Technical Plan Research Articles

The application and challenges of different face recognition technologies in the three major fields of security, social media, and medical care

Abstract. Face recognition technology is a very important part of modern technology, which can not only be used to ensure security, but also can be used in the field of information organization and content division. However, with the popularization and application of face recognition technology, many problems that need to be solved urgently have emerged: excessive computing resources are consumed in order to pursue high-precision recognition, which brings computing pressure; The basis for improving recall is the need for a lot of power and memory; If security is not guaranteed, it can cause problems such as data breaches. The demand for face recognition technology is different in different use fields, so the purpose of this study is to combine the scene requirements and technical advantages more reasonably. The research results are as follows: the high accuracy and recall rate of 3D convolutional neural networks (3DCNNs) ensure that it can be used safely in high-precision and high-security scenarios. Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network (MobileNetV2) is suitable for resource-constrained environments due to its low memory consumption and low communication cost. Edge computing real-time face recognition (EC-RFERNet) is the most suitable for large-scale popularization and application among the three because of its lowest power consumption and latency. This study deeply explores the advantages and disadvantages of different facial recognition technologies and finds solutions to their shortcomings. According to their unique advantages combined with the requirements of commonly used scenarios, it provides a scientific basis for the deployment of face recognition technology in different fields. However, due to limited information, this paper cannot cover all application scenarios and the latest technologies, so it is hoped that in the future, we can combine the advantages of different technologies to develop more comprehensive face recognition technology and make more reasonable technical planning.

Results of the cancer screening program in urban areas in Shaanxi province of China, 2019-2020

Objective: Analyze the cancer screening status of the cancer screening program in urban areas in Shaanxi province in 2019-2020. Methods: The early diagnosis and early treatment project for urban cancers carried out high-risk population screening for 5 types of high-incidence malignant tumors (breast cancer, lung cancer, upper gastrointestinal cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer) in urban areas. Three prefecture-level cities in Shaanxi province with a population of over 1 million (Xi'an, Baoji, and Shangluo) were selected, and 4 communities with a relatively good working foundation were selected in each city. The general population aged 45-74 years was surveyed on the principles of informed consent and voluntariness, and high-risk groups identified through the questionnaire were further subjected to free endoscopy, ultrasound, CT, and other clinical screenings. The high-risk rates, screening compliance rates, and positive detection rates of the above 5 types of malignant tumors were analyzed. Results: A total of 19 632 people completed the survey effectively, with the proportion of male participants (40.0%) lower than that of females (60.0%). A total of 10 102 high-risk groups were identified, with an initial screening high-risk rate of 51.5%, and the high-risk rates for the 5 types of cancers were 24.1% for breast cancer, 28.6% for lung cancer, 9.1% for upper gastrointestinal cancer, 4.0% for liver cancer, and 20.0% for colorectal cancer. Among the 14 960 person-time initially assessed as high-risk, 5 129 person-time received clinical screening, with a screening compliance rate of 34.3%. The number of people receiving clinical screening and the screening compliance rates for the 5 types of cancers were 1 192 (41.9%) for breast cancer, 2 081 (37.1%) for lung cancer, 574 (32.0%) for upper gastrointestinal cancer, 404 (51.3%) for liver cancer, and 878 (22.3%) for colorectal cancer, with positive detection numbers and rates of 179 (15.0%) for breast, 289 (13.9%) for lung, 9 (1.6%) for upper gastrointestinal, 14 (3.5%) for suspected liver, and 67 (7.6%) for colorectal, respectively. Conclusion: The cancer screening status of the cancer screening program in urban areas in Shaanxi province is beneficial for the detection of precancerous lesions and early cancer patients, and improving the early diagnosis and treatment rate of patients, but the public participation rate is not high, and the project management model and technical plan need to be further improved.

