation methods. Bioremediation, using microorganisms or plant products, has emerged as a promising technique for treating contaminated effluents. This study analyzes the effectiveness of the main bioremediation techniques, highlighting advantages such as low cost, easy implementation and sustainability compared to other remediation techniques, being sustainable, not causing disruption to ecosystems and aiming exclusively at the biodegradation of petroleum polluting compounds.

Utilization of fungal and bacterial bioremediation techniques for the treatment of toxic waste and biowaste

The escalating accumulation of toxic wastes and biowastes constitutes a critical environmental crisis that demands immediate and effective solutions. Traditional waste treatment methods, predominantly chemical and physical, are increasingly viewed as unsustainable, burdened by high operational costs and the risk of generating secondary pollutants. Against this backdrop, bioremediation emerges as a crucial and sustainable alternative, utilizing the natural detoxifying capabilities of microorganisms. This review article focuses on the use of fungal and bacterial strategies in bioremediation, emphasizing their vital role in the degradation, stabilization, or detoxification of pollutants. We provide an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms by which fungi and bacteria break down various contaminants, presenting a current snapshot of the field’s state of knowledge. The article highlights recent innovative advancements that improve the effectiveness and expand the applicability of bioremediation technologies. Moreover, it discusses the practical challenges of scaling these solutions to meet global environmental needs and suggests directions for future research and implementation. This synthesis not only underscores the significance of microbial bioremediation in addressing pressing environmental problems but also acts as a call to action for continued innovation in the sustainable management of hazardous wastes.

Optimizing bioremediation techniques for soil decontamination in a linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy framework

Bioremediation techniques, which harness the metabolic activities of microorganisms, offer sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches to contaminated soil remediation. These methods involve the introduction of specialized microbial consortiums to facilitate the degradation of pollutants, contribute to soil restoration, and mitigate environmental hazards. When selecting the most effective bioremediation technique for soil decontamination, precise and dependable decision-making methods are critical. This research endeavors to tackle the aforementioned concern by utilizing the tool of aggregation operators in the framework of the Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy (LIF) environment. Linguistic Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets (LIFSs) provide a robust framework for representing and managing uncertainties associated with linguistic expressions and intuitionistic assessments. Aggregation operators enrich the decision-making process by efficiently handling the intrinsic uncertainties, preferences, and priorities of MADM problems; as a consequence, the decisions produced are more reliable and precise. In this research, we utilize this concept to devise innovative aggregation operators, namely the linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi weighted averaging operator (LIFDWA) and the linguistic intuitionistic fuzzy Dombi weighted geometric operator (LIFDWG). We also demonstrate the critical structural properties of these operators. Additionally, we formulate novel score and accuracy functions for multiple attribute decision-making (MADM) problems within LIF knowledge. Furthermore, we develop an algorithm to confront the complexities associated with ambiguous data in solving decision-making problems in the LIF Dombi aggregation environment. To underscore the efficacy and superiority of our proposed methodologies, we adeptly apply these techniques to address the MADM problem concerning the optimal selection of a bioremediation technique for soil decontamination. Moreover, we present a comparative evaluation to delineate the authenticity and practical applicability of the recently introduced approaches relative to previously formulated techniques.

Biodegradation of Plastic Wastes in Soil: A Review on Testing and Evaluation Procedures

The recalcitrant behaviour of plastic creates an acute pollution on soil and aquatic biota. The plastic polymer synthesised from petroleum takes several hundred years to degrade. During excavation activities on the lands within or at the outskirts of urban limits, single use plastic wrappers and bags that were buried long ago, can be found in large quantities. Researchers have already identified the potentiality of microorganisms to biodegrade the plastic polymers. These microorganisms utilise plastic as a sole source of carbon and mineralise them into carbon dioxide under optimum environmental conditions. This paper provides a brief review on the biodegradation studies carried out by various researchers, spectra of microorganisms identified with the potential to degrade various polymeric substances, methods of testing and evaluations in order to quantify the effectiveness of degradation, their shortfalls and risks involved in implementing bioremediation technique in the field. A review on other related aspects that are deemed to be relevant to this topic are also discussed.

