Technical-tactical Training Research Articles

Football Defensive Actions Development in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Goals

With the use of small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs), non-linear pedagogy (NLP), which is based on the ecological dynamics approach, has arisen with the aim of fostering a holistic perspective and optimizing players’ tactical offensive and defensive behavior’s. Given the potential injury and health risks associated with insufficiently structured training, such as overtraining or inadequate tactical preparation, the implementation of evidence-based approaches like NLP is crucial. In this study, the indirect impacts of an NLP-based intervention program (task design based on tactical attack principles and assaulting team’s numerical advantage) were examined in decision-making (DM) and execution (Ex) in U14 football defense technical-tactical actions. Twelve training sessions, split over two phases—preintervention and intervention—involved eighteen players (aged U14). 600 defensive actions measured during competitive matches were examined using the Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) tool. The results revealed significant gains in marking (to the player with the ball: DM, p = 0.001; Ex, p = 0.001; and to the player without the ball: DM, p = 0.039; Ex, p = 0.046), blocking (DM, p = 0.015), and help- coverage (Ex, p = 0.014) actions. The interception and tackle actions did not differ noticeably. According to the results of this study, the NLP approach provides a suitable theoretical framework for fostering the development of defensive tactical behavior in football. Not all acts, though, saw improvements. In order to build technical-tactical training processes based on the phases of the football game (offensive and defensive) and taking the level of opposition into consideration, trainers should design representative tasks.

Peculiarities of Physical Training in the Case of Ashihara Karate Style Practitioners

Sports training must obey well-defined principles and rules to lead to progress in the training of practitioners. The purpose of the research is to discover those innovative methods and techniques in martial arts training that lead to the development of physical parameters as well as technical-tactical training. The experimental research took place over a period of 6 weeks, including 12 athletes, and members of the Sen Craiova Sports Club, aged between 20-35 years. Following the analysis of the obtained results, it is evident that the level of general and specific physical training contributes substantially to the increase of the training level of the athletes, an aspect that is reflected in the manifestation of the motor indices, of the change in their physical, functional and technical-tactical parameters.

Analysis of physical fitness level and its relationship with the level of Technical-Tactical Preparedness of Ju-Jitsu Athletes

Background: Sportive ju-jitsu in the fighting format is characterized by high intensity and complexity in terms of the fighting system. Athletes must engage in versatile combat involving actions on different planes, under varying conditions of contact and distance. The aim of this study was to assess and analyze the level of physical fitness in ju-jitsu athletes and its relationship with technical-tactical training. Methods: Ten athletes were subjected to the study, evaluating agility, speed, strength, and endurance. The level of technical-tactical preparedness was also assessed based on recordings of matches in three parts of the fight, calculating the effectiveness, activity, and efficiency of attacks. Results: Agility, striking speed, and retreat were positively correlated with effectiveness in the third part of the fight and overall average effectiveness. On the other hand, flexibility and ground mobility showed a negative correlation with fight effectiveness. Conclusions: A significant relationship was demonstrated between physical fitness and indicators of technical-tactical preparedness. Practical implications involve guidance for coaches in implementing training focused on specific areas of physical fitness that impact the level of technical-tactical training.

Improvement of Technical and Tactical Training of Taekwondists

This article discusses issues related to the improvement of technical and tactical training by identifying the comprehensive preparedness of taekwondo athletes and the direction of its improvement, determining the conditions for building sports training. Connections of technical-tactical training with medical-physiological and psychological-pedagogical sides are indicated, as well as attacks on the organization of sports training activities. In the process of tactical and technical training of taekwondo wrestlers, the tasks of studying goals were solved, where a number of methods were used in which the scientific and methodological literature on the special training of athletes, the physical indicators of martial artists, as well as the results of fights with their geography were studied. Including pedagogical observations with registration by recording, which took into account the effectiveness of attacking and defensive actions. The research work indicates that in taekwondo kicks are preferred, and the movements and strikes of the hands act as auxiliary actions to the legs, but this does not mean that it is impossible to beat with the hands. It is also indicated that there is a need to record the data of tactical and technical training at all stages of the survey work, starting with keeping records in the form of tables and readings. Minutes were kept, which indicated all the assessments of actions, the results of fights and other necessary information. In the research work, in addition to calculations, mathematical calculations were also carried out, which show the effectiveness of attacking and defensive actions in relation to the performance of rivals. Depending on the level of preparedness of taekwondo fighters in defensive and attacking actions. The highest indicator is the 100% level of the ability of defensive actions, and the lowest indicator is the level of attacking actions, which assesses the level of tactical and technical readiness of taekwondo fighters.