Electricity system optimisation based on python model for renewable electricity generation portfolio

100% renewable electricity scenarios have received great attention from industry and policy makers, this is due to its widespread need for technical, economical, and renewable integration action plans. In this research, a python model named WIBSS, is developed and tested for adequacy using sensitivity analysis and then used to simulate the Irish electricity system.In this investigation, the optimal cost was identified with the installed capacities needed for the electricity system for high electricity demand scenario, and the generation portfolios for the electricity system in Ireland is proposed.The electricity system parameters are determined and the levelised cost of electricity is optimised and tabulated. In this investigation, the optimal solution is identified to decrease curtailment and minimize the total cost. Overlay graphs are plotted, and the optimal renewable sources combinations are presented.This research of determining generation portfolios toward 100% renewable electricity systems demonstrates simulations of two different pathways for 2030 scenarios to meet electricity demand in Republic of Ireland. The renewable energy target appeared in the government climate action plan and the authors renewable energy target determined based on the simulation of the python model, with more than doubled photovoltaic installation, a significant reduction in offshore wind, and a substantial integration of battery capacity, the authors renewable energy target performs better than renewable energy target, the levelised cost of electricity were 57.22 €/mWh and 51.11 €/mWh respectively. The least cost pathway is extended to balance between electricity generation and electricity demand in 2040 scenario, and keys target were proposed for generation portfolios.

Penyusunan rencana kontinjensi epidemi penyakit menular disebabkan oleh virus di Kota Banda Aceh [Development of contingency plan for infectious disease epidemics caused by viruses in Banda Aceh City

Contingency Plan for Outbreak/Epidemic Disaster in Banda Aceh City is a document that contains the process of identifying and preparing future plans based on potential disaster conditions. The purpose of making a Contingency Plan document that becomes a reference in the disaster outbreak/epidemic of Infectious Diseases Caused by Viruses in the City of Banda Aceh. Method The preparation process involved all disaster management institutions and actors, both government and non-government. The scope of activities carried out are: Technical Team Meeting, Public Seminar, and Plan Finalization. The results obtained by the issuance of the Banda Aceh Mayor's Regulation for the Contingency Plan for the epidemic of infectious diseases caused by viruses in the city of Banda Aceh which is regulated in a Banda Aceh Mayor's Regulation No. 68 of 2021 concerning the Contingency Plan for the Epidemic of Infectious Diseases Caused by Viruses in the City of Banda Aceh. In conclusion, Banda Aceh City has realized preparedness for the threat of epidemics of diseases caused by viruses by involving multi-sectors. To improve the function and sustainability of the document, data updates and projections of resource needs are needed to support the implementation/activation of the contingency plan that has been prepared.

BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION RECONSTRUCTION DESIGN

In order to create the necessary conditions for life and development of society, the production of various products are organized. The nomenclature and consumer qualities of the produced products are determined by the level of scientific and technical development, economic and social living conditions. For the production of products, houses and buildings are erected, which are equipped with certain means of production. The term of functioning of means of production is due to physical and moral wear and tear of machines and mechanisms. Buildings and structures in, which means production are located and function also age physically and morally, although this aging occurs slower than the means of production.Scientific and technical progress is currently characterized by a faster onset of wear and tear of the nomenclature of manufactured products. In addition, in connection with the changes taking place in society, the nomenclature of manufactured products replaced. The problem of retooling the functioning industry (replacing morally or physically outdated means of production, the emergence of need to produce new types of products) arose before humanity a long time ago.Under reconstruction - the production of works, which carried out according to single project:- with a change in volume-planning decisions;- replacement or strengthening of existing structures;- demolition of existing and construction of new structures related to the operation of technological equipment;- with the replacement of obsolete or physically worn equipment;- with mechanization, production automation, etc. When carrying out the reconstruction of the main production facility, as a rule, significant volumes of work are always performed on auxiliary and service facilities.Reconstruction also includes the construction of new workshops and facilities instead of those, which being liquidated, the further operation of which is deemed impractical due to technical and economic conditions. They can be erected both on free territories and on areas vacated as a result of the liquidation (demolition) of the object.Technical re-equipment is clear as the implementation of a set of measures in accordance with the technical development plan of the enterprise according to projects and estimates for individual objects and types of work (without expanding existing production areas) to raise the technical level of individual areas of production, aggregates, and installations to modern requirements by introducing new equipment and technology, mechanization and automation of production processes, modernization and replacement of obsolete or physically worn equipment with new, more productive ones.Sometimes technical rearmament considered as a type of reconstruction with a relatively small amount of construction and installation work. As it is not difficult to see from the given definitions, new construction and expansion are in fact new construction, while the difference between them is only in the conditions of execution of works. Expansion of construction is carried out in difficult (compressed) conditions. Technical rearmament, as it was emphasized, mainly involves the organization of the dismantling of the old and the installation of new equipment on the existing foundations.In the future, the main attention will be paid to the issues of actual reconstruction, namely:- organization of works related to the strengthening of existing building structures, their replacement with temporary transfer of loads;- replacement of beams and trusses in areas of the covering located in areas difficult to reach for installation cranes;- by increasing the pitch of the columns without disassembly.

