Technical Ripeness Research Articles

Ecological plasticity, stability, and nitrogen-fixing capacity of edible bean cultivars in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of climatic conditions of the research years on changes in productivity and environmental plasticity and stability of edible bean cultivars. Furthermore, the study investigated the nitrogen-fixing potential of edible bean cultivars for the biologisation of agriculture. The study was conducted in the conditions of the educational and production department of the Uman National University of Horticulture during 2020-2022, using nine cultivars of edible beans. Standard methods of statistical analysis were used to study the parameters of adaptive variability. As a result of the comparative study, the characteristics of various parameters of the adaptive potential of edible bean cultivars were established by the following traits: the onset of the technical ripeness phase: Bianco and Extra Grano Violetto – 78 days. The cultivars Windsor Broad (16.42 t/ha), Bianco (13.73 t/ha), and Svitiaz (11.51 t/ha) stood out in terms of yield and adaptability in the technical ripeness phase, the cultivars Bacchus (1.92 t/ha) and Svitiaz (1.90 t/ha) – in terms of yield and adaptability in the biological ripeness phase; cultivars with high protein content in immature grain: Karmazin (12.77 g/100 g), Windsor Broad (13.51 g/100 g), Bianco (14.30 g/100 g), and Green lowland (14.43 g/100 g); cultivars with high nitrogen-fixing capacity: Ukrainian Sloboda (67.7 kg/ha), Windsor Broad (71.0 kg/ha), and Extra Grano Violetto (75.7 kg/ha). The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant influence of environmental conditions on the formation of productivity indicators of edible bean cultivars and a greater dependence on environmental conditions (CVA = 10.40-82.7%) than on the genetic component (CVG = 5.76-39.7%). The data suggest a tendency for yields to be inversely related to yield stability, with low-yielding cultivars showing stability and high-yielding cultivars showing instability. The presented findings suggest an idea of the change in the productivity parameters of edible beans under contrasting weather conditions, which makes it possible to identify cultivars with high productivity for food purposes and with a higher proportion of high-protein and energy-rich consumer products. Cultivars with increased nitrogen-fixing capacity were identified, which will help reduce the use of synthetic fertilisers

IMPROVEMENT OF GENETIC POTENTIAL CULTURAL FORM OF EGGPLANT DUE TO HYBRIDIZATION WITH A LINE OF INTERSPECIES ORIGIN

As a result of domestication, the created varieties and hybrids F1 of the cultivated form of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) are characterized by low genetic variability and unsatisfactory adaptive potential for a set of quantitative traits useful for breeding and therefore require a significant renewal of the genetic plasma due to interspecific hybridization with other representatives of the Solanum genus. The goal is to create, for adaptive breeding, the starting material of a cultured form of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) due to hybridization with a line of interspecies origin, derived from the fertile progeny of the hybrid F1(S. melongena / S. aethiopicum Gilo group). Methods: general scientific, measuring, weighting, variational statistics (calculation of root mean square deviation (σ), coefficient of variation (V)). Results. As a result of the hybridization of varieties and lines of the cultivated form of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) with the line of interspecific origin BC2[F5 (Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)], the hybrid progeny F2 and the inbred progeny I1, derived from the hybrids F1, which according to the levels of manifestation quantitative traits valuable for breeding had a steady tendency to exceed the standard Almaz variety. The hybrid F2(BiboF8 / ВС2[F5(Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)]) (Xmed = 1101.8 g/plant) was highly productive. The high level of manifestation of the traits “number of fruits per plant” (Xmed = 5.56 pcs.) and “average weight of the fruit” (Xmed = 263.1 g) was noted by the hybrid F2(ВС2[F5(Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)] / BiboF8). Compared to the standard variety, the same F2 hybrid showed trait of early ripeness (by 2 days) in terms of the duration of the period from the appearance of mass seedlings to the technical ripeness of the fruits. In the studied sample of different eggplant progeny, those in which the coefficient of variation (V) did not exceed the limit of 33.33% already in the second year of breeding, which, according to the theory of statistical analysis, is a criterion of genetic stabilization of the corresponding quantitative trait at the level of the varietal population of plants. According to this criterion, samples F1 (Aisberh variety / ВС2[F5(Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)])I1 and F1(ВС2[F5(Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)] / BiboF8)I1, according to the trait “average fruit weight” – F2(Long Violet / ВС2[F5(Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)]), according to the trait “productivity of one plant” – F1(ВС2[F5(Pavlotas-20 / Almaz variety)] / BiboF8)I1. Discussion. Valuable genetic sources obtained on an interspecies basis will be involved in the breeding process of creating highly adaptive varieties and F1 hybrids of eggplant, suitable for organic growing technologies due to high abiotic resistance and the presence of genes for resistance to fungal diseases (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melongenae, Ralstonia solanacearum).

