Technical Parameters Research Articles

Techno-economic microgrid design optimization considering fuel procurement cost and battery energy storage system lifetime analysis

The importance of microgrids (MGs) lies in their capacity to enhance energy reliability, integrate renewable resources, and bolster resilience, yet their optimal design and sizing pose intricate challenges in balancing investment and operational cost while dispatching the MG equipment efficiently. This paper presents the optimal MG design problem formulated as an integer linear program (ILP) aimed at minimizing total investment and operational cost of MG as well as optimal hourly dispatch of MG asset over the project lifetime. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of the fuel procurement cost and the impact of ESS technical parameters, such as depth of discharge (Dod), ESS lifetime, and battery C-rate, on the optimal MG design, ESS lifetime and relevant costs is presented in this work for a MG operating in islanded and grid-connected modes. The simulation results demonstrate that the optimal design of a MG with the maximum load demand of 300 kW operating in the grid-connected mode can save about 28 k$ equivalent to 14% in total annual cost compared with the islanded mode operation thanks to the flexibility provided by the utility purchases and efficient MG equipment sizing. This study’s unique contributions provide significant insights into the practical implications of MG design optimization, potentially influencing regulatory policies and business strategies.

ВЫБОР ОПТИМАЛЬНОЙ МОДЕЛИ ВОЗДУШНОГО КОМПРЕССОРА ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ В ПОДРАЗДЕЛЕНИЯХ МЧС РОССИИ МЕТОДОМ ЭКСПЕРТНОЙ ОЦЕНКИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ

For smooth operation, as well as effective and safe maintenance and repair of fire trucks, air compressors are used in fire and rescue units of the federal fire service of the State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia. The air piston compressor allows you to create the necessary air flow pressure for the operation of the pneumatic tool. Therefore, an urgent issue is the choice of a compressor model with optimal parameters. The paper evaluates the technical parameters of compressors by the method of expert evaluation. Based on the results of the assessment, the most significant parameters affecting the reliability and efficiency of the compressor were determined, and optimal models of reciprocating compressors for staffing maintenance posts of fire and rescue units and repair and technical centers were proposed.

Optimizing the Tensile Strength of Weld Lines in Glass Fiber Composite Injection Molding.

Weld line defects, commonly occurring during the plastic product manufacturing process, are caused by the merging of two opposing streams of molten plastic. The presence of weld lines harms the product's aesthetic appeal and durability. This study uses artificial neural networks to forecast the ultimate tensile strength of a PA6 composite incorporating 30% glass fibers (GFs). Data were collected from tensile strength tests and the technical parameters of injection molding. The packing pressure factor is the one that significantly affects the tensile strength value. The melt temperature has a significant impact on the product's strength as well. In contrast, the filling time factor has less impact than other factors. According to the scanning electron microscope result, the smooth fracture surface indicates the weld line area's high brittleness. Fiber bridging across the weld line area is evident in numerous fractured GF pieces on the fracture surface, which enhances this area. Tensile strength values vary based on the injection parameters, from 65.51 MPa to 73.19 MPa. In addition, the experimental data comprise the outcomes of the artificial neural networks (ANNs), with the maximum relative variation being only 4.63%. The results could improve the PA6 reinforced with 30% GF injection molding procedure with weld lines. In further research, mold temperature improvement should be considered an exemplary method for enhancing the weld line strength.

Assessing the Consequences of Smoking Tobacco Products with Consideration of the Forced Oscillation Technique.

BACKGROUND The effects of cigarette smoking on the health of active smokers and passive smokers have long been known, in contrast to the effects of alternative forms of nicotine intake that are gaining popularity. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of smoking traditional cigarettes and alternative forms of nicotine intake on the functional state of the respiratory system of smokers and non-smokers. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study participants (n=60) were divided into 3 groups: non-smokers (control group), cigarette smokers, and nicotine alternative users. Respiratory function testing (spirometry), forced oscillation technique, and measurement of respiratory muscle strength (PImax, PEmax) were performed. All of the above respiratory function tests were performed in accordance with European Respiratory Society and American Thoracic Society recommendations. RESULTS Smokers and those using alternative forms of nicotine intake had significantly higher values, including resistance at 5 Hz% and 11 Hz%, among others. CONCLUSIONS Smokers and users of alternative forms of nicotine are characterized by reduced flow through the small bronchioles, as evidenced by a reduction in maximal expiratory flow at 25% of vital capacity. Smokers and users of alternative forms of nicotine have higher resistance values at the height of small and medium bronchioles. Assessment method of technical forced oscillation parameters is simple to perform to detect early airway changes and is an important element in the early diagnosis of changes in smokers. The correlation analysis showed a significant correlation between age of smoking initiation/use of alternative forms of nicotine and changes in mid bronchial resistance.

Exploitation of