Technical Questions Research Articles

Endovascular Repair of Iatrogenic Inferior Vena Cava and Iliac Vein Injury: A Case Series and Review of the Literature.

Iatrogenic injury to the large abdominopelvic veins can he highly morbid, and open surgical repair is technically challenging. Endovascular repair with covered stenting across the injured segment offers an alternative to open surgical management. We present a series of patients with operative injury to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and iliac veins who were treated utilizing an endovascular approach and review the available literature on this technique. A PubMed keyword and MeSH term search was performed, and titles were reviewed for relevance by the first author. Studies related to endovascular repair of iatrogenic injury to the IVC and iliac veins were then read in detail for possible inclusion in the review. Those deemed appropriate were further analyzed for interventional approach, stent type and size, technical success, post-procedural pharmacologic management, complications and surveillance strategy. The initial search resulted in 6221 publications. A total of 17 met criteria for inclusion, all of which were case reports or series. Twenty-six patients were described as suffering iatrogenic injury to the IVC or iliac veins, treated with various types and sizes of stents. All cases achieved technical success with hemorrhage control. Procedural complications occurred in 15.4% of cases, including 3 cases of acute thrombus formation and 1 case of stenosis caudal to the initial stent edge requiring additional stenting. Two additional patients experienced stent occlusion in the surveillance period. Endovascular repair of iatrogenic injury to the IVC and iliac veins can be an effective management option. However, due to limited data regarding this approach, many technical questions remain, including ideal size and type of stent graft, necessity and duration of post-procedural anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy and appropriate surveillance. Additionally, long term outcomes in this population have not yet been described.

In-situ combustion technique for developing fractured low permeable oil shale: Experimental evidence for synthetic oil generation and successful propagation of combustion front

The idea of in-situ combustion (ISC) for oil shale development and conversion has been proposed recently. Due to the low permeability of oil shale, it usually requires fracturing operation before air injection. However, one of the biggest technical questions is, whether the combustion front can be established and steadily propagate in the low permeable oil shale with fractures. To date, no experimental work has been reported to support this. The target of this work is to provide experimental evidence to answer this question. We have managed to create a novel method for packing and fracturing oil shale core samples in a combustion tube for simulating ISC processes. A systematic analysis for the physical–chemical modeling of ISC process in combustion tube was performed, including temperature profile, pressure drop buildup, composition of produced gases, X-ray computed tomography (CT) and visual inspection, as well as total organic content analysis of oil shale samples before and after combustion, calculation of combustion parameters (air requirement, air/fuel ratio, apparent atomic H/C ratio, oxygen utilization, and O2/fuel ratio), and synthetic oil production. All results indicated the successful establishment and propagation of the combustion front in the fractured, low-permeability oil shale sample. In addition, the permeability of oil shale was increased 2–3 times during combustion, which can be an important factor that supports the stable propagation of the combustion front. Furthermore, the effect of water and catalysts on ISC performance was investigated. It was found that water promotes the cracking reactions of heavy oils to produce CO2 and hydrocarbon gases, and the co-existence of catalysts and water together further improved the performance of the ISC process and synthetic oil production. The findings in this work provide the experimental evidence of the successful establishment and propagation of combustion front in fractured, low-permeability oil shale, and technically proves the feasibility of using ISC technology for in-situ retorting of oil shale to generate synthetic oil for the development and conversion of low permeable oil shale with additional fracturing.

Call for Special Collection Papers: How Stakeholders Are Working to Advance Health Equity: Deadline for Manuscript Submission: April 19, 2023.