Blockchain as a Breakthrough in Technological Innovation: Policy Narratives and Future Imaginaries of China’s Strategies

ABSTRACT This study investigates China’s blockchain strategies through the lens of techno-developmentalism and sociotechnical imaginaries. Discourse analysis on 103 policy documents reveals that China has defined three main storylines of blockchain strategies in terms of usability, legitimacy, and applicability, thereby opening diverse imaginations for policy actors. By constructing a top-down framework for technology adoption, China has integrated blockchain into its established tradition of techno-developmentalism, highlighting the alignment between state-led governance and technological innovation. Furthermore, the appropriation of the blockchain concept by policy actors indicates that blockchain functions both as a technological innovation and a policy tool to promote the interests of specific sectors. These findings provide a reference for technical management and policy planning for various stakeholders in other countries.

Service-Based Periodic Payment Provided/PBBL by the Government of Indonesia to Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road

In 2020, PT Hutama Karya (Persero), a state-owned enterprise mandated by the government to build the Trans Sumatra Toll Road, appointed a private consultant to conduct a feasibility study and for the proposed construction of the Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road. However, due to the low traffic volume in the Jambi Province, the toll road was deemed financially not feasible to be developed. Given the substantial costs required for the development of the Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road, this toll road segment was divided into several sections. Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road is a segment of the primary route of the Trans Sumatra Toll Road, Phase 2, which spans 171 kilometers across the provinces of South Sumatra and Jambi. Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road, which stretches 52 kilometers, is a part of the Betung – Tempino – Jambi Toll Road prioritized for construction and operation. According to Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 131 of 2022, a funding scheme known as Service-Based Periodic Payments/Pembayaran Berkala Berbasis Layanan (PBBL) shall be provided to PT Hutama Karya (Persero) to enhance the financial feasibility and to ensure the funding, technical planning, construction execution, operation, and maintenance of the toll road. This study will analyze and evaluate the financial feasibility of the Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road before and after the implementation of PBBL provided to PT Hutama Karya (Persero) during the estimated duration of toll road concession for 50 years. The duration of the PBBL granted by the Government of Indonesia to PT Hutama Karya (Persero) is 15 years, with an annual payment of 880 billion Rupiah. Based on the financial feasibility analysis without PBBL, the results indicate a negative NPV, an IRR lower than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), a Discounted Payback Period exceeding the toll road concession period, and a Profitability Index below 1, indicating that the project is not yet financially viable. On the other hand, the financial feasibility analysis after PBBL implementation shows a positive NPV, an IRR greater than WACC, a Discounted Payback Period within the toll road concession period, and a Profitability Index above 1, indicating that the project is financially feasible. Therefore, PT Hutama Karya (Persero) shall develop the Bayung Lencir – Tempino – Simpang Ness Toll Road with PBBL scheme that contributed by the Government.

Intended and implemented spatial policy - A ‘fuzzy effect’ case study

The aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of local territorially targeted policy by identifying an implementation gap between intended and implemented development (in a case in Eastern Poland, a ‘post-communist’ transition economy). The systemic conceptual matrix integrates an interplay of intended, actualised and implemented spatial policies with institutional framework in the context of a struggle for control of building development (including communal investment), and threats for public interest. The matrix applies the conformance and performance criteria in analysing the gap. The work identifies the ‘vicious circle’ (implementation gap's mechanisms) of spatial policies and land use planning that leads to an increase in urban sprawl. A ‘deficit’ of public interest consists the key issue of spatial policy that results in ‘fuzzy effect’, which includes scattering of communal investments. Decreasing urban sprawl is not about refining technical land use plans but requires a shift from land use planning to strategic public interest spatial planning.

Data Integration and Data Engineering Techniques

The Keeneland Science Application Partnership (Keeneland SAp) is a National Science Foundation (NSF) funded project in its third year to enable short-term, on-demand, and large-scale computational capability to 21 scientific computing teams involved in computation- and data-intensive projects, for a combined total of 700,000 Service Units (SUs). A unique aspect of the K-SAP is its strong alignment with NSF-supported research and the level of engagement from both the National Institute for Computational Science (NICS) and the Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) that are partners in this K-SAP. This report outlines the technical plan of the K-SAP and discusses the experiences of the first two years. Data Integration is the process that takes data of various shapes and structures, from a wide range of sources and makes them available to users and processes. It is a result of advancements in technology and international regulations that result in large amounts of data being generated every day in various sectors. To gain useful insights from this data, it needs to be accessible, of high quality, relevant to an organization’s objectives, and capable of meeting an ever-increasing regulation and compliance load. Data Engineering is the first step in making data available to stakeholders. Data Engineering involves data integration, transforming the data, and loading the data into a database so the data can be managed by data professionals, business analysts, and data scientists.