СЕЛЕКЦИЯ ПО СОЗДАНИЮ НОВЫХ СРЕДНЕРАННИХ ГИБРИДОВ САХАРНОЙ КУКУРУЗЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДГОРНОЙ ЗОНЫ СТАВРОПОЛЬСКОГО КРАЯ

The most important task of increasing food production prompts us to pay increasing attention to the cultiva-tion of such highly productive vegetable crops as sweet corn. In conditions of small-scale production, sweet corn is one of the most profitable crops. At the summer market for fresh produce, demand is always high. Over the past decade, the demand among Russian agricultural producers for sweet corn hybrids has in-creased significantly. The State register currently contains about 99 hybrids and populations of sweet corn, including 5 hybrids of ARRSIC breeding – Karamelka (FAO 120), Marmeladka and Serenada (FAO 160), Lakomka, Uslada (FAO 250). This article presents the results of the breeder’s work of the FSBSI ARRSI of corn on new mid-early hybrids of sweet corn creation in the conditions of the Predgorniy district of the Stav-ropol region. The productivity of new sweet corn hybrids for 2022-2023 had appraised. Over two years of re-search in boghara conditions, the ears yield without wrappers at technical ripeness amounted to 16.0-22.8 t/ha. A sweet corn hybrid was identified on the work results base, which meets the standard requirements (ear yield at technical ripeness, plant and of ear attachment height, ear size, grain size, grain color, cob color, as well as resistance to smut damage against a natural background), required for sweet corn of first generation hybrids for their further use in the food industry (canning, freezing). As a result of work on creating new sweet corn hybrids, new lines with high combining ability have been identified.

Agrobiological assessment of green bean varieties by adaptability, productivity, and nitrogen fixation

Beans should be studied as an ecological object that can be used to replenish the reserves of nitrogen compounds in the soil and increase its biological activity. The goal was to conduct scientifically based zoning of varieties and assess their adaptive and productive potential in terms of productivity and nitrogen fixation. The study was conducted in the training and production department of the Uman National University of Horticulture during 2020-2022, using six varieties common in production. Standard methods of genetic and statistical analysis were used to investigate the parameters of adaptive variability. The study of phenological changes showed that, depending on the variety, it takes from 54 to 67 days before the onset of technical ripeness, and the variation of this trait is 8%. The shortest period before harvesting green beans was characterised by the varieties Zorenka and Casablanca. The variation of the growing season before the onset of biological ripeness was in the range of 90-108 days (CV=6%). According to the indicator of attachment of the lower bean, suitable varieties for mechanised harvesting were identified – Zorenka and Casablanca. Analysing the parameters of adaptability of the “bean weight” and “yield” indicators, a stable variety was found – Fruidor and highly productive varieties of intensive type Paloma, Laura, Zorenka, and Casablanca. The most productive variety was Zorenkya – 12.7 t/ha, and the least productive – Fruidor – 1.9 t/ha. In terms of seed yield, the varieties Purpurova Koroleva, Zorenka, and Casablanca stood out, the yield of which was at the level of 2.22-2.89 t/ha, which is 30.8- 70.6% more than the standard. Analysing the dependence of the growth and development parameters of green bean plants, it can be seen that these traits depend more on the conditions (CVA, %) in which they were formed than on the genotypic component (CVG, %). The results obtained provide useful information on commercial and seed production, productivity and the nitrogen-fixing ability for introduction into industrial production or further breeding practice and prove that green bean varieties are suitable for both vegetable production and high-quality seeds, as well as for biologisation of production through the use of biologically fixed nitrogen

Improved methods of cultivation of onions with the use of growth-stimulating preparations in the conditions of the Astrakhan region

For the first time in the North-West Caspian region (northern part of the Astrakhan region), a study was conducted on the cultivation of varieties and hybrids of onions of bulb domestic selection using growth stimulators against the background of mineral fertilizers with the isolation of the most promising for cultivation in an arid climate with a drip irrigation method.According to the results of the research work, a positive effect was achieved from the joint use of growth-stimulating drugs during the growing season and the background application of mineral fertilizers based on N180P60K60. The use of growth-stimulating drugs did not lead to the accumulation of nitrates in bulbs of varieties and hybrid. The most positive effect was achieved from the use of the new generation drug Novosil on the variety of onions Christina and the hybrid Bayram F1. So, for high-yielding samples, the water consumption coefficient was 60,8–63,8 m3/t. At the same time, the average mass of the bulb during the technical ripeness phase was in the range of 185,0–240,7 g.