An intervention program based on team building during tactical training tasks to improve team functioning

The study aimed to analyze the effects of an intervention program based on team building developed in technical-tactical training tasks in football. Specifically, it examined the benefits of the intervention in variables related to the conceptual model of team building: role clarity, team identification, intra-team communication, cohesion, intra-group conflict, commitment to the team, inside sacrifice, transactive memory systems, collective efficacy, and perceived performance. The participants were 51 young elite footballers divided into an experimental group (n = 27) and a control group (n = 24). The methodological design was quasi-experimental with a duration of 8 weeks. The data were collected three times: pretest, posttest, and follow-up. The results showed differences favoring the experimental group compared to the control group after the implementation of the intervention program in the following variables: team identification (p < 0.001), role clarity (p < 0.001), intra-team communication (p < 0.001; except distinctiveness), group cohesion (p < 0.05), social conflict (p = 0.001), commitment to the team (p < 0.001), inside sacrifice (p < 0.001), transactive memory systems (p < 0.01; except coordination), collective efficacy (p = 0.02) and team performance (p = 0.001). Consequently, the application of team-building strategies incorporated into specific technical-tactical training tasks in football seems to improve group dynamics in sports teams.

THE EFFECT OF 14 WEEKS STRENGTH AND SERVING EXERCISE WITH YOUNG FEMALE VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS ON TENNIS SERVING

This study aims to determine the effects of strength and serving practices on serving skills performed by volleyball players who practice volleyball regularly. 30 female athletes with an average age of 16.30±0.8 years control group (CG) and 16.44±0.1 years experimental group (EG), who have been participating in volleyball practices on a regular basis for at least five years (90 min/day, three days/week), volunteered for this study. All players were randomly divided into two groups: the EG (n=15) and the CG (n=15). The participants continued attending their regular practices three times a week for 14 weeks, involving technical-tactical training and speed and agility practices required to succeed in volleyball. In addition to these practices, the EG also performed extra serving practices for another hour once a week and participated in strength workout training programs aiming to improve their upper and lower extremities on another day. At the beginning of this study, these players' anthropometric characteristics and ability to get the serve over the net and to serve to a target were noted before and after this 14-week program. When the physical characteristics of these groups were compared, no statistically significant differences were found (p&amp;gt;0.05). However, when the players' ability to get the serve over the net and to serve to a target were compared, statistically significant differences were found between these two groups (p&amp;gt;0.05). Finally, it was concluded that strength and serving practices, in addition to technical practices, which play a crucial role in improving performance and skills in volleyball, improved the serving skills of young female volleyball players; thus, giving extra programs to improve serving skills was found essential.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/soc/0095/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

"We missed the psychological support": A case study about the preparation of the Brazilian bronze medal kata team for the 2019 Pan American Games.

The main aim of the study was to describe the key factors involved in the preparation process of the Brazilian bronze medal kata team for the 2019 Pan American Games, focusing on the athletes' perceptions. Three male athletes from the Brazilian team performed a semistructured interview to identify the following topics: specific time for preparation, training organization, supplementary support, and perception and suggestion about the efficiency of the preparation process. Data from interviews were gathered and coded, and the major themes were summarized as follows after performing content analysis of the data: (a) technical and tactical training took the major part of the preparation; (b) the high level of the coaches helped the team to reach the technical quality of the kata; (c) better psychological support during the preparation could improve the athletes' performance during the training and competition; and (d) the lack of financial support compromised the commitment of the athletes during the training routine. We concluded, based on the athletes' perception, that the most positive factor during preparation for a major competition was the high amount of time focused on technical-tactical training. Even with limitations to performing the physical training, the athletes recognized the importance of the physical component, to increase performance. Financial and psychological support could have helped the team to reach a better result (gold medal) attenuating the training distress.