Health EquityVol. 7, No. 1 Call for PapersOpen AccessCall for Special Collection Papers: How Stakeholders Are Working to Advance Health EquityDeadline for Manuscript Submission: April 19, 2023Guest Editors: Laurie Zephyrin and Claire-Cecile PierreGuest Editors: Laurie ZephyrinSenior Vice President, Advancing Health Equity, The Commonwealth Fund, New York, New York, USA.Search for more papers by this author and Claire-Cecile PierreAssociate Chief Medical Officer, Vice President of Community Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:28 Mar 2023https://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2023.29013.cfpAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB Permissions & CitationsPermissionsDownload CitationsTrack CitationsAdd to favorites Back To Publication ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail The Commonwealth Fund's Advancing Health Equity program and the Health Equity Journal Editors invite paper submissions focused on the topic of Health Equity in the United States. Specifically, we invite the submission of content that covers the following areas: Changing Mindsets: Works that focus on:(1) how Americans develop their views as it relates to health care and health equity and(2) existing strategies that can actively shift mindsetsPromoting Antiracism in Health Delivery Systems: Works that highlight ways that health systems are modifying their operations to focus on health equityPromoting Antiracism in Health Policy: Works that support understanding(1) how current policies might be modified or built upon to advance health equity and(2) opportunities to develop new equity-centered policies.The focus of this Special Collection is to highlight recent efforts that are leading to(1)increased access to equitable care,(2)systems-level changes among provider organizations that are centering health equity; and(3)opportunities to modify and/or develop policies that will lead to advancement in health equity. In addition to these topics, the issue seeks to highlight health equity efforts that are also specific to perinatal health care, given the vast disparities in outcomes across races and ethnicities.Please visit our website at www.liebertpub.com/heq to view our Information for Authors.Editorial or technical questions? Contact Taylor Bowen (heq_eo@liebertpub.com)Thanks to a generous grant from the Commonwealth Fund, Article Processing Charges (APCs) will be waived for all articles published in this special issue.Visit the Instructions for Authors:www.liebertpub.com/heqSubmit your paper for peer review online:https://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/heqUpload your paper using the manuscript category:Special Issue: Advancing Health EquityFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 7Issue 1Mar 2023 InformationCopyright 2023, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishersTo cite this article:Guest Editors: Laurie Zephyrin and Claire-Cecile Pierre.Call for Special Collection Papers: How Stakeholders Are Working to Advance Health Equity.Health Equity.Mar 2023.216-217.http://doi.org/10.1089/heq.2023.29013.cfpcreative commons licensePublished in Volume: 7 Issue 1: March 28, 2023PDF download

Barriers and Gateways to Cleaning Up Earth Orbit: The Legal, Economic, and Political Dimensions of Debris Remediation

The preponderance of human-made debris in Earth orbit has long been recognized as a significant threat to continued safe operations in space. National space agencies and private space companies are paying considerable attention to the technical questions surrounding the active removal of debris (ADR). Nonetheless there are still significant legal, economic, and geopolitical questions that need to be addressed before any meaningful and sustained industry around the removal of debris can be established. This discussion will focus on identifying the legal issues of responsibility, jurisdiction and liability and proposing possible solutions within the current nexus of international agreements. Yet these must be considered alongside the economic roadblocks to funding ADR; the challenges for states looking to collaborate in current geopolitical circumstances; and the often overlooked ‘data deficit’ in respect of the space surveillance and tracking (SST) capabilities needed to enable the safe removal of debris. It is contended that any system for managing ADR, Debris Mitigation and general protection of the space environment should not emerge in isolation. A coherent system of managing and coordinating the orbital environment needs to be developed. This article will argue that it is for individual nations to show political leadership and an economic commitment to properly manage the delicate extraterrestrial environment. Failure to do so will represent a missed opportunity and leave a troubling legacy for future generations. Active Debris Removal, Astropolitics, Space Law, Dual use technology, Space Environment

Chat With ChatGPT on Intelligent Vehicles: An IEEE TIV Perspective

This letter reports on a TIV DHW(decentralized and hybrid workshop) that explores the prospective influence of ChatGPT on research and development in intelligent vehicles. To assess the update capabilities of ChatGPT, we conducted tests involving both basic and technically relevant questions. Our preliminary testing revealed that ChatGPT's information can be updated and corrected at one time, but it may take some time for the changes to be reflected in ChatGPT's responses, so it may not always possess the latest knowledge regarding specific topics. We further discuss the prospective influence of ChatGPT on the field of intelligent vehicles, particularly possible applications of ChatGPT in areas like autonomous driving, human-vehicle interaction, and intelligent transportation systems, highlighting challenges and opportunities associated with these applications. Additionally, we address technical questions, such as the feasibility of training intelligent vehicles using the same methods as ChatGPT and the reflection of the intelligence of intelligent vehicles in the context of human-machine shared control. In conclusion, this letter presents a preliminary exploration of the potential of ChatGPT for intelligent vehicle research, from an IEEE TIV perspective, acknowledging the limitations and uncertainties of this emerging technology.