Evaluation of fennel cultivars for use in breeding for productivity

Relevance. Common fennel is a perennial herbaceous plant, traditionally used as a one- or two-year-old. The culture is cultivated for the production of essential oil, as a medicinal plant and spice. The introduction of highly productive varieties adapted to cultivation conditions can ensure the necessary production volumes of raw materials for the pharmaceutical, food, paint and perfume and cosmetic industries. The creation of new varieties involves the study of the gene pool and the identification of promising genotypes based on valuable traits.Methods. 37 collection and selection varietals of various ecological and geographical origin were studied. The soil is ordinary medium–sized low-humus medium-loamy chernozem. The productivity of the green mass was taken into account in the phase of technical ripeness for greens (35th days from the beginning of spring regrowth of plants) and processing for oil (the beginning of fruit formation). The area of the plot (depending on the stage of the selection process) is 3–10 sq. m. The repetition is 1–4 times. The method of sowing is wide-row. Humidity and temperature conditions were very different during the years of research, which made it possible to give the studied material a comprehensive assessment.Results. In the conditions of the zone of unstable humidification of the Stavropol Territory, the greatest variation among the studied cultivars was revealed by the length of the growing season, height, productive longevity, leafiness of plants, yield of green mass and seeds. 8 cultivars distinguished by a complex of signs and properties were included in the selection study. Using the biotype selection method from the resulting hybrid combination with a subsequent series of improving selections, a new variety of fennel ordinary Bachata was created, introduced since 2015. to the State Register of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation.

Foliar Fertilizers as A Method Of Phenolic Ripeness Control

Due to global warming, there is a problem to correlate technical and phenolic ripeness in modern viticulture. This study is focused on the use of foliar fertilizers in order to combine the time of beginning of phenolic and technical ripeness. The studies were carried out in 2022 in the conditions of mountain-valley coastal viticulture zone of the Republic of Crimea. Foliar top dressing was carried out with the preparation ‘Agrogemo’ (LLC Pontis, Russian Federation) on wine grape varieties ‘Bastardo Magarachskiy’ and ‘Malbec’. The Glories method was used to estimate the ripeness degree of grapes. The principle of it is to determine the total and extractable anthocyanin potential of grapes. Using of foliar fertilizers made it possible to increase the yield of ‘Bastardo Magarachskiy’ variety by 15.3%, and ‘Malbec’ variety by 18.1%. It was found that the experimental treatment scheme contributed to the later beginning of technical ripeness of grapes, i.e. a low percentage of non-extractable anthocyanins from grape skin compared to the control. Base wines obtained from grapes with the use of organic-mineral fertilizer were characterized by the intense color, balanced aroma and flavor.

Режимы орошения перца сладкого

Purpose: to study the features of irrigation regimes and their impact on the yield of sweet pepper based on the analysis of scientific sources of information. Discussion. Sweet pepper is a moisture-loving crop. For its normal growth and development, optimal soil moisture is required. Plants experience a special need for moisture when planting seedlings, flowering, as well as during fruit set and formation. Since sweet pepper crops are located in southern regions with a moisture deficit, irrigation acts as a guarantor of obtaining the planned yield of this crop. The main elements of the irrigation regime are irrigation, irrigation norms, the number of irrigations, the timing of their implementation to maintain a given level of soil moisture during crop cultivation. Modern irrigation regimes for sweet pepper have been developed both for conditions of full provision of water resources and for conditions of their deficiency. Under conditions of full water supply, maximum productivity and product quality indicators, more efficient use of irrigation water are ensured by drip irrigation mode with maintaining the pre-irrigation moisture threshold of the calculated soil layer at least 70–80 % of the lowest moisture capacity during the growing season. In differentiated irrigation regimes, higher values of pre-irrigation soil moisture thresholds are maintained in the first half of the growing season, when it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the rooting of seedlings, growth and development of plants. However, during this period the size of the calculated soil layer is reduced. By the stage of technical ripeness and until the end of fruit harvesting, soil moisture thresholds are reduced to 70–75 % of the lowest moisture capacity, but the moistened layer is increased. Conclusions. Optimal irrigation regimes make it possible to maintain the vital processes of plants and obtain the planned productivity even in dry conditions. The combination of irrigation modes with other elements of the technological process (mulching, fertilizing, etc.) increases the productivity of sweet pepper by 15–20 %.