Physical Performance Indicators and Team Success in the German Soccer League

The aims of this study were (1) to determine the match running performance required by different teams based on their final ranking position and (2) to analyze the association between match running performance variables and team success at the end of the season. A total of 1,224 match observations from professional soccer teams competing during two consecutive seasons in the German Bundesliga were analyzed. In addition, the final league ranking position and the total of points obtained by each team at the end of the season were registered for the analysis of the association between team success and match running performance. The main findings were that high ranked teams covered the greatest total distance with ball possession, sprinting distance with ball possession, and completed the greatest number of sprinting actions with ball possession and maximal velocity. Moreover, total distance covered with possession of the ball and maximal velocity were the most important variables to predict the total of points obtained at the end of the season. Specifically, the relative contribution of total distance covered with ball possession to the total of points obtained was greater than maximal velocity. Training programs for professional soccer players should be focused on improving the sprint capacity and running with possession of the ball (e.g., transitional tasks and small-sided games). Moreover, this has implications for injury prevention, physical, psychological, and technical-tactical training since today’s soccer requires players to engage in repeated high-intensity actions, reach maximum speeds above 9 m/s, and develop technical-tactical coordination when running with the ball.

Digitalization –Technology is Transforming the Beautiful Football

Football is a sport that demands a high level of technical-tactical training but at the same time a higher level of physical training. Always needs to record and objectify your game strategy, the technology of VAR implementation also helps to know these technical-tactical parameters, physical even in real-time. The purpose of this study was to define which elements of the game-penalty, red cards, identifying mistakes; goals are the most important in football, and to define the final result and the influence of VAR technology in the objectivity of decisions made by referees. Based on the results of major international competitions, a program for the implementation of technology in the strong world championships was designed, and hence the conclusion that this technology must be promoted and implemented in Romania. The results showed that there was a significant difference in performance before and after the implementation of VAR in major competitions. In conclusion, the performance of the technical-tactical, physical and strategic skills of basic football games have improved after all in the world where it has joined the VAR technology.

Содержание учебно-тренировочных занятий голболистов групп начальной подготовки в переходном периоде

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that at present the theory and methodology of adaptive sports are undergoing active development, which is expressed in the development of various approaches to the organization, content and conduct of training sessions with people with various health disorders. At the same time, there is a problem of scientific and methodological support of goalball players’ sports training, its content and organization with persons with visual impairments. The purpose of the study was to develop the content of training sessions in the preparatory period of the annual cycle of sports training of goalball players in the initial training groups of the first year of study. To achieve this goal, the following research methods were used: analysis of normative documents regulating the sports training of goalball players, and scientific and methodological literature on the developmental features of children with deprivation and the specifics of their education, with subsequent generalization of the data obtained, made it possible to specify the time parameters of each type of sports training in within the entire preparatory period and a weekly microcycle, as well as to detail the content of training sessions. In the course of the study, we determined the duration of periods in the annual macrocycle of training goalball players of the first year of study at the initial stage of training; the number of hours allotted for theoretical, physical, technical-tactical and psychological training in the preparatory period was specified and calculated by the weeks of the period; the content of goalball training sessions for groups of initial training of the first year of study is proposed. Specially selected outdoor games and modified physical training exercises, including technical elements of the game, theoretical and psychological – conversations with athletes and coaches in adaptive sports of the region acted as the main means of developing the physical and technical-tactical training of goalball players.

