Technical System Research Articles

Research and Application of HSE Control System for High Consequence Area Water Injection Pipeline

In view of the fact that the safety management technology prevention and control capabilities are weak in the safety management technology such as long operating life, high pipeline operating pressure, large control area, difficulty in detecting abnormal phenomena, slow valve opening and closing speed, and difficulty in quickly handling emergencies in oilfields, the HSE control system of water injection pipelines in high consequence areas is developed and designed with the help of technical means such as Internet of Things and edge gateway computing, which realizes real-time monitoring of water injection pipeline pressure in high consequence areas, remote control of shut-off valves, timely elimination of hidden dangers, and timely control of dangerous situations. Purpose of expeditious disposal. This research project was tested in the field of a branch of a water injection line in a typical high-consequence area. The verification results show that the system has the functions of real-time monitoring of water injection pressure and remote control of shut-off valve, which is of great significance for improving the HSE technical defense system of oilfield and improving the ability of oilfield to deal with emergencies.

The Importance of Studying Markov Processes in the Course of Studying Mathematical Models of a Technical System at the Stages of Diagnostics and Repair

The Importance of Studying Markov Processes in the Course of Studying Mathematical Models of a Technical System at the Stages of Diagnostics and Repair

From "Empirical Surgery" to "Precision Surgery": establishment and clinical application of precision orthognathic surgery system.

Orthognathic surgery, which involve osteotomy and repositioning of the maxillomandibular complex, has recently emerged as a crucial method of correcting dentofacial deformities. The optimal placement of the maxillomandibular complex holds utmost significance during orthognathic surgery because it directly affects the surgical outcome. To accurately achieve the ideal position of the maxillomandibular complex, with the rapid advancements in digital surgery and 3D-printing technology, orthognathic surgery has entered an era of "Precision Surgery" from the pervious "Empirical Surgery." This article provides comprehensive insights into our extensive research and exploration of the treatment modality known as "precision orthognathic surgery" over the years. We also present the technical system and application in"Ortho+X" treatment modality to offer valuable references and assistance to our colleagues in the field.

The Technical System of Rapid Propagation with Photinia frasery Leaves Inducing Calli, First Generation Culture, Increasing Reproduction, Rooting and Training Seedlings to Transplant

The explants of Photinia frasery with leaves were first generation cultured. And then, the calli which were induced by explants were cultured and proliferated, followed by the effective seedlings which were proliferation-targeted cultured, rooting-targeted cultured. Finally, the seedlings are trained and transplanted. The study results showed: (1) Primary culture of Photinia frasery leaves, the best plant hormone combination in medium is: MS+0.4 mg · L−1BA+1.6 mg · L−1NAA; (2) The result of orthogonal test, proliferation culture of Photinia frasery, the best plant hormone combination in medium is: MS+2.0 mg·L−1BA+0.1 mg·L−1IBA+2.0 mg·L−1GA+40 g sucrose; (3) Rooting culture of Photinia frasery, the best plant hormone combination in medium is: 1/2MS+0.4 mg·L−1IBA. The results showed that different impacts of plant hormone type and concentration combination on the primary culture, reproducing culture and rooting culture of Photinia frasery leaves were obvious.

Modelling in the identification of threats to the functioning of technical system

Summary. Modern technical systems used in practice (machines, vehicles, military technology) are subject to automatic degradation of the technical condition, which forces modelling to identify changes in this state. The available modelling methods in identifying changes in the technical condition of such systems make it possible to supervise the developing threats to the correctness of their functioning. This paper presents the available methods and tools for modelling and identifying evolving threats to complex technical systems, in terms of description and indications of the premises for their use. Modern technical systems (machines and military technology) are characterized by such features as functionality, reliability, readiness, security, mobility, and operational vulnerability. Identification of threats to the functioning of technical systems through modelling therefore concerns the construction of models of the test object, the reconstruction of the state of the object and its prediction. The existing methods of identification can be divided into methods of identifying static and dynamic properties. The current availability of computers and simulation studies of the dynamics of objects allows attempts to identify the dynamic properties of objects throughout its life cycle, using various models. Knowledge of the dynamic state and structure of the system makes it possible to describe its behaviour and to build prognostic models of the system's behaviour as a function of dynamic evolution time, based on the growth model of technical condition symptoms.