Review Paper on Recent Advances of Biotechnology Application to Aquaculture Development

Recent advances in biotechnology have significantly impacted aquaculture production, revolutionizing the industry. which explores key developments in applying biotechnological tools to enhance various aspects of aquaculture. Molecular techniques, such as genetic manipulation, have enabled the selective breeding of fish for desirable traits, improving growth rates, disease resistance, and overall productivity. Furthermore, the application of advanced genomics and bioinformatics has facilitated the identification of specific genes associated with important traits, paving the way for precision breeding. Biotechnological interventions also extend to disease management in aquaculture. Novel diagnostic methods based on molecular biology enable early detection of pathogens, contributing to effective disease prevention and control. Vaccines developed through biotechnological approaches have shown promise in protecting aquatic species against various infections, reducing reliance on traditional antibiotics. Nutrition is another critical aspect benefiting from biotechnological advancements. Genetically engineered feed formulations, enriched with essential nutrients, enhance the overall health and growth of aquaculture species. Furthermore, by enhancing feed conversion efficiency and waste management, probiotics and prebiotics obtained from biotechnological processes aid in the development of sustainable and ecologically friendly practices. Aquaculture and biotechnology are integrated in environmental conservation and monitoring projects. Aquatic organisms are guaranteed ideal conditions through real-time water quality monitoring made possible by biosensors and molecular tools. Utilizing genetically engineered organisms, bioremediation techniques help to lessen the negative environmental effects of aquaculture operations. In conclusion, recent advances in biotechnology have propelled aquaculture towards a more sustainable, efficient, and environmentally conscious industry. The integration of molecular techniques, genetic manipulation, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring has opened new avenues for addressing challenges and optimizing production in aquaculture. The continued exploration and application of biotechnological tools hold great promise for the future of this crucial food production sector.

Bioremediation techniques for the management of agricultural soils contamination by oil spilling

Soil and land contamination as a result of diverse industrial activities, particularly oil spilling, pesticides and disinfectants, has affected quality of life, ecosystems and overall agricultural activities. Bioremediation is a scientific method in which biological microorganisms are used to remove contaminants via metabolic processes. This procedure has the advantage of providing the transformation and/or even removal of organic and inorganic pollutants, even at low absorption. This paper specifically focused on addressing the theories and models of some techniques involved in the processes of bioremediation. These techniques can be divided into two types: in situ and ex situ. The in situ techniques are defined as those that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site with minimal disturbance, whereas the ex situ techniques are those models that are applied to soil and groundwater at the site that have been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). It is believed that successful treatment of contaminated environments, particularly those polluted by oil spilling and dripping, requires an integrated and well-planned effort. This treatment will help improve the environmental soil quality for diverse agricultural activities and ensure better lifestyles among the rural communities where the activities of oil industries are present.

Enhancing biodegradation of aged hydrocarbon-contaminated soils through toluene addition: assessing effects on solid and slurry phase treatments.

The main challenge in treating aged soils highly contaminated with total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is to enhance their bioavailability for microbial degradation. Hydrocarbons in soils undergo chemical changes that make them more resistant to biodegradation. This study investigates toluene's efficacy in enhancing the biodegradation of aged hydrocarbon-contaminated soil containing 292,000mg TPH kg-1 dry soil. Toluene's effect was compared between solid phase (SOP) and slurry phase (SLP) treatments using a microbial consortium isolated from Cyperus laxus rhizosphere. TPH biodegradation and microbial respiration were measured, the latter to estimate the respiratory quotient (RQ, the ratio between moles of carbon dioxide released and moles of oxygen absorbed during respiration). Toluene significantly accelerated TPH biodegradation in both treatments, achieving ~ 30% higher removal than in a non-solvent control, possibly through improved bioavailability of aromatic compounds and other low molecular weight compounds. According to the RQ analysis, toluene enhanced microbial respiratory processes and hydrocarbon catabolism with higher hydrocarbon mineralization (RQ = ~ 0.5) in both SOP and SLP assays. Our results reveal toluene's potential to increase hydrocarbon availability and microbial degradation efficiency in aged contaminated soils; its use in various bioremediation techniques could be of broad applicability across diverse soil types and pollutants.