Evaluasi Kinerja Konsultan terhadap Manajemen pada Pekerjaan Ruas Jalan Lambaro - Pidie

The development project on the Lambaroe-Pidie national road is expected to be carried out according to plan. This can be realized with the role of a team of Project Management Consultants within the Aceh National Road Implementation Center who carry out construction management including implementation and control in program preparation, technical planning, construction implementation and supervision, quality control, service and supply of materials and equipment. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the factors that determine the effective performance of consultants and evaluate the performance indicators of consultants on management on the Lambaroe-Pidie national road section. The research method is a mixed method, which is a method that combines qualitative and quantitative methods. The sampling technique used is quotas. This research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to the owner, project officer, PT. Citra Diecona, Contractors and Technical Assistance Team (Bantek) with a total of 13 respondents. Questionnaire tests include validity tests and reliability tests. Based on the results of the study, the validity test obtained a value of Rcount > Rtable with a value of 0.552, this indicates that the question item is valid. In the reliability test, a value of 0.694 was obtained, this indicated that the respondents' answers were reliable. Based on the results of the descriptive analysis the initiative variable (X5) has the highest value of 4.692, this explains that the respondents are very satisfied with the consultant's performance on the initiative aspect. The ability to communicate (X2) has the lowest value with a mean value of 4.369. although this variable has the lowest mean, the results of the study show that respondents are satisfied with the consultant's performance on the communication aspect. The evaluation of the consultant's performance on management on the Lambaro - Pidie road section has met the road performance indicators in accordance with the 2017 Public Works Regulations concerning road performance indicators on management on the Lambaro - Pidie National Road section.

Technical planning, control and validation. Quality and effectiveness in public procurement action

This paper recounts the experience of the scientific collaboration agreement of the research group from DiAP, Sapienza University, Rome, with the municipality of Rome’s CSIMU (Coordination of Infrastructure Development and Urban Maintenance) Department to provide technical support in the phase of drawing up the DIP (Technical Project Brief) and of verifying and validating the PFTE (Technical and Economic Feasibility Design) within the Institutional Development Contract programme titled “CIS – Roma Scuole Verdi”. For its articulation of involved parties, complexity of the operative and regulatory framework, and size of interventions, CIS is considered a best practice of inter-institutional partnership and of capitalisation of technical know-how and skills aimed at achieving quality objectives in processes implementing strategic works.

ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN PATH WIDTH REQUIREMENTS IN THE MANUKAN LOR ROAD AREA, SURABAYA CITY

The commercial area on Manukan Lor street is one of the places in the city of Surabaya that currently has quite heavy traffic. The problem in this area is that there is no special pedestrian/pedestrian route available so it can endanger pedestrians, apart from that it can also disrupt the activity of traffic vehicles. The aim of this thesis refers to the formulation of the problem and the existing background, including: Determining the characteristics of pedestrians in the Manukan Lor Street area of Surabaya, determining the width requirements for pedestrian/pedestrian lanes in the Manukan Lor Street area, and to determine the performance results in Manukan Lor road section after and before the sidewalk. Guidelines used in planning pedestrian paths in the area "Sidewalk Planning Guidebook Number.007/T/BNKT/1990 Directorate General of Highways", "Guidebook for Building Construction Materials and Civil Engineering Ministry of PUPR Number.02/SE/M/2018 regarding technical planning of pedestrian facilities", and "Indonesian Road Capacity Guidebook 2023 (PKJI 2023)". The results of the analysis of the required width of the pedestrian path on the Manukan Lor road are 1.5 m wide with the level of service obtained is category A, and includes low-level side obstacles, with an average increase in the degree of saturation (Dj) of 0.026 but still in service level category C with a stable flow the speed can be controlled by traffic. Keywords: Pedestrian Width; Characteristics; Road Performance.