Комплексная оценка трудноформализуемых вентиляционно-технологических процессов на угольных шахтах

Introduction. Automated process control systems, as a set of characteristics related to the ability of an object to satisfy certain needs, are one of the most important indicators of the quality of complex technical systems consisting of a large number of interacting mechanisms, apparatus and instruments. Their failure can lead to accidents and emergencies, resulting in large economic losses, destruction of industrial facilities, and sometimes human casualties. Methodology and research methods. The solution to the assigned problems is based on modern methods of artificial intelligence, automatic control theory, mathematical modeling of technological processes, and mathematical statistics; graph theory; decision theories; apparatus of mathematical logic; set theory and systems analysis. Discussion of research results. The article presents the results of studies of the patterns of ventilation and technological processes in coal mines. It has been established that studies of patterns in coal mines are becoming more relevant in connection with the formulation of the task of modernizing production and the Russian economy as a whole. It has been revealed that the methodological foundations for the synthesis of control decisions that ensure the achievement of a stable state make it possible to formulate acceptable organizational and managerial decisions and evaluate their effectiveness using metered characteristics of the proximity of vaguely described states. Conclusion. Based on the research carried out, new theoretical and applied problems were posed and solved, system connections and patterns of the ventilation technological process (VTP) were identified, models, methods and algorithms for automated ventilation technological process control systems (ACVTP) were developed, aimed at increasing the efficiency of the technical air supply system coal mines. The theoretical foundations for modeling and controlling ventilation and technological processes have been created, including concepts, models, methods and control algorithms. The research results can be useful in controlling ventilation and technological processes. Conclusions on the article. The article presents the results of studies of ETP conducted in coal mines. It has been established that, using the developed methodology, it is possible to: design high-tech equipment with specified quality indicators for intelligent control systems; choose from a variety of structural diagram options the best in terms of operational efficiency; carry out structural-parametric adjustment and change the types of mathematical models, both for an individual element and for the ETP as a whole; identify the weakest points in the HTP automated control system and adapt the methodology for controlling ventilation and technological processes, evaluate the effectiveness of using structural redundancy. Suggestions for practical applications and directions for future research. The research results can be useful when carrying out mining operations at all enterprises where air supply is necessary.

APPLICATION OF THE SCENARIO APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF RISKS IN THE OPERATION OF COMPLEX DYNAMIC SYSTEMS UNDER CONDITIONS OF INTERVAL UNCERTAINTY

Introduction. The paper provides a description of the scenario approach to risk control in the operation of complex technical systems under conditions of uncertainty. The scenario is understood as the optimal control action on the system parameters, which allows minimizing the possible costs associated with the implementation of the corresponding risk event.
 The aim of the study is to develop effective risk management methods for the operation of a complex dynamic system under conditions of uncertainty based on a scenario approach that makes it possible to implement the optimal control action on the parameters of an object in the event of a threat of an emergency.
 Materials and methods. The article describes the application of the scenario method to the management of risks that arise during the operation of a complex dynamic system under conditions of interval uncertainty. This approach is based on the application of methods of interval analysis and the theory of situational management.
 The scientific novelty of the implemented approach lies in the use of the interval analysis apparatus, which makes it possible to most correctly take into account the possible errors associated with measuring the values of the system parameters and apply the optimal control actions necessary for correction in the event that the permissible indicators go beyond the operability area.
 Discussion and conclusion. The mathematical model of risk control developed in the course of the study carried out during the process of functioning of a complex technical system under conditions of interval uncertainty based on the scenario approach allows the selection of optimal control actions (scenarios) that allow minimizing possible errors and inaccuracies that arise due to deviation from the calculated nominal values.