Physiological response and molecular mechanism of glyphosate degradation by Pseudomonas alcaligenes Z1–1

The accumulation of glyphosate during its application in agriculture and its toxicity seriously threaten ecosystems and human health. Currently, glyphosate residual contamination is mainly accomplished through bioremediation techniques based on enhanced microbial degradation activity. However, there are drawbacks, such as poor environmental adaptability of strains and low degradation efficiency. Therefore, in this study, an efficient glyphosate-degrading strain, Pseudomonas alcaligenes Z1–1, was isolated from herbicide-contaminated environments and was capable of completely degrading glyphosate at a concentration of 200 mg/L within 7 days. Kinetics analysis showed that glyphosate degradation was concentration-dependent, with a maximum tolerant concentration of 800 mg/L. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated that AminoMethylPhosphonic acid (AMPA) was the predominant intermediate produced in the degradation pathway of glyphosate, revealing that glyphosate destruction began with breaking the C-N bond. Whole genome sequencing identified the key genes potentially involved in glyphosate degradation, including the thiO, glpA, aroA, soxB, and argA genes. Furthermore, in contrast to the majority of the metabolic pathways previously reported for glyphosate degradation via glyphosate oxidoreductase, the breaking of the C-N bond was primarily catalyzed by glycine oxidase. Overall, this research provides novel insights into the mechanisms of glyphosate degradation, offering valuable degradation enzyme resources for future applications.

Assessment of Innovative Technologies for Hazardous Waste Treatment and Remediation Review: A Sustainable Approach for Environmental Protection

<p>The management of hazardous waste is a critical environmental challenge that requires innovative and sustainable solutions to mitigate adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. This research project aims to assess and evaluate cutting-edge technologies for the treatment and remediation of hazardous waste, focusing on their sustainability and effectiveness in environmental protection. The study will investigate various innovative methods such as advanced oxidation processes, bioremediation techniques, nanotechnology applications, and green chemistry strategies. These technologies offer promising opportunities to address hazardous waste contamination while minimizing resource consumption and environmental footprints. The research will include a comprehensive review of existing literature, case studies, and technical reports to gather insights into the performance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits of these innovative technologies. Special emphasis will be placed on evaluating their applicability across different types of hazardous waste, ranging from industrial chemicals and pollutants to electronic waste and persistent organic pollutants. Furthermore, the study will analyze regulatory frameworks, policy implications, and socio-economic factors influencing the adoption and implementation of these technologies in diverse industrial sectors and geographical regions. Through rigorous assessment and analysis, this research aims to provide valuable insights and recommendations for stakeholders, policymakers, and environmental practitioners involved in hazardous waste management. The findings will contribute to advancing sustainable approaches for addressing hazardous waste challenges, promoting environmental protection, and fostering a circular economy mindset in waste management practices.</p>

Developing a predictive machine learning model and a kinetic model for the bioremediation of terrestrial diesel spills

Terrestrial diesel spills significantly threaten the natural environment and human health, necessitating effective bioremediation strategies for diesel-contaminated soil. This study aims to evaluate the impact of diesel spills on soil water retention capacity and the effectiveness of different bioremediation methods. Four tanks (A-D) were used to compare natural attenuation, bioaugmentation, biostimulation, and a combination of bioaugmentation and biostimulation in enhancing diesel degradation. The findings demonstrated that soil water retention decreases with higher diesel concentrations and increases with more compost. After 21 days, the Diesel Range Organics (DRO) removal efficiencies for Tanks A, B, C, and D were 15.70 %, 23.31 %, 29.65 %, and 49.78 %, respectively. The degradation kinetics primarily followed first-order reaction models, with combined bioaugmentation and biostimulation showing the fastest reaction rate. The projected timelines for complete bioremediation were 44 days for the combined method, 88 days for biostimulation, 116 days for bioaugmentation, and 178 days for natural attenuation. Machine Learning models further supported these findings, with the bilateral Artificial Neural Network outperforming the Linear Regression model (R2 of 0.9990 vs. 0.9713, respectively). This study contributes to understanding the efficiency of different bioremediation techniques and offers practical insights for managing diesel-contaminated soils.