Quality assessment of grapes and wines of the Alminskiy terroir (Crimean Western-Coastal Piedmont viticultural and winemaking region)

Climatic conditions significantly impact the technology of grape cultivation, starting with selecting of varieties, choosing a place to establish a vineyard, and finishing with determining the harvesting time. The study of the effect of abiotic environmental factors on the quality characteristics of grapes and their products of processing is a hot topic. Assessment of the Crimean western-coastal piedmont viticulture and winemaking region was carried out in accordance with the climatic factors. Their impact on the carbohydrate-acid complex of grape varieties ‘Aligote’, ‘Rkatsiteli’, ‘Cabernet-Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’, as well as wines from these varieties, was studied. The sum of active temperatures in the region varied in the range of 3100°C - 3650°C. The hydrothermal coefficient was 0.35-0.76, which characterized the region as arid. Grapes cultivated in this region reach technical ripeness, mass concentration of sugars ranges from 186 to 260 g/L. An inverse correlation between the mass concentration of titratable acids in grapes and precipitation amount during the growing season (r= -0.63) was established. The wines prepared were characterized by distinctive varietal characteristics.

Photosynthetic parameters of sugar beet crops under application of measures to increase tolerance to drought stress in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To establish the peculiarities of the photosynthetic parameters of sugar beet crops under the application of measures to increase the crop tolerance to drought stress in the zone of unstable soil moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was carried out at the experimental field of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian ciences of Ukraine (50.023194, 30.173895) in 2014–2018. The research scheme included the application of the moisture retainer Aquasorb (300 kg/ha), soil treatment with the Mirazonit soil bacteria concentrate (20 kg/ha), application of the plant growth regulator Kelpak RK (2 l/ha, BBCH 14 + 4 l/ha, BBCH 18) and microfertilizers Alpha-Grow-Extra Buriaky (3 l/ha, BBCH 18) and Micro-Mineralis (Buriaky) (1.5 l/ha, BBCH 18) during vegetation season. Aquasorb moisture retainer was applied to the soil during early spring cultivation using an Amazone ZA-TS 3200 spreader. Results. During the vegetation period of sugar beets, specifically in the 6-leaf stages (BBCH 16), closing of leaves in rows (BBCH 30) and between rows (BBCH 39) and in the period of technical ripeness (BBCH 49) we studied the peculiarities of the formation of indicators of the assimilation apparatus area and the content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls a and b) in the leaves,in the corresponding interphase periods, we studied the photosynthetic potential of crops and the net productivity of photosynthesis under the influence of the studied factors. It was established that in the phase of leaf closure between rows (BBCH 39), sugar beet plants formed an assimilation surface area of 54.1 thousand m2/ha, the difference between the hydrogel application options and the control was 3.5 thousand m2/ha. Also, the best indicators of the formation of the leaf area were provided by the variants of the combined combination of all elements of the experiment – 56.36–56.47 thousand m2/ha, which, most likely, was caused by their influence on the physiological state of plants and, as a result, on the formation of a somewhat larger assimilation apparatus. In the period of closing of leaves in rows – closing of leaves between inter-rows (BBCH 30–39), the options for using the Aquasorb moisture retainer had a more intense accumulation of dry matter by an average of 0.9 g/m2 per day. At the same time, as the main root grew and the root system developed the deeper layers of the soil, the sugar beet plants became more and more independent of the influence of applied agrotechnical measures. This is especially evident when comparing the Aquasorb application options, which on average had a more intensive accumulation of dry matter by 0.2 g/m2 per day in the interphase period of leaf closure in the between rows – technical ripeness (BBCH 39–49). Conclusions. The use of agrotechnical measures is an effective factor in intensifying the photosynthetic activity of sugar beet plants throughout the growing season, the effectiveness of which is largely determined by their combination options. In general, the most optimal conditions for the formation of photosynthetic parameters of crops were provided by combination of all factors of the experiment.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF TABLE BEET DEPENDING ON DIFFERENT METHODS OF MULCHING IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE RIGHT BANK FOREST STEPPE OF UKRAINE