Pemetaan Penggunaan Lahan Dusun Sukamaju Desa Natar Kabupaten Lampung Selatan

Natar Village is located in Natar District, South Lampung Regency which is divided into several hamlets, one of which is Sukamaju Hamlet which is a hamlet that is experiencing rapid development because it is a strategic area where there are several facilities. In recent years, there have been changes in land use in this hamlet, such as the expansion of agricultural land, housing developments, and other activities. To understand and manage land use effectively and sustainably, it is necessary to carry out comprehensive land use mapping. Therefore, the technical team plans to carry out land use mapping activities using Satellite Imagery. This activity aims to carry out land use mapping and understand land use trend patterns in the area. The mapping method used is an on-screen digitized guided classification based on 9 key image interpretations. The results of the service in Sukamaju Hamlet are a 1:3000 scale land use map product consisting of a residential area of 17.76 ha, plantations of 5.35 ha, rice fields of 0.85 ha, and a road length of 10,452.16 m and waters of 2,686.40 m. This of course influences the trend pattern in areas dominated by residential land. This land use map can provide the latest information regarding the development of sustainability areas in Sukamaju Hamlet for village officials and residents.

Gamma Knife Versus Volumetric Arc Modulated Therapy in a Linear Accelerator in Treatment of Multiple Brain Metastasis: Literature Review

This literature review introduces the treatment results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) administered by linear accelerators for patients diagnosed with multiple brain metastases. The present study aimed to compare Gamma Knife radiosurgery with Volumetric Arc Modulated Therapy (VMAT) administered using a linear accelerator for brain metastases and their respective safety profiles and therapeutic results. The review assesses research on treatment precision, local control rates, survival outcomes, radiation necrosis incidence, and post-treatment quality of life. It evaluates technical progress, treatment plans, and physiological effects on brain tissue. Both modalities have the potential for managing brain metastases, with GKRS being beneficial for well-defined lesions and VMAT being a flexible and efficient option for larger or irregular-shaped metastases. The study highlights the unique benefits of each therapy for different types of brain metastases. GKRS and VMAT are effective treatments for brain metastases, using concentrated radiation for localised lesions and advanced imaging techniques for intricate or expanded regions. GKRS offers precise interventions with minimal invasiveness, suitable for patients with lower metastatic burdens or suboptimal surgical tolerance. Both therapies show similar effectiveness in local control and survival but may be better suited for specific patient needs and lesion characteristics

THE EFFECT OF LOCAL REVENUE COLLECTION ON IMPLEMENTATION OF UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION IN KIBOGA DISTRICT. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Background: The study intended to investigate the effect of local revenue collection on the implementation of universal primary education in Kiboga district. Methodology: The study targeted a population of 71 respondents comprising of 6 district Technical Planning Committee Members, 5 Sub-county Executive Committee members, 6 Sub-county Technical Planning Committee Members, 6 head teachers, and 48 School Management Committee Members. Simple random sampling was used to select School Management Committee Members who were the main respondents. The analysis was conducted in SPSS. Results: In the study it was found that the majority of the respondents represented by 62% were male respondents whereas 38% of the respondents were found to be females with ages ranging from 20 years and above the study was carried out on a 5 Likert scale where 4.47 strongly agreed that schools do budgeting and 4.65 also agreed that schools constitute finance committees, 4.31 strongly agreed that school finance committees are fully functional 2.45 disagreed that budgeting in schools is participatory, 4.01agreed that schools implement budgets,4.39 strongly agreed that that school budgets are monitored in schools, and finally 4.21 agreed that schools evaluate budget performance. This totals an average mean of 4.10 strongly agreeing to the study. Conclusion: The study revealed that sub-counties in their local revenue budgets don’t cater to schools at all. Recommendation: District and sub-county councils should consider allocating local revenue to schools to supplement the capitation grant which is always inadequate to meet the school needs. This will help to solve the problem of lack of pupils’ lunch that has led to defying the UPE policy and presidential directive which criminalizes collection of any fee from parents.

Establishing European design rules for re‐used steel components

AbstractIn the construction industry, re‐use of components has the potential to play a crucial role in reducing CO2 emissions. The direct re‐use of components is particularly suitable for steel structures because they have a high degree of prefabrication and can be dismantled with a minimum of deterioration. However, for structural applications of re‐used components, there is the need for establishing concepts and rules for evaluation, reclaiming, stockage, placing on the market, structural design and installation. Safety assessment and design of re‐used steel components will be essential for creating a system that fosters the re‐use in the construction market. Against this background, and in order to promote the re‐use of steel components as one of the key measures to reduce carbon emissions of the European construction sector and its contribution to achieving the climate goals, the article outlines key aspects for confidently designing re‐used steel components according to Eurocode 3. This includes defining the scope and implementing a technical action plan.