For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE. By Guy MacLean Rogers

This is a fine specimen of narrative history. After a tribute to the late Sir Fergus Millar, Rogers cruises through the story in twenty-four chapters bearing curious titles: “The Owl and the Golden Chain,” “The Camel’s Hump,” “The Son is Coming.” Since chapters rarely exceed twenty pages and frequent subtitles combine with lively prose, arresting vignettes, and plentiful images, the journey is easy going. Rogers adopts the needed confidence, declaring what happened and dismissing what did not. He notes occasional debates, usually to say that however one resolves them, “we know” X. For more enquiring minds, he includes sixteen appendices on technical questions and eighty-two pages of endnotes. Five topographical maps, twenty-three images, and a granular index complete the support suite. This is the work of a skilled researcher and communicator. What story does he tell? Its main lines have been familiar since they congealed in nineteenth-century scholarship: Jews could not abide Roman rule and fought tenaciously for independence. Because we have an ancient eyewitness narrative in Josephus’s War, Antiquities, and Life, modern versions are more or less critical retellings of Josephus. A standard view, shared by Rogers, holds that Josephus, harboring a post-war antipathy toward rebels, obscured their aims and the nobility of their values. Nevertheless, one can see through his account to their righteous desire for freedom. Already in 6 CE, Judas the Galilean seeded a biblically grounded freedom movement in Judea. After six decades—though Rogers insists on the contingency of events at each point—Judas’s heirs persuaded a sufficient number of compatriots to confront Rome.

Diameter, height and species of 42 million trees in three European landscapes generated from field data and airborne laser scanning data

Ecology and forestry sciences are using an increasing amount of data to address a wide variety of technical and research questions at the local, continental and global scales. However, one type of data remains rare: fine-grain descriptions of large landscapes. Yet, this type of data could help address the scaling issues in ecology and could prove useful for testing forest management strategies and accurately predicting the dynamics of ecosystem services. Here we present three datasets describing three large European landscapes in France, Poland and Slovenia down to the tree level. Tree diameter, height and species data were generated combining field data, vegetation maps and airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. Together, these landscapes cover more than 100~000~ha and consist of more than 42 million trees of 51 different species. Alongside the data, we provide here a simple method to produce high-resolution descriptions of large landscapes using increasingly available data: inventory and ALS data. We evaluated the overall reliability of our workflow by comparing the stands dominant heights measured by ALS to those calculated from the trees we generated. Overall, the landscapes we generated are in good agreement with the landscapes they aim to reproduce.

Optimization of Biotinylated RNA or DNA Pull-Down Assays for Detection of Binding Proteins: Examples of IRP1, IRP2, HuR, AUF1, and Nrf2.

Investigation of RNA- and DNA-binding proteins to a defined regulatory sequence, such as an AU-rich RNA and a DNA enhancer element, is important for understanding gene regulation through their interactions. For in vitro binding studies, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was widely used in the past. In line with the trend toward using non-radioactive materials in various bioassays, end-labeled biotinylated RNA and DNA oligonucleotides can be more practical probes to study protein-RNA and protein-DNA interactions; thereby, the binding complexes can be pulled down with streptavidin-conjugated resins and identified by Western blotting. However, setting up RNA and DNA pull-down assays with biotinylated probes in optimum protein binding conditions remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the step-by step optimization of pull-down for IRP (iron-responsive-element-binding protein) with a 5'-biotinylated stem-loop IRE (iron-responsive element) RNA, HuR, and AUF1 with an AU-rich RNA element and Nrf2 binding to an antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) enhancer in the human ferritin H gene. This study was designed to address key technical questions in RNA and DNA pull-down assays: (1) how much RNA and DNA probes we should use; (2) what binding buffer and cell lysis buffer we can use; (3) how to verify the specific interaction; (4) what streptavidin resin (agarose or magnetic beads) works; and (5) what Western blotting results we can expect from varying to optimum conditions. We anticipate that our optimized pull-down conditions can be applicable to other RNA- and DNA-binding proteins along with emerging non-coding small RNA-binding proteins for their in vitro characterization.