Age-Related, Sport-Specific Dysfunctions of the Shoulder and Pelvic Girdle in Athletes Table Tennis Players. Observational Study

Background: Postural skills are fundamental in motor activities, so far no evidence of a direct relationship has been found, it is therefore recommended to consider the following directions, the higher the level of sports competition, the better the body posture; or better athletes also have a better body posture. Around the age of 11-14 years, it is a period of aggressive development, if the rapid growth of the bone system is not associated and symmetrical with the development of soft tissues serious postural deficiencies may develop in table tennis players. Methods: We used the web camera – photographic method (38) related to the Sensor Medica software that allows the acquisition of images in order to detect postural deficiencies and we considered it necessary to have a clear image of the level of technical-tactical training of female juniors III using 5 tests specific to topspin attack in order to assess the influence of body posture on such tests. Eighteen female juniors III (the mean ± SD age, height and weight were 11.1 ± 0.2 years, 147.7 ± 2.6 cm, 39.0 ± 2.0 kg). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed on the procedures for establishing the normality of data distribution, Levene's Test for Equality of Variances, the t test for independent samples. The confidence interval was set at 95% (p &lt; 0.05), Results and Conclusions: Since Sig. (2-tailed) or p &lt; α = 0.001 and taking into account that the confidence interval limits for the difference between the sample mean and the reference value (95% CI for the mean difference) do not contain the zero value, it is accepted that there are statistically significant differences between the shoulder inclination for the female athletes in the sample studied and the reference value. We identified that at the level of alignment between anatomical landmarks, the percentage of deficiency of the entire lot of female juniors III in the case of shoulders is 100% and at the level of PSIS is 66%, which validates several studies that stated that in this period of aggressive growth correlated with repetitive unilateral executions specific to the topspin attack lead to postural deficiencies. In terms of the influence of body posture on the quality level, we identified that Group 1 – (without PSIS imbalance) has a higher average overall efficiency of the 5 tests (11.33) compared to Group 2 (8.58), even if from a statistical point of view these differences are not significant. Keywords: Body posture, Asimmetry, Topspin attack, Table tennis, Sensor Medica,

Road to Tokyo Olympic Games: do new judo rules change the technical-tactical behaviour of elite male athletes?

ABSTRACT This study compared the time-motion of the combat phases in male judo within two Olympic cycles (2016 vs. 2020). We analysed of 680 combats from belonging to two Olympic cycles (340 combats 2015–2016 and 340 combats 2019–2020). The combat phase was quantified according to a validated protocol (approach, gripping, attack/defence, groundwork, and pause). The 2020 cycle athletes spent less time in the gripping (79.7 ± 50.1 vs. 104.3 ± 54.1 seconds; p ˂ 0.001), attack/defence (7.6 ± 5.2 vs. 9.5 ± 7.2 seconds; p ˂ 0.001), and groundwork phases (33.9 ± 29.0 vs. 42.2 ± 32.0 seconds; p ˂ 0.001), and ashorter total combat time (200.0 ± 104.6 vs. 238.0 ± 94.8 seconds; p ˂ 0.001) than the 2016 athletes. Additionally, the 2020 athletes had ahigher occurrence of Golden Score (0.3 ± 0.4 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2 of total combats; p ˂ 0.001), and ahigher time spent in the Golden Score (23.9 ± 53.5 vs. 4.1 ± 21.4 seconds; p ˂ 0.001). The 2016 athletes had alonger total combat time; however, the time spent on the Golden Score increased in the 2020. These results should be helpful in preparing technical-tactical training aimed at performance.

A SET OF MONITORING METHODS AND METHODS IN THE TRAINING OF 12-14 YEAR OLD VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

This article describes the effective use of pedagogical tests to assess the level of physical and technical-tactical training of volleyball players aged 12-14.

Effects of maturity status on anthropometric measures, physical fitness, and training load in young Brazilian soccer players