Goal. Study the influence of soil mulching methods on the growth, development of table beet plants, root crop yield and their quality indicators in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, generalization, laboratory and field experiment. Results. The use of mulching crops with organic and inorganic materials has a positive effect on reducing the duration of the growing season of table beets. The emergence of seedlings in the control variant was observed on the 17th day after sowing, and in the variants where mulching was used - on the 15th day. The formation of the first pair of real leaves during mulching of the soil with a transparent and black polyethylene film was ahead of the control by 3 days, and by humus, sawdust and agrofiber by 4 days. The use of inorganic materials promotes faster onset of technical ripeness, namely 3-6 days earlier, and mulching with organic materials - 6-7 days, respectively. The use of different methods of mulching crops contributes to the growth of the leaf surface of table beets by 4.3-5.8 thousand m2 / ha, or 15.5-20.9%, respectively. The period "beginning of root formation-technical ripeness" was characterized by the largest accumulation of biomass in table beet plants compared to the previous period. Based on this, the productivity of photosynthesis increased - 2.7-3.0 g / m2 × day, depending on different methods of mulching. The use of polyethylene film provided an increase in photosynthesis net productivity by 8% in the case of agrofiber by 12%. The most favorable conditions for the formation of the maximum indicator of photosynthesis net productivity have developed in the case of arable materials use (sawdust, humus). In the period "beginning of root formation-technical ripeness" the productivity of photosynthesis in this case was 2.9-3.0 g / m2 × day, which is 16-20% higher than the control. Conclusions. The results of research show that the use of different methods of mulching seedlings with polyethylene film, agrofiber and local organic materials, contributes to the intensification of physiological and biochemical processes occurring in the plant of table beet. Further study and improvement should focus on in-depth study of innovative mulching methods using modern high-yielding varieties and hybrids of table beets.

Investigation of the appearance and elimination of pinking coloration in white wines

Investigation of the appearance and elimination of “pinking” phenomenon in white wines is presented in the paper. Several factors that can cause pinking were analyzed: the degree of grapes ripeness and enzymatic treatment. The effect of fining agents based on polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) on the elimination of “pinking” was determined. It was proved that pinking in wines decreases with an increase in the sugar content in grape. This is explained by a decrease in the content of anthocyanins at the end of technical ripeness of grape. Experimental studies confirmed that the use of pectolytic enzymes with cellulase, hemicellulase, β-glucanase activities increases the intensity of straw color and the appearance of body tones, but does not affect pinking. Such treatment contributed to a slight increase in the content of phenolic compounds in wine materials, but did not affect the content of anthocyanins and “pinking” susceptibility. Treatment of wine materials with complex PVPP-based agents including sorbents and flocculants, is an effective way to eliminate the “pinking” phenomenon. This reduces “pinking” in wine materials from 70…90 % to 1…2 %. This is due to the presence of sorbents and flocculants in the fining agents, which react with phenolic substances that cause “pinking” in white wines, and remove them from the system. So, there are reasons to argue that processing grape at the end of technical ripeness will contribute to a lower “pinking” susceptibility of wine materials; pectolytic enzymes did not affect the appearance of this phenomenon in white wines, and PVPP-based fining agents together with bentonite, activated carbon, gelatin or casein, are an effective way to reduce the “pinking” susceptibility of wine.

Using growth-promoting drugs when cultivating bulb onion (Allium cepa)

Expert estimates show that the Astrakhan Oblast may become the country's leading region for the production of onions, annually providing up to 300-500 thousand tons. Moreover, the average yield in the Astrakhan Oblast remains quite low, and one of the reasons for this is the lack of scientifically based resource-saving irrigation technologies. The purpose of the studies was to study the influence of growth-stimulating drugs aimed at increasing the yield of bulb onions in the zone of light chestnut soils of the Astrakhan region. In this regard, for study, the authors raised questions related to the influence of various growth-stimulating drugs and mineral feeds in drip irrigation conditions on biometric indicators and yields of varieties and hybrids of onions of domestic breeding. As a result of biometric measurements carried out three times per vegetation (phase 4-5 of the present leaf, bulb formation, the beginning of technical ripeness (leaf drying), the highest values were obtained on the version using two-fold spraying by the natural growth regulator Novosil. On the basis of the received results of researches it was established that use of sheet processing by the medicine Novosil promoted increase in productivity and marketability of onion especially it was shown on grades Christina and a hybrid F1 Bayram.