Technology embodiment and the immersion aesthetics—Comments on the VR reset of “The Legend of Sword and Fairy I”

<p>Virtual reality departs from and transcends reality, and the VR reset of “The Legend of Sword and Fairy I” aggregates the complete industrial ecology formed by the extended development of old game IP and the VR blue ocean commercial market. From two-dimensional to VR, the digital technology field has shaped the virtual embodied world where traditional culture and modernity are intertwined, and constructed the “Immortal Sword World” that gathers, condenses and reshapes the national complex, cultural consciousness and modern discourse. A series of physical operations enables players to interact with the “Immortal Sword World” in real time and in a natural way. The absolute and unique rules and mechanisms of “The Legend of Sword and Fairy I” VR create a 3D community discourse field with an entire new social system + technical system. The open interactive architecture of “Immortal Sword World” provides a meta-statement for free exploration, ideally presenting the pre-determined sequence of the immersive “Immortal Sword World” and allowing players to open up an imaginary future dreaming space in a step beyond reality.</p>

Analysis on the Development History and Trend of China's Water related Standards

The water related standardization system aims to meet the coordinated development and safety demands of hydrology, water conservancy, and water resources, and serves as the main support for the high-quality development of hydrology and water resources. By 2022, the national standard information public service platform. has disclosed more than 4000 water related standards, covering the topics of water resources management, water conservancy project construction, operation management, water and soil conservation, rural water conservancy and hydropower, reservoirs and water conservancy and hydropower project resettlement, flood and drought disaster prevention, hydrology, water transfer management, water conservancy informatization and other water-related standards. Based on the methodology of mathematical statistics, word frequency and co-word analysis, this article systematically sorts out China's water related standardization system, as well as the emphasis and development process of the standard work. Additionally, we summarise the problems and explore the development of countermeasures in the formulation and revision of water related standards through comparative analysis. The study shows that there are some problems in China’s water related standards, including imbalanced fields, relatively lagging system transformation, weak institutions, shortage of funds, lengthy approval, and incomplete implementation and enforcement of the problems. In order to comprehensively enhance the normative guidance ability of water related standards in main areas such as water resource protection, water environment management, and water ecological management in river basins and regions, future water related standards should continuously promote the construction of water related standards databases, strengthen the coordination in the research and development and compilation of water related standards in various fields, promote the communication and collaboration of water related standardization organizations, and talent cultivation, and accelerate the establishment of a comprehensive technical standard system and international transformation ability, so as to provide reference for the improvement of the water related standards in China.

Model for Assessing the Efficiency of the Organizational and Technical System of Management of Municipal Finances

Increasing the productivity of financial activity is one of the most relevant, but little studied areas in the modern theory of public administration. This study proposes a new concept that allows solving the problem of accumulation of inefficiency reserves in the form of an excessive number of specialists through the use of the DEA system methodology and the principles of the interdisciplinary science of service science. The basis of the proposed assessment model is based on the relationship between the population of the municipality (hereinafter - MO) and the size of the financial apparatus, identified as a result of the analysis of modern methods. The new evaluation model made it possible to obtain tabular and visual data on both effective management mechanisms and inefficient ones, i.e. having a reserve of inefficiency. For inefficient objects, objects-goals are indicated as a direction in the space of production possibilities of using information technology. The developed evaluation model can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of information systems of various management structures that have an extensive network of institutions and perform the same type of functional tasks.

Determining the area of a technical system stability in fuzzy sets terms

Ensuring the stability of the technical systems functioning, including those in water transport, is an important area for the application of mathematical methods, including probabilistic and mathematical-statistical methods. The stochastic nature of disturbances affecting complex systems and worsening the level of stability of the latter should be reflected in the implemented human-machine control loops. One of the directions here is the accounting and use of (usually competing) expert assessments, on the one hand, and a reasonable definition of stability indicators, a choice from a variety of possibilities, on the other hand. From a general point of view of management theory, the method of using expert assessments developed in the paper can be considered as an integral part of the risk management problem that is being developed so far, mainly for economic systems and using only financial criteria. The concept of the minimum allowable efficiency of a technical system is introduced in the paper. On its basis, an approach in which the indicator of the stability of a technical system is linked to a system-wide criterion indicator of the quality of its functioning is implemented. The corresponding mathematical model as a problem of mathemati- cal programming is formulated. Approaches to its solution including for the nonconvex multiextremal case are discussed. A feature of the proposed approach to the definition of the integral indicator of the stability of the dynamics of a technical system is the use of expert assessments in determining the probable range of changes in the controlled variables of the optimization model, implemented as a mathematical programming problem, which logically leads to the use of fuzzy set theory. With the non-linearity of the objective functions and restrictions that arise in this case, the gradient method of searching for a conditional optimum is effective.