Governing Global Tax Dodgers: The “Group of Four” and the Taxation of Multinational Corporations, 1970s–1980s

During the 1970s, governments increasingly expressed concerns about the loss of revenue through the use of tax havens by both individuals and corporations. This article explores a covert international working group (the Group of Four) set up between France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States in 1969 in response to such concerns. At regular meetings, officials exchanged information gathered by their respective tax authorities in auditing multinational companies. In the 1980s, under increasing pressure from governments in a now much more hostile climate to tax authorities, the Group’s work shifted away from multinationals and toward more general, technical questions. The history of the Group of Four illustrates the importance of the 1960s and 1970s as a period for regulating economic actors and the impact of broader circumstances on the success or failure of anti-tax avoidance measures.

IoT Capabilities Composition and Decomposition: A Systematic Review

As billions of IoT devices join the Internet, researchers and innovators increasingly explore IoT capabilities achieved via service composition or reuse of existing capabilities via service decomposition. Many systematic literature reviews (SLRs) were produced on this subject; however, two issues remain to be addressed: i) a reference taxonomy of the different aspects of IoT capabilities composition and decomposition is needed, and ii) many formal questions (e.g., standards role, formal representations applications, state-space explosion countermeasures, etc.), technical questions (e.g., composition process types and automation levels synergies, service decomposition categories, the role of AI/ML, etc.), and QoS questions (e.g., privacy, interoperability, and scalability challenges and solutions, etc.) remain unanswered. We introduce this work by discussing notions of IoT capabilities composition and decomposition in a layered IoT architecture while highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of existing SLRs. We identify unanswered questions through gaps in related work and motivate these questions using the PICOC methodology. We explain the search methodology and organize the topic questions using the proposed reference taxonomy. The identified research questions are answered, and trends and gaps that need additional attention from the research community are highlighted. This effort benefits city planners and end-users of IoT systems as it contributes to a better understanding of the role of composition and decomposition of IoT capabilities in building value-added services or reusing existing ones for resource optimization. For researchers, this effort contributes a reference taxonomy for the topic and sheds light on important questions while highlighting corresponding trends and gaps requiring further attention.

Therapeutic Neovascularization for Refractory Angina-Are We Any Closer?

Therapeutic Neovascularization for Refractory Angina-Are We Any Closer?

Achieving MRD negativity in AML: how important is this and how do we get there?

Multiple studies have demonstrated that patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who have measurable residual disease (MRD) detected during or after treatment have higher relapse rates and worse survival than similar patients testing negative. Updated response criteria for AML reflect the understanding that achievement of complete remission (CR) with no detectable MRD using high-sensitivity tests represents a superior response over conventional cytomorphological CR alone. Potential use cases for AML MRD testing are diverse and include patient selection for clinical trials and therapeutic assignment, early relapse detection and intervention during sequential monitoring, and drug development, including deep quantification for antileukemia efficacy and as a surrogate endpoint for overall survival in regulatory approvals. Testing for AML MRD has not, however, been harmonized, and many technical and clinical questions remain. The implications of MRD test results for specific therapeutic combinations, molecular subsets, test types, treatment time points, sample types, and patient characteristics remain incompletely defined. No perfect AML MRD test or testing strategy currently exists, and the evidence basis for clinical recommendations in this rare disease is sparse but growing. It is unproven whether conversion of an MRD test result from positive to negative by additional therapeutic intervention improves relapse risk and survival. Several national- and international-level consortia have recently been initiated to advance the generation and collection of evidence to support the use of AML MRD testing in clinical practice, drug development, and regulatory approvals.