Bioremediation alternatives for total petroleum hydrocarbon removal in agricultural soil

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to highlight the importance of assessing bioremediation and total petroleum hydrocarbon removal by bioaugmentation and biostimulation on the rhizosphere. Design/methodology/approach: An 89-day experiment was established with treatments considering plant (corn) establishment–crude petroleum (25,000 mg kg-1)–bacteria and hydrocarbonoclastic fungi–adding nitrogen and phosphorus to agricultural soil. At the end of the experiment, hydrocarbonoclastic fungal and bacterial populations and total petroleum hydrocarbon removal were assessed. Results: Both microbial groups increased in number and time. The treatment with 120 kg nitrogen ha-1 and 12.5 kg phosphorus ha-1 allowed the highest population (227 x 103 g-1 of colony forming units (CFU) of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria). A total of 83% petroleum hydrocarbon removal was obtained as established in 89 days. Limitations on study/implications: The effectiveness of bioremediation can vary significantly in real environments due to factors, such as soil variability, climate. Findings/conclusions: The previous results highlight the importance of using these bioremediation techniques to eliminate hydrocarbons in contaminated agricultural soils.

Advancing sustainability in construction and environmental management about innovative materials, technologies, and policy frameworks

This comprehensive study explores the integration of advanced materials, innovative technologies, and policy frameworks to enhance sustainability in construction and environmental management. Through an in-depth analysis of self-healing concrete, energy-efficient insulation materials, recycled composites, membrane filtration advancements, photocatalytic water purification, bioremediation techniques, corrosion-resistant alloys, smart sensing technologies, earthquake-resistant designs, and green infrastructure, we demonstrate significant potential to reduce environmental impact, improve infrastructure durability, and promote water conservation. Additionally, the role of international standards, regulations, and incentives in fostering sustainable development practices is critically examined. Quantitative analyses and mathematical models provide a foundation for assessing the effectiveness and economic viability of these innovations, offering valuable insights for stakeholders across the construction and environmental sectors

Overview of petroleum hydrocarbon pollution and bioremediation technologies

An exceptional rise in population, urbanization and human activities associated with modernization has increased pollutants to critical levels. These pollutants are in different shades across different sectors however, petroleum hydrocarbon is one of the most significant. This is because it comprises of thousands of various chemicals with structural and behavioral differences causing widespread distribution into the environment, bioaccumulation in biological systems, harmful effects on living organisms and resistance to biodegradation. Hydrocarbon pollution is mainly attributed to anthropogenic activities from crude oil refineries, sabotage of pipelines, petroleum industries and other sources and consequently negatively impacts all environmental compartments: air, water, land, sediments and sometimes groundwater causing deleterious effects. By extension, petroleum hydrocarbon pollution also contributes to public health risks which all supports the need for an effective remediation option. Bioremediation has been considered a highly functional option with other selective advantages such as: sustainability, cost-effectiveness, less complex technology and eco-friendly attributes compared to other invasive methods. There are different approaches to bioremediation and more recently the use of biosurfactants and immobilized cells have been introduced as more effective alternatives. Regardless, it is important to understand the mechanisms and factors that supports biodegradation and the choice of bioremediation technique depends on them. This review therefore describes the composition and behavior of petroleum hydrocarbons in different environment and also highlights the different bioremediation approaches and the factors that supports their activity.

Assessment of Effects of Amended Bioremediation of Toxic Metal-polluted Soil using Organic Composites and Bacillus sp on Plant Growth Parameters