Terminology, structure and model of the electrical systems operation process

The content of operation as one of the most important stages of the life cycle of a technical system is revealed. The structure of the process of technical operation of electrical engineering systems is considered. The essence of the individual stages of operation is revealed, their functional purpose is given. It is shown that some fundamental concepts related to operation do not have an unambiguous interpretation. The well-known definitions of these concepts are considered and a one-digit formulation of each of them, which corresponds to the current standards, is given. Special attention is paid to the disclosure of the content of the concept of state and consideration of various types of technical states of the system. The definition of the “condition” category, the formulation of which differs from the known definitions and allows more fully and accurately solving the problems of diagnosing the studied electrical systems, is given. An important feature of this definition is that it fixes the continuous variability of the state of any system in a function of time. At the same time, stable technical conditions that differ significantly from each other and correspond to the current version of the standard are distinguished. Such states are serviceable, faulty, operable, inoperable, partially inoperable, marginal. Functional conditions that are determined by the operating modes of the system are considered. The current definitions of the most important properties and events, among which a special place is occupied by reliability, survivability, safety, failure, damage, defect, are given. For the selected technical states, a model in the form of an oriented graph is synthesized. It is shown that the actual process of an electrical system operation has two features. The first one is that the probability of transition from one state to another does not depend on the type of state the system is in at the moment. The second feature is that the time spent in each technical condition can be either deterministic or random. The conclusion about the possibility of modeling the process of changing the technical states of the system by semi- Markov models with a discrete set of states is made. A mathematical model in the form of Kolmogorov differential equations, which makes it possible to estimate the probabilities of the system being in a particular state, has been compiled.

Development and Application of Modern Educational Technology in Physical Education: Trends, Challenges and Recommendations

With the rapid development of science and technology, modern educational technology has been used in various fields, and physical education teaching is no exception. This study explores the development and application of modern educational technology in physical education teaching and analyses its trends, challenges, and suggestions for future development. Through literature review and case analysis, it is found that the application of modern educational technology in physical education teaching has made remarkable progress but still faces some challenges, such as the cost of technical equipment, teacher training, and the adaptation of teaching content and methods. In the future, the technical support and equipment guarantee system should be improved, the professional training of teachers should be strengthened, and the scientific and technological literacy of students should be improved, to promote the better application of modern educational technology in physical education teaching.

Enhancing the Reliability Assessment System for Crucial Powertrain Components through Design, Simulation, and Experiment