Author Submission Guidelines

Other| December 01 2022 Author Submission Guidelines Journal of the American Musicological Society (2022) 75 (3): 640–643. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2022.75.3.640 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Author Submission Guidelines. Journal of the American Musicological Society 1 December 2022; 75 (3): 640–643. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2022.75.3.640 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the American Musicological Society Search Please note that JAMS is now accepting article submissions through Scholastica at https://jams.scholasticahq.com/. Authors will need to log in using an existing Scholastica account or create a new one in order to submit. For an overview of working with Scholastica as an author, please feel free to consult the Author Guide provided by Scholastica (https://help.scholasticahq.com/article/72-author-guide). Any technical or software questions should be directed to Scholastica customer support (https://scholasticahq.com/contact). Articles submitted to the Journal should represent new work that has not previously been published in any form and is not under consideration elsewhere. Submissions should not exceed 20,000 words (main text and footnotes) in length. Shorter submissions are welcomed and receive the same measure of peer review and consideration. Text material should be double-spaced, with margins of at least one inch. Please submit the following materials for full consideration: The main text as a separate Word... You do not currently have access to this content.

Teaching bioengineering using a blended online teaching and learning strategy: a new pedagogy for adapting classrooms in developing countries.

Research and academia have been recently affected by the Coronavirus (COVID-19), and physical classrooms and laboratory experiments have been affected significantly due to the recent laboratory closures. This has led to innovative approaches to curb this problem. To address these difficulties in teaching bioengineering related courses that is of significant interest to students of the Faculty of Engineering in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, and of course, useful for engineering-based higher education institutions (HEI), a transitional pedagogy: Communicate, Active, Collaborate, Problem-based Solving, Learning and Assessment (CACPLA), which encompasses blended learning, was developed as a new teaching and learning strategy. In this study, we show that this new strategy can initiate a steady transition from physical classrooms to full online instruction for some subjects in engineering. This method has been trialled as an exercise for a module as part of an envisioned biomedical engineering degree programme which can be integrated with local industries and research institutions in sub-Saharan Africa. The teaching materials and environment were carefully designed and 253 students of third and final year classes participated as the experimental group. Also, the effect of critical thinking, pre-lecture, and post lecture on the overall performance of the students was assessed. Two questionnaires were designed for data collection, (a) for technical questions, (b) for receptiveness. The result of a student survey suggests favourable reception of the teaching methodology, which aided their understanding of the general bioengineering concept as applied to the materials chemistry and mechanical measurements context. It was noticed that 80% of the students indicated that the blended learning method was sufficient in achieving the learning outcomes of the study. The method is envisioned as a useful and sustainable complement to traditional teaching pedagogies and workshops due to the convenience and relatively high accessibility to Zoom and Google Meet Apps which can be readily employed without incurring significant costs.

The Case for Ecosocialism in the Face of the Worsening Climate Crisis

A fierce intellectual battle continues over the ideological character of green politics. The overall conflict that emerged in past decades between environmental justice advocates on the one hand, and on the other, a coalition of states, corporations and their academic, NGO and media allies will now revive in earnest, given the Biden Administration's January 2021 pledge to take climate change seriously. After the Trump regime's climate denialism, a longstanding challenge to environmental justice now returns in the form of supposedly-pragmatic “ecological modernization” strategies, i.e., regulatory, technicist, market-based, or some combination. These characterized the pre-Trump era but had no discernable impact on emissions. In contrast, David Harvey has long advocated “radicalization of the theses of ecological modernization.” The temptation to avoid in this process is deradicalization through cooptation. But even as technical questions reemerge, the radicalization Harvey calls for becomes ever more relevant.

The Bessel equation on the quantum calculus

A large number of the most diverse problems related to almost all the most important branches of mathematical physics and designed to answer topical technical questions are associated with the use of Bessel functions. This paper introduces a h-difference equation analogue of the Bessel differential equation and investigates the properties of its solution, which is express using the Frobenius method by assuming a generalized power series. The authors find discrete analogue formulas for Bessel function and the h-Neumann function and these are solutions presented by a series with the h-fractional function t^(α)_h. Lastly they obtain the linear dependencies between h-functions Bessel on T_a.