It has become pertinent to develop improved bioremediation techniques, to avert the deleterious effects of heavy metal pollution on agricultural productivity, and safety of its produce. In this study, cow dung, poultry wastes and their composites used as organic amendments were collected and processed, while Bacillus sp used as plant growth promoting rhizosphere was isolated and identified. Then 24 kg of fertile soil was polluted by introducing 20 mL of 0.1M lead acetate solution, before bagging 5 kg of polluted soil into ten perforated nylons. Soil sample was then analyzed before and after treatment. After mixing with Bacillus sp suspension, two of the pot experiments were amended with each of 0.5 kg cow dung only, 0.5 kg poultry wastes only and 1:1 ratio of their composites. Control samples were set up without amendment, and they were bioremediated for 25 days. Following germination of sown corn seedlings, heights of their shoots and number of leaves were monitored on day 4, weeks 2, 4 and 7, before harvesting for analysis together with soil samples. Results obtained revealed that seedlings grown on treated samples as well as properties of treatment of soil were generally better than those of control samples. Highest percentage increase in organic matter content of soil was recorded in treatment with mixture of cow dung only and Bacillus sp, with 9.28% and 7.63% increase at 33.75 mg/kg and 52.55 mg/kg of lead (Pb) pollution. Seedlings grown on samples treated with poultry wastes only, recorded the highest protein content of 161.25±5.5 mg/g, 104.99±4.95 mg/g and 79.75±3.2 mg/g protein contents, at 32.75 mg/kg, 42.02 mg/kg and 52.44 mg/kg levels of Pb pollution, respectively. The amendments also reduced bioaccumulation of Pb in corn seedlings, which was in the order; stem<leaf<root. Therefore, these amendments can be exploited for improved bioremediation of heavy metals.

Deciphering the mechanistic role of Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52) in bio-sorption and phyto-assimilation of Cadmium via Linum usitatissimum L. Seedlings

Three Cd2+ resistant bacterium's minimal inhibition concentrations were assessed and their percentages of Cd2+ accumulation were determined by measurements using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The results revealed that two isolates Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52), identified by 16S rDNA gene sequencing, showed a higher percentage of Cd2+ accumulation i.e., 83.78% and 81.79%, respectively. Moreover, both novel strains can tolerate Cd2+ levels up to 2000 mg/L isolated from district Chakwal. Amplification of the czcD, nifH, and acdS genes was also performed. Batch bio-sorption studies revealed that at pH 7.0, 1 g/L of biomass, and an initial 150 mg/L Cd2+ concentration were the ideal bio-sorption conditions for Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52). The experimental data were fit to Langmuir isotherm measurements and Freundlich isotherm model R2 values of 0.999 for each of these strains. Bio sorption processes showed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The intra-diffusion model showed Xi values for Bacillus paramycoides (PM51) and Bacillus tequilensis (PM52) of 2.26 and 2.23, respectively. Different surface ligands, was investigated through Fourier-transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The scanning electron microscope SEM images revealed that after Cd2+ adsorption, the cells of both strains became thick, adherent, and deformed. Additionally, both enhanced Linum usitatissimum plant seed germination under varied concentrations of Cd2+ (0 mg/L, 250 mg/L,350 mg/L, and 500 mg/L). Current findings suggest that the selected strains can be used as a sustainable part of bioremediation techniques.

Influence of metals on lignocellulolytic enzyme production and metal removal by Phlebia brevispora in a wheat straw based fixed‐bed bioreactor

AbstractHeavy metals contamination poses a significant environmental threat, which requires the development of eco‐friendly bioremediation techniques. Present research work was conducted using wheat straw in submerged conditions for the growth of white rot fungus, Phlebia brevispora in the presence of varying concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr. The lignocellulolytic enzyme production ability of fungus was monitored. A wheat straw‐based fixed‐bed bioreactor was designed to treat metal‐containing water in continuous mode. The fungus showed a positive influence on laccase production, cellulase production, and lignin peroxidase activity. As observed through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), Cr removal efficiency was 78%–80%, regardless of the initial metal concentration. The Cr was also found on the surface of fungal mycelium as per the results obtained from SEM–EDX. The continuous bioreactor achieved 98%–99% metal removal, making it a natural and cost‐effective solution for metal removal from wastewater using P. brevispora.