Article Enhancing the Reliability Assessment System for Crucial Powertrain Components through Design, Simulation, and Experiment Xiaochun Zeng 1,2,3, Gongcheng Wang 1,* , Ying Liu 2,3, Jing Liu 1,2,3, Yinglian Feng 2,3,4, Xiuyong Shi 5,6, Diming Lou 5,6, Lei Zhang 4, Tao Wei 1, and Zhong Li 1 1 Jiangling Motors Co. Ltd., Nanchang 330001, China 2 Jiangxi Province Women Science and Technology Workers Association, Nanchang 330036, China 3 Jiangxi Mechanical Engineering Society, Nanchang 330002, China 4 Magna PT Powertrain (Jiangxi), Nanchang 330200, China 5 Nanchang Automotive Institute of Intelligence & New Energy, Nanchang 330052, China 6 Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China * Correspondence: gwang7@jmc.com.cn Received: 5 September 2023 Accepted: 19 September 2023 Published: 20 September 2023 Abstract: This article conducted innovative research on heat balance, cooling and structural strength by using Computer Aided Engineering (CAE), design, and experiment. These multifaceted approaches rely on the meticulous application of dynamic analysis, combustion analysis, fluid dynamics, and finite element analysis. This research has devised a fatigue-oxidation-creep multi-fatigue life prediction technique for thermal engines, coupled with an innovative water jacket optimization method. By addressing the design challenges arising from the demanding requirements of high explosion pressure, formidable power, and significant torque in power systems, this study has made significant strides in advancing the field. And this method was used to establish the development capability of powertrain electric drive components. To enhance reliability and prediction accuracy, a simulation and test calibration method was devised for Crucial Powertrain Components. This article establishes a robust foundation by providing comprehensive data support for reliability target decomposition, facilitating the efficient derivation of component reliability metrics. Additionally, it explores potential customer scenario failures and investigates the underlying mechanisms of powertrain malfunctions. By establishing a correlation matrix between failure modes, mechanisms, and reliability experiments, the coverage of powertrain failure mode verification experiments was significantly increased by over 95%. Ultimately, this article contributes to the formation of a comprehensive technical system for evaluating the reliability of crucial powertrain components, integrating design, simulation, and experiment.

Software for Animation and Graphic Visualization of Mechatronic Elements and Control Process of FMS

The issue of graphical visualization of the simulation, animation and design of mechatronic elements and control process in the example of the mechanical assembly shop of the flexible manufacture system (FMS), which is considered a complex technical system, is set. The purpose of the work is the development of graphics-mode software that provides computer experiments of 2D, 3D designer-modeling, animation and graphic visualization of the interface for evaluating the feasibility of the design process of the flexible mechanical assembly cell (FMAC) As the main research issues, the construction of the 2D and 3D grouping scheme of the static and dynamic elements of the research object, the development of 3D software for the animation models of the activities of its active elements, and the development of the generalized software for the graphic visualization of the interface for the design of the management system were set. Based on the issues raised, the 3D grouping scheme of static and dynamic elements of the FMAC was established, the positioning coordinates of the 2D static and dynamic elements of the FMAC were determined in the PROOF Animation system, the analysis of the technological process of the FMS was carried out to build an animation model, and the animation movements of technological operations were MOVE (management unguided movement) or PATH (guided movement) operators. An animation model of the static and dynamic active elements of the FMAC was built, experiments were conducted, and as a result, it was possible to calculate a technological cycle in the research object and determine the productivity of the workshop. The software for the graphic visualization of the design of the control system of the FMAC was developed, and the procedures and operations of each software module of the interface were planned.

From Poor Buildings to High Performance Buildings: The Spontaneous Green Evolution of Vernacular Architecture

The spontaneous evolution of vernacular architecture mainly relies on the inheritance of architectural traditions and the innovative decisions of occupants, rather than the professional guidance of architects and the promotion of government agencies. This study introduces a new and rapidly developing phenomenon of spontaneous green evolution of vernacular architecture into the professional field, and conducts scientific research on its technical characteristics, system effects, and optimization methods. Based on the phenomenon of roofing of courtyards (CBR) in southern Hebei, we intervene from the professional point of view of architects, make the best use of the situation, and moderately intervene in its scientific development. By re-examining the adaptability of the open and closed attributes of courtyard buildings to specific climatic conditions and living patterns, the performance improvement and potential risks brought by CBR to local vernacular buildings are systematically analyzed, and the improvement strategies and promotion paths of CBR are explored. The research aims to form a relay and interaction between the professional intervention of architects and the spontaneous evolution of folk wisdom, and to explore the sustainable development of vernacular architecture. The findings help to improve the health and comfort of existing vernacular buildings, as well as to contribute to the improvement of rural human settlements.

Human Factors Design and Evaluation of China’s Space Manipulator Teleoperation System

Space manipulators are important for the assembly, construction, operation, and maintenance of space stations. To ensure that the manipulator system on the China Space Station (CSS) is user-friendly, the human factors engineering team has carried out extensive studies on the human factors design and evaluation of the space manipulator teleoperation system from three aspects: the technical process, research on ergonomic requirements, and ergonomic evaluation. This article systematically combs the technical process and index system of the human factors design and requirements research on CSS manipulator teleoperation system, which has guided the optimization of space manipulator engineering. This article expounds the research work on ergonomic requirements and suggestions related to manipulator teleoperation through experimental research on cognitive characteristics and human factors in display and control interfaces. We focus on human factors experimental research for camera type and handle polarity, and a recommended scheme for camera display and handle polarity has been screened out accordingly. Finally, the human-in-the-loop ergonomic evaluation method is demonstrated with a cooperative manual control task. The research results have facilitated the human factors design and optimization improvement of the space manipulator manipulator system, and have contributed significantly to the safe and smooth completion of astronaut extravehicular activities on the CSS.

Built-in Analog Automatic Controls for Small Robots

One of the most promising methods for improving control efficiency is the parallel synthesis of commands by a group of computing devices. However, delays in digital-to-analog conversions and software processing, the need to synchronize calculations, and signal transmission coordination prevent the achievement of maximum performance in distributed systems. Problems can be solved by increasing the power of embedded microprocessors. This leads to an undesirable increase in design complexity, energy consumption, and dimensions of controls. For the miniaturization of embedded control systems, the article proposes to apply the principles of the indivisibility of physical processes in a technical system and the execution of control commands based on the functional combination of aggregates with analog logic devices (agents). A generalized model of changing the states of a technical system is considered, which sets the principles for switching on or off groups of units. The concept of an automaton of ternary logic is introduced, which determines the order of interaction of aggregates in the time domain. The synthesis of the block diagram of the automaton is carried out. In the mathematical model of the automaton, the operations of ternary logic receive a specific physical content in the form of retrospective processing of changes in the states of aggregates. It is shown that ternary logic automata can be combined into open and closed chains, setting hardware control algorithms units robot. The circuits for connecting automata controlled by elements of asynchronous logic are given. When connected in series, the automata control the order of switching on and off the units. Chains of three-valued logic automata can be arbitrarily long, determining the behavior of the system in the process of its operation. Due to the rejection of program control, such automata can operate in real time, limited only by the delay of signals in logic elements. An important advantage of the proposed technical solution is the unification of the automatic control system. The simplicity of the design of devices and the absence of additional add-ons make it possible to integrate such circuits into the controls of microminiature robots, reducing their weight and size parameters. Promising areas of application of analog automata are microelectromechanical and microelectronic devices.

Detection of activities of daily living with decision trees through a technical assistance system

Abstract To cope with the increasing demands in care due to the aging society and the simultaneous lack of professional caregivers， a technical assistance system can help to monitor elderly people in their own homes and to support professional caregivers and caring relatives. The technical assistance system consists of a smart sensor with an omnidirectional camera on the ceiling of each room and additionally, other smart home sensors in an apartment for elderly persons. Based on smart sensor data, the positions, poses, and activities of the patient are detected with the help of machine learning (ML) techniques. In this work a temporal behaviour model of the patient is developed to recognize activities of daily living (ADL) such as "eating", "sleeping" or "emergency". For this, the actions (e.g., walking, sitting) and the location in the current room of the patient, as well as the data of other sensors in the apartment are used. This input data is fed into a trained decision tree of depth 14, which ultimately determines the patient’s activity. The accuracy for detecting activities of daily living with the decision tree is 96.47%, where the activities can be detected in real-time.

Improving the quality of mining machines at the stage of designing technological processes for their manufacture

The definitions of such normative concepts as "base" and "basing of objects" are analyzed in comparison to identify their differences and assess correspondence with their application. Amendments are proposed for a better understanding of the process of locating machine parts, taking into account system categories. The ways of improving the quality of mining machines at the design stage by specifying geometric relationships in the model between production facilities are considered. The proposed definitions take into account such system categories as the internal (real) and external environments, which make it possible to determine the boundaries of the observed space and develop algorithms for solving basing problems. Keywords: part, mining machine, manufacturing quality, basing, technology, dimensional analysis, technical system, technological process, reliability Khalimonenko_AD@pers.spmi.ru