Influence of climatic indicators on the dynamics of the growing season duration and forecasting vegetable peas’ harvest date

The aim of the study was to determine the variability of climatic factors, to assess their influence on the yield and the duration of interfacial periods of vegetable pea varieties. The experiment was carried out from 2000 to 2019. 4 varieties with shrunken seeds of different ripening groups were studied. For interfacial periods, the sum of effective temperatures above 4.4 °C (ET), the sum of heat units from 4.4 °C (HU), the sum of active temperatures above 10 °C (SAT), the sum of precipitation (SP), the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC), the number of days with temperatures above 30 °C (T>30 ° C), with precipitation from 1 to 20 mm/day (1<P, mm<20) and with precipitation over 20 mm/day (P, mm>20) were calculated. In the south of Russia, the yield of vegetable peas is limited by precipitation frequency (from 1 mm to 20) on the days from sowing to technical ripeness. The studied parameters of environmental conditions characterizing the provision of moisture (HTC, SP, 1<P, mm<20, P, mm>20) and the number of days with T>30°C have a high level of variability. The number of days from sowing to sprouting and SAT of the “sprouting-technical ripeness” period are stable traits recommended for predicting the harvesting date of vegetable peas. A significant reduction in the growing season and its components was established in varieties of medium and late ripening when comparing modern (2000-2019) and earlier data (1964-1990). The results obtained indicate climatic changes, in connection with which it becomes necessary to use earlier varieties in production.

Ecological plasticity of lettuce varieties (Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana Jorish) in the Western Forest-steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To reveal the adaptive potential of stem lettuce varieties (Lactuca sativa L. var. angustana Irish) accor­ding to the parameters of yield, ecological plasticity, stability and adaptability in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The stability and plasticity of stem lettuce yield was evaluated according to S. A. Eberhart and W. A. Rassel method. Soil and climatic conditions of the research area were generally favorable for lettuce growth and development. Research methods: field, laboratory and statistical. Results. Stem lettuce varieties showed different duration of the interfacial period of germination – technical ripeness: for ‘Pogonych’ variety it was 35 days, which made it possible to collect marketable products 6 days earlier than in the control. ‘Cobra’ variety showed the largest leaf area (13 109.12 m2). The value of the yield index of the rosette of leaves and stems over the years of research was in the range of 53.2–57.0 t/ha. Variety ‘Pogonych’ showed the highest rates of Yp.p. and Yd. – 74.0 and 7.8 t/ha, respectively. The stem lettuce varieties had a high coefficient of agronomic stability &gt; 70%. ‘Tseltus’ variety showed the highest value of the index of environmental conditions (bi = 1.07), which indicates its high sensitivity in the conditions of the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. ‘Pogonych’ variety demonstrated ecological plasticity. Conclusions. ‘Pogonych’ stem lettuce variety showed ecological plasticity, stability and tolerance to stressful environmental conditions in the Western Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, but it was less adaptive to the constant limits of soil and climatic parameters of environmental factors. High homeostaticity was inherent in all studied varie­ties, which had a higher, than 70% coefficient of agronomic stability, namely: ‘Pogonych’, ‘Cobra’ and ‘Tseltus’.