PurposeThe study aimed to (1) verify maturity status effects on training performance indicators in young soccer players; (2) compare the anthropometric, physical fitness, and training performance indicators before and after 10-week training; (3) investigate relationships between anthropometric measures, maturity status, and performance indicators.MethodsThe study involved 34 male soccer players (aged 17 ± 2 years). Biological maturation was determined by skeletal age, with left hand radiology. Body height, mass, and adiposity were determined. Physical fitness was measured with field tests, including intermittent aerobic fitness, repeated sprint ability, and lower limb power. The participants were monitored daily over 10 weeks (preseason) through rating of perceived exertion.ResultsAverage maturity players showed greater training load (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.04) and physical training volume (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.04) than early maturity players. Mature players presented higher physical training volume than early maturity players (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.04). We verified better performances in intermittent aerobic fitness (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.001, d = 1.086), vertical jump (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.007, d = 0.584), best sprint time (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.003, d = 0.661), average sprint time (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; = 0.002, d = 0.676), and sum of the sprint times (p = 0.002, d = 0.675) after the 10-week preseason. Physical and technical-tactical training volumes were moderately-largely related to best sprint time (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = –0.48, &lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = –0.55, respectively). Technical-tactical training volume was largely related to intermittent aerobic fitness (&lt;i&gt;r&lt;/i&gt; = 0.54).ConclusionsAdvanced maturity and mature players presented greater training load and physical training volume than early maturity subjects. Players exhibited improved physical fitness after the 10-week preseason. Technical-tactical training volume showed a large association with the intermittent aerobic fitness test.

THE GAME MODEL OF PLAYERS POSITIONS POINT GUARD (POSITION 1), SHOOTING GUARD OR SMALL FORWARD (POSITIONS 2 AND 3) IN THE COMPETITIVE YEAR 2018 - 2019 OF THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL WOMEN'S BASKETBALL LEAGUE

In this paper, we will make a fact-finding study on the game model of peripheral players in the 2018- 2019 competition year, a more objective analysis of the performance of the players and the team. The main task of the study was to study the parameters of the game model of the players who work in the positions of point guard (position 1), shooting guard or small forward (position 2 and 3) and to detach their characteristic elements. If the values of the parameters of the game model recorded for the basketball players by positions are known, objective assessments can be made on their value and evolution. There is a poor training of peripheral players in terms of the accuracy of the basket throws but also a large number of lost balls. All these aspects indicate a low level of physical and technical-tactical training of the peripheral players. This study provides general information on the level of performance and to improve it, detailed studies should be conducted, in particular on the training content of these players

Theoretical Basis of Technical-tactical Behavior and its Application in Ultimate Full Contact Training

Background: Technical-tactical training has been shown to be relevant to performance in a competition. In this regard, several studies have analysed the efficiency of technical-tactical dynamics in combat sports. However, these researchers have mainly focused on technical efficiency, and therefore more research is needed regarding tactical efficiency. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, there are no published experiential studies on Ultimate Full Contact. Objective: This brief review will analyse the theoretical basis of technical-tactical behaviour for training application in Ultimate Full Contact, characterising the modality under cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches. This knowledge can be transferred and applied to similar modalities, such as Pankration, Free Fight, Shooto, and Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Conclusion: The theoretical technical-tactical knowledge created through competition is essential because it is the only way that improvement in the training process can occur. Ultimate Full Contact is characterised as a combat sport of special complexity and intermitent intensity, where the technical-tactical factors are decisive for the performance while the physical component can be a conditioning factor. A careful regulation between technical-tactical training load and physiological load is essential to obtain adjustable adaptations. Both cognitive and dynamic-ecological approaches should be considered based on the respective training models.

Development of Defensive Actions in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games With Offensive Purposes in Futsal.

Based on ecological dynamics approach, non-linear pedagogy (NLP) have emerged with the goal of promoting a holistic approach through the use of small-sided and conditioned games (SSCGs), to optimize specific tactical defensive and offensive behaviors of players. This study analyzed the indirect effects of an intervention program, based on NLP (task design based on tactical principles of attack and numerical advantage of attacking team), in decision-making (DM) and execution (Ex) in defensive technical–tactical actions in U16 futsal. Eight futsal players (U16 years) participated in 12 training sessions, spread over two phases: preintervention and intervention. The Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET) instrument was used to analyze the DM and Ex of 2,600 defensive actions measured during competitive matches. Results showed significant improvements in marking actions (to the player with the ball: DM, p = 0.001; Ex, p = 0.001; and to the player without the ball: DM, p = 0.039; Ex, p = 0.046), improvements in blocking actions (DM, p = 0.015), and improvements in help-coverage actions (Ex, p = 0.014). No significant differences were found in the interception and tackling actions. This study has shown evidence that the NLP approach is an appropriate theoretical framework to enhance acquisition of defensive tactical behavior in futsal. However, not all actions improved. Therefore, coaches should design representative tasks to optimally develop technical–tactical training processes based on the phases of futsal game (offensive and defensive) and considering the level of opposition.