The potential of enhanced phytoremediation to clean up multi-contaminated soil – insights from metatranscriptomics

This study aimed to (i) investigate the potential for enhanced phytoremediation to remove contaminants from soil historically co-contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) and heavy metals (HMs) and (ii) analyze the expression of crucial bacterial genes and whole metatranscriptomics profiles for better understanding of soil processes during applied treatment. Phytoremediation was performed using Zea mays and supported by the Pseudomonas qingdaonensis ZCR6 strain and a natural biofertilizer: meat and bone meal (MBM). In previous investigations, mechanisms supporting plant growth and PH degradation were described in the ZCR6 strain. Here, ZCR6 survived in the soil throughout the experiment, but the efficacy of PH removal from all soils fertilized with MBM reached 32 % regardless of the bacterial inoculation. All experimental groups contained 2 % (w/w) MBM. The toxic effect of this amendment on plants was detected 30 days after germination, irrespective of ZCR6 inoculation. Among the 17 genes tested using the qPCR method, only expression of the acdS gene, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, and the CYP153 gene, encoding cytochrome P450-type alkane hydroxylase, was detected in soils. Metatranscriptomic analysis of soils indicated increased expression of methane particulated ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (pmoA-amoA) by Nitrosomonadales bacteria in all soils enriched with MBM compared to the non-fertilized control. We suggest that the addition of 2 % (w/w) MBM caused the toxic effect on plants via the rapid release of ammonia, and this led to high pmoA-amoA expression. In parallel, due to its wide substrate specificity, enhanced bacterial hydrocarbon removal in MBM-treated soils was observed. The metatranscriptomic results indicate that MBM application should be considered to improve bioremediation of soils polluted with PHs rather than phytoremediation. However, lower concentrations of MBM could be considered for phytoremediation enhancement. From a broader perspective, these results indicated the superior capability of metatranscriptomics to investigate the microbial mechanisms driving various bioremediation techniques.

Mechanism of microplastics effects on the purification of heavy metals in piggery effluents by microalgae

Microalgae is an effective bioremediation technique employed for treating piggery effluent. However, there is insufficient study on how the presence of microplastics (MPs) in wastewater affects the ability of microalgae to remove heavy metals from piggery effluent. This study aims to investigate the influence of two prevalent heavy metals found in piggery wastewater, Cu2+ (2 mg/L) and Zn2+ (2 mg/L), on their removal by microalgae (Desmodesmus sp. CHX1) in the presence of four types of MPs: polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The results revealed that smaller particle size MPs promoted chlorophyll accumulation, while larger particles inhibits it. Additionally, higher concentrations of MPs promoted chlorophyll accumulation, while lower concentrations inhibited it. As for heavy metals, the presence of microplastics reduced the removal efficiency of Cu2+ and Zn2+ by Desmodesmus sp. CHX1. The highest inhibition of Cu2+ was 30%, 10%, 19%, and 16% of the control (CK), and the inhibition of Zn2+ was 7%, 4%, 4%, and 13%, respectively, under the treatments of PE, PVC, PP and PET MPs. Furthermore, Desmodesmus sp. CHX1 can secrete more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and form heterogeneous aggregates with MPs to counteract their pressure. These findings elucidate the impact of MPs on microalgae in bioremediation settings and offer useful insights into the complex relationships between microalgae, MPs, and heavy metals in the environment.

Chemical health hazards and toxicity of environmental pollutants on humans, animals and others: An overview

Toxicology, rooted in ancient civilizations and evolving through pivotal historical figures like Paracelsus and Alice Hamilton, has become a multidisciplinary field encompassing various branches such as pharmacology, medical, forensic, and environmental toxicology. This exploration embarks on a journey through time and science, unravelling the intricate interplay between chemicals, pollutants, and their profound impacts on human, animal, and environmental well-being. Spanning from ancient practices like the use of hemlock in Greek capital punishment to modern-day concerns surrounding industrial chemicals and pesticides, the review delves into the mechanisms by which toxins disrupt biochemical pathways and induce organ dysfunctions. From heavy metals and pesticides persistent effects on the nervous and reproductive systems to the carcinogenic properties of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The review highlights the diverse range of toxicants and their widespread impact on human health. Additionally, the review underscores the importance of proactive measures to mitigate exposure to harmful substances, advocating for the development of antidotes, bioremediation techniques, and stricter environmental regulations. By addressing the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to combat toxicological hazards, this review aims to contribute to ongoing efforts to safeguard public health and environmental sustainability in the face of evolving chemical threats.