Agrobiological evaluation of collection samples of soy vegetable in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. Agrobiological assessment of soybean varieties Glycine max var. Shirofumi on a complex of economically valuable traits for introduction in the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Selection of promising breeding forms based on morpho-biological and physiological-biochemical characteristics. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical, computatio­nal and analytical. The studies were carried out in the conditions of the educational and production department of Uman National University of Horticulture during 2020–2021, using collection varieties of different ecological and geographical origin (Ukraine, Belarus, Sweden, Japan and Russia). The cultivars were assessed according to the following parameters: plant height, leaf area, net productivity of photosynthesis and indices of individual productivity (weight of beans per plant, number of seeds in a bean, etc.), productivity of green beans and biologically mature seeds and, accordingly, quality indicators of production (dry matter, sugar and protein content). The counts were carried out in the phase of the technical ripeness of the beans. Results. The variability of the “plant height” trait of the studied varieties had an average variation – the coefficient of variation was 22%. The results showed that the standard cultivar ‘Romatnyka’ and the collection cultivars ‘Karikachi’ and ‘Astra’ belong to the semi-determinant type of growth (97–109 cm), cultivar ‘Fiskeby V’, ‘L 380-2-13’, ‘Fiskeby V-E5’, ‘SibNIISOKh 6’, ‘Sac’, ‘Vesta’ belong to the determinant type of growth. According to the number of seeds in the pod, the studied varieties were clearly divided into two groups: with two-seeded beans (varieties ‘Karikachi’, ‘Astra’, ‘L 380-2-13’) and three-seeded beans [varieties ‘Romatnyka’ (standard), ‘Fiskeby V’, ‘Vesta’, ‘SibNIISOX 6’, ‘Sac’, ‘Fiskeby V-E5’]. The maximum yield of edamame beans was produced by varieties ‘L 380-2-13’ (17.3 t/ha), ‘Vesta’ (18.8 t/ha), ‘Sac’ (19.6 t/ha), ‘Fiskeby V’ (21.4 t/ha), ‘Fiskeby V-E5’ (22.4 t/ha). A significant differentiation of soybean varieties in the biochemical composition of immature beans was revealed. The dry matter content was 22.70–31.70%. The share of protein in edamame green beans was 28.2–38.6%, in biologically mature seeds its share increased to 36.1–42.8%. Among soluble sugars, the highest concentration was noted for sucrose – 7.70–9.38 mg/100 g in dry seeds, what in average amounted to 81.6–86.2% of all sugars. The presented results provide a comprehensive assessment of breeding work on soybean varieties with a low content of oligosaccharides. Conclusions. Evaluation of collection varieties of vegetable soybeans by the variability of morphological traits and productivity made it possible to distinguish ‘Sac’ variety by a complex of valuable traits for creation of new varieties of vegetable soybeans adapted to the conditions of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine.

Creation of an interspecific hybrid of Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L. using biotechnological approaches

Relevance. Pepper is a common crop both for fresh consumption and for the preparation of spices. Recently, along with the increasing popularity of C. annuum L. pepper, there is increasing interest in other species of this genus, which have a number of breeding and important properties. The most important method of enriching the gene pool of cultivated plants is distant hybridization, through which valuable traits are transferred from wild species to cultivated ones. The development of a new variety is a lengthy process, stretching over several years. In this regard, breeders have faced the challenge of obtaining pure lines to create a pepper hybrid with desired properties by applying modern biotechnological methods that will accelerate this process. One of them is the method of microspore culture, which allows mass production of haploid plants, reducing the time for creating constant parental lines.Material and methods. The aim of the work was to create an interspecific hybrid of hot pepper (C. annuum L. x C. frutescens L.) with high ornamental properties, a complex of economically valuable traits, with good taste qualities. The research was carried out in the film greenhouse of FSBSI FSVC in the Moscow region. The research material was a variety population of hot pepper Capsicum frutescens Cz-544-14, used as a paternal line, which was heterogeneous, and a pure line of C. annuum L. (Pb-551) created by classical breeding.Results. The pepper hybrid F1 Christmas bouquet was created as a result of hybridization of species parental forms obtained by different methods (biotechnological and classical). To accelerate the production of an aligned paternal form of C. frutescens L., the technology of doubled haploids through microspore culture was used. As a result, doubled haploid plants meeting the planned model (compact low habit, purple fruit colouring in technical ripeness and red in biological ripeness) were obtained. The resulting hybrid combined all the necessary economic features: high ornamentality, compactness, bouquet arrangement of fruits, high taste and aroma. Thus, the use of remote interspecific hybridization in the breeding process in combination with biotechnological approaches can accelerate the production of new forms of hot peppers that meet the demands of the market.