Periodization of volleyball training: characterization of training loads distribution in different macrocycles of Brazilian national u-19 male players

PurposeThe objective was to characterize training loads distribution among Brazilian national U-19 male volleyball players.MethodsDocumentary research was performed to analyse 8 training diaries. The contents were tabulated in a spreadsheet and classified into variables and subvariables. Data for each macrocycle were classified depending on the time spent on each variable and the percentage of time on each of them. To identify differences in time of each year for each training attribute, a model was executed in minutes and another based on the percentage of time spent on each variable (technical-tactical training, physical conditioning, physical tests, friendly games, recreational activities, official games) and subvariable (weight training, anaerobic power, aerobic power, jumping power, flexibility, postural work, recovery activities, proprioception, coordination). The results were stratified by tertiles. The Levene’s test verified the homogeneity assumption. Comparisons involved analysis of variance test followed by the Bonferroni post-hoc, with a significance of &lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.05. The data are presented as descriptive statistics.ResultsThe longest macrocycle lasted 29 weeks and the shortest 12 weeks. The largest distribution was for technical-tactical training (ca. 49.2%) followed by physical conditioning (ca. 27.5%). No significant differences were found between the variables during the analysed period. However, weight training became the main method of physical conditioning over the years; this variable improved as the training loads adjusted to the real game demands.ConclusionsThe observed periodization corroborates the training methodology indicated by literature.

Effects of different training strategies with a weight vest on countermovement vertical jump and change-of-direction ability in male volleyball athletes.

Weight vest training (WVT) is a strategy used to improve the physical performance of athletes. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different training strategies with weight vests on vertical jump and change-of-direction ability (CODA) in male volleyball athletes. Fifteen volleyball athletes (22.87±3.04 years, 83.22±10.84 kg, 1.86±0.69 m) participated in a six-week training programme and were randomized into three groups: weight vest plyometric training (WPG), weight vest technical-tactical training (WTG) and a control group (CG). The additional weight of 7.5% of individual body mass was employed in the experimental groups. Before and after the WVT, athletes performed countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) and CODA (t-test) tests. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures showed that CMJ height increased in all training groups (P<0.05), with the WTG inducing greater CMJ height gains in comparison to the CG (P<0.05). According to magnitude-based inference, the effects of the WTG strategy were "very likely" beneficial for the CMJ compared to the CG. In addition, t-test time decreased similarly among the three training groups (P<0.05). The results suggested that WVT may be incorporated in a volleyball training routine as an effective strategy for improving the CMJ performance in male volleyball athletes.

Implementation of technical-tactical training strategies for Romania's national ice hockey team

In sport, the technical-tactical component is part of the training process of athletes and has a different degree of involvement, depending on the sports branch in question. Ice hockey is a game in which technical-tactical training strategies are decisive in achieving the proposed performance goal. The effectiveness of the implementation of technical-tactical strategies depends mainly on the level of physical training of the team, as this ensures the necessary energy support for the use of tactical elements with higher efficiency indices.During the study conducted by us, we intend to highlight, for the Romanian national ice hockey team - senior level, the incidence of the technical-tactical strategies that we have designed in achieving the performance objective already set - advancing in a superior Group within the World Ice Hockey Championship. The research methods we used were the following: analysis of the literature of specialty, the observation method, the pedagogical experiment method and the statistical method. The independent variable that we have used consists in the implementation of technical-tactical strategies to Romania's national ice hockey team. The results of the research showed the weight of training components during a competitive year. In the pedagogical experiment that we have conducted, the technical-tactical training has an important place in the training process, the individual and collective technical-tactical training weighing the most.After the final evaluation the technical-tactical training strategies were proven effective and led, along with other components of the training, to the achievement of the targeted objective.