DeepToA: an ensemble deep-learning approach to predicting the theater of activity of a microbiome

Metagenomics is the study of microbiomes using DNA sequencing. A microbiome consists of an assemblage of microbes that is associated with a 'theater of activity' (ToA). An important question is, to what degree does the taxonomic and functional content of the former depend on the (details of the) latter? Here, we investigate a related technical question: Given a taxonomic and/or functional profile estimated from metagenomic sequencing data, how to predict the associated ToA? We present a deep-learning approach to this question. We use both taxonomic and functional profiles as input. We apply node2vec to embed hierarchical taxonomic profiles into numerical vectors. We then perform dimension reduction using clustering, to address the sparseness of the taxonomic data and thus make the problem more amenable to deep-learning algorithms. Functional features are combined with textual descriptions of protein families or domains. We present an ensemble deep-learning framework DeepToA for predicting the ToA of amicrobial community, based on taxonomic and functional profiles. We use SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) values to determine which taxonomic and functional features are important for the prediction. Based on 7560 metagenomic profiles downloaded from MGnify, classified into 10 different theaters of activity, we demonstrate that DeepToA has an accuracy of 98.30%. We show that adding textual information to functional features increases the accuracy. Our approach is available at http://ab.inf.uni-tuebingen.de/software/deeptoa. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Identifying Intraoperative Behaviors Associated With Surgical Resident Teachability

The resident-attending dyad influences the intraoperative training of surgery residents. To better understand the role of trainees within the dyad, we hypothesized there is a measurable concept of "teachability," a combination of the trainee's observed skills and behaviors with their performance. This study aims to define teachability and identify discrete intraoperative behaviors that contribute to this concept. We posit that residents who are active learners as demonstrated by asking questions, proposing next steps, and initiating purposeful actions have higher teachability. Previously recorded videos from 26 laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs performed by two PGY-5 general surgery residents at a Midwest tertiary care center were qualitatively reviewed for intraoperative behaviors. A summative content analysis identified behaviors associated with increased teachability and improved operative performance assessment scores. Average frequencies of intraoperative behaviors for resident 1 and 2 (R1 and R2) were not significantly different, although R2 asked more medical knowledge and technical questions. While the rate of attending feedback was similar for both residents (x=3.82 vs 3.40, p=0.646), R1 consistently incorporated feedback (x=2.27 vs 0.40, p=0.001) whereas R2 needed frequent prompting (x=2.45 vs 1.55, p=0.239). R1 scored higher in all but one operative performance assessment category, including overall performance (x=4.17 vs 2.93, p=0.007), but R2 had a larger magnitude of overall improvement (+1 vs +2). Teachability is a dynamic component of the resident-attending dyad. While intraoperative active learning behaviors do not appear to be associated with teachability, asking questions may increase the magnitude of improvement in performance. Most importantly, the ability to incorporate intraoperative feedback in real time seems to be a critical aspect of teachability and warrants further research.

Life Histories of Theban Tombs: Transdisciplinary Investigations of a Cluster of Rock-Cut Tombs at Sheikh ‘Abd al-Qurna Edited by Andrea Loprieno-Gnirs (AUC Press Archaeological Reports). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press 2021. Pp. 200. $79.95. ISBN 9781617979910 (paper).

<i>Life Histories of Theban Tombs: Transdisciplinary Investigations of a Cluster of Rock-Cut Tombs at Sheikh ‘Abd al-Qurna</i> Edited by Andrea Loprieno-Gnirs (AUC Press Archaeological Reports). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press 2021. Pp. 200. $79.95. ISBN 9781617979910 (paper).

Legal and technical questions of file system reverse engineering

Reverse engineering of file systems is indispensable for tool testing, accurate evidence acquisition, and correct interpretation of data structures by law enforcement in criminal investigations. This position paper examines emerging techno-legal challenges from the practice of reverse engineering for law enforcement purposes. We demonstrate that this new context creates uncertainties about the legality of tools and methods used for evidence acquisition and the compliance of law enforcement with obligations to protect intellectual property and confidential information. Further identified are gaps between legal provisions and practice related to disclosure and peer-review of sensitive digital forensic methodology, trade secrets in investigations, and governmental vulnerability disclosure. It is demonstrated that reverse engineering of file systems is insufficiently addressed by legislators, which results in a lack of file system interpretation and validation information for law enforcement and their dependence on tools. Outlined are recommendations for further developments of digital forensic regulation.