Impact of Stressors/Stress on Organizational Commitment of Engineers in the Construction Industry

Impact of Stressors/Stress on Organizational Commitment of Engineers in the Construction Industry

Instrumental Role of the Technical Assistance Program on Human Settlements Planning (TAP-HSP) in Local Development Planning in the Philippines

Local development planning remains a challenge for municipalities and cities in the Philippines due to the lack of personnel with technical planning capacities and poor database management systems amplified by the recent devolution policy and the COVID-19 pandemic. The need to address these gaps has given birth to the Technical Assistance Program on Human Settlements Planning (TAP-HSP) as a public service and extension program of the College of Human Ecology, University of the Philippines Los Baños. TAP-HSP provides capacity building and technical assistance to various planning institutions in the country and aims to make cities and communities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable. This paper explores the history, milestones, components and modalities of TAP-HSP, emphasizing its instrumental role in local development planning in the country. TAP-HSP offers different modalities and planning arrangements through its three components: Capacity Development for Planners, Practice of Profession, and Model Community/City for Sustainability and Resilience. Over the years, the demand for TAP-HSP services has remarkably grown that it has played instrumental roles in empowering local planners, molding future planners, bridging planning theories to practice, championing evidence-based, participatory, and inclusive planning, being a key partner for local development, and advocating for liveable cities and communities in local development planning. TAP-HSP’s relevance shall continue progressing with its sustained excellent program ratings and growing network of LGU partners, positioning it as a key player in local and national development and a promoter of inclusive and sustainable communities.

Organic Wastewater-Grey Water Management In The Residential Area

Grey Water wastewater in residential areas near Gisik Cemandi river has a COD value range of 146 – 516 Mg / L and the BOD value is in the range of 76 – 280 Mg / L. While Gisik Cemandi River is included in Class III rivers with COD values of 22 – 31 Mg / L. For the water quality of the Gisik Cemandi river to be maintained and not go down, the residential area must have structured Grey Water wastewater management. The management needed is technical, institutional, and financial management. Technical management planning is carried out by providing recommendations so that residential area has management activities in the form of maintenance and repair by adjusting the available facilities and infrastructure. In addition, a Wastewater Treatment Plant is needed that is used for biological treatment because the BOD/COD ratio of Residential Grey Water is 0.528 or biodegradable. Biological processing of gray water can utilize plants as BOD and COD reducers. In carrying out technical management, it is necessary to have institutional management as a monitoring role between implementers and citizens. The recommendation of institutional management is to be able to follow the institutional practical guidance of the Ministry of Public Works. All technical and institutional management activities require financial management as capital in every implementation of Grey Water organic wastewater management in residential areas. Financial management calculations must be adjusted to regional regulations and calculated for the next few years by considering the value of inflation.

Governance of noncommunicable diseases in Afghanistan.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)arethe main reasons of mortality worldwide. One of every two person is dying due to NCDs in Afghanistan. International policy actors, mainly the World Health Organization (WHO), published several reports and declarations on controlling and preventing NCDs. This study aimed to provide a situation for governance of NCDs in Afghanistan and proper solutions for identified challenges. We conducted qualitative research utilizing interpretive phenomenology. A self-developed questionnaire was developed to conduct the semi-structured interviews with 39 experts fromAfghanistan. The results were analyzed using a deductive framework analysis. Six building block framework of health system developed by theWHO was used as predefined framework for this study. The governance building block of health system consists of five subthemes including policy making, planning, organizing, stewardship, and control. We identified main strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and challenges for these subthemes. The experts also provided key recommendations to address the challenges. Management of NCDs is a neglected part of the health system in Afghanistan. Strengthening evidence-based policy making with technical and indigenous planning, establishing responsive units with adequate financial and human resources within different ministries to address "health in all policies" concept, passing and implementing national laws and regulations to support national strategies for prevention and control of NCDs, and establishing decentralized monitoring systems to control the implementation of these strategies are the main recommendations of this study. Local government and international policy actors should invest and support the development of a multisectoral coordination system at national level for Afghanistan.