РІСТ, РОЗВИТОК ТА УРОЖАЙНІСТЬ СОРТІВ БУРЯКУ СТОЛОВОГО ЗА ДІЇ БІОПРЕПАРАТІВ

The search for new conditions for growing vegetables in organic crops in order to obtain safe products and in connection with changes in climatic conditions requires an immediate solution. The article considers and proves that the use of biological products affects the formation of highly productive crops and promotes the production of products with a high content of biologically active substances. Studies have shown a positive effect of biological products on the growth and development and yield of beetroot varieties Delicatessen and Red Ball. Studies have been conducted to study the technological aspects of growing vegetables, in particular with the use of biological products, taking into account the environmental impact of both growth processes and quantitative and qualitative indicators. Features of various biological products and their efficiency are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the use of biologicals, which allowed to comprehensively assess the impact of elements of cultivation technology on phenological, biometric, indicators, yield and quality of table beet products, development and improvement of elements of technology for their cultivation in the forest-steppe of Ukraine. This involves the use of highly productive varieties, the use of various effective biological products, is relevant for the spread and cultivation of table beets in the forest-steppe of Ukraine. Phenological observations of canteen beet plants showed that they developed differently and reacted differently in the phases of growth and development, depending on the introduced biological products. The technical ripeness phase began on days 121–129 and was longer than in the control. With the introduction of Solutin and Chlorella – 128–129 days, and in short - with the introduction of biological products Helprost vegetable, Helprost vegetable + Phytohelp, Solutin + Phytohelp – 121–125 days. It was proved that table beet plants differed in height, number of leaves, leaf blade area and their total area per hectare, which compared to the control were from the use of a tank mixture of biological products Helprost vegetable + Phytohelp – 28.3–28.7 thousand m2/ha, which is significantly higher than the control by 13.6–14.8 thousand m2/ha. The area of leaves was slightly lower as a result of the use of other drugs and mixtures – 21.8–22.6 thousand m2/ha. The use of a mixture of drugs Helprost vegetable + Phytohelp contributed to an increase in the mass of the root of table beets by 255–350 g, which is significantly higher than the control by 9–10 g. A positive effect on the yield of beetroot was shown by the vegetable Helprost preparation, as well as a mixture of vegetable Helprost + Phytohelp preparations, the use of which provided a yield of 52.4–63.8 t/ha. The use of a mixture of biological products Solutin + Phytohelp improves the appearance of the plant, increases resistance to harmful microorganisms, and the marketable yield increases to 26.0 t/ha and significantly exceeds the control by 3.2 t/ha.

Patriot – new variety of vegetable pieas

Relevance. The purpose of the research was to produce a new medium-ripe, high-yielding variety of vegetable peas with the usual type of leaf to expand the variety in the now used conveyor variety selection of the Krymsk EBS VIR Branch.Materials and methods. The experience was laid on the fields of the Krymsk EBS VIR Branch (Russia, Krasnodar Region, Krymsk) in 2019-2020. Varieties and strain were evaluated in a competitive variety testing. Sowing was carried out with a selection seeder SKS-6-10. The plot area was 10 m2 , the experiment was repeated four times. In the phase of technical ripeness, the sheaves were selected for description and the yield was taken into account. The conservation of green peas was done at the Tech Evaluation Lab.Results. Competitive variety testing in the mid-ripeness group was held by two strains 2014/7 and 344/16. The strain 2014/17 for green pea yields surpassed the standard "Parus" and G-344/16 in both years of study. Fresh and processed green peas were rated by the Tasting Commission at 5.0 and 4.8 points, respectively. High yield is achieved due to the paired beans on the peduncle and a large number of grains in the bean, up to 10 pieces. The grain in technical ripeness has a dark green color and the linear dimensions are 9.0x8.1 mm. In biological maturity, the seeds are intensely green, angular-compressed with a mass of 1000 pieces. 188-225 g.Conclusion. The results of field and laboratory analyses carried out on the complex of economicvaluable characteristics made it possible to distinguish the strain 2014/7, which in 2020 was transferred to the State Variety Testing under the name "Patriot". It is recommended as a supplement to the existing set of vegetable pea varieties of the Krymsk EBS VIR Branch in the mid-ripe group.

Selection of green peas for the canning industry with a small grain size

Relevance. Therefore, at present, varieties with an average seed size are used for the production of canned "green peas". In this regard, it is important to create varieties with a mass of 1000 seeds less than 150 g for the production of premium canned food.Methods. The object of research was the lines of hybrids of vegetable peas of different ripeness groups with a low weight of 1000 seeds.Results. At the initial stage of the work, plants with a low mass of 1000 seeds and green cotyledons were selected and brought to constant lines over several years. Over the years of sampling, the weather conditions were with sharp changes in temperature and precipitation. This made it possible to single out samples with low variability of the selected characters based on the totality of characters. In 2018-2019, the selected lines were studied according to the characteristics of productivity and manufacturability during the period of technical ripeness in the nursery of competitive variety testing of vegetable peas. To determine the duration of the technical ripeness period and its relationship with the yield, the green peas were harvested in three periods, starting with the minimum density indicators (34-35 units) and with an interval of three days. When determining the fractional composition of green peas, sample 4.12 was isolated, which received the varietal name Smaylik. Green peas of this variety had a fairly high uniformity and small grain diameter with a predominance of fractions of 5-8.5 mm and 8.6-9.9 mm. Sample 12.12 was close to Smaylik in its performance. According to the results of competitive variety testing, the Smaylik variety in 2019 was transferred to the State variety testing of the Russian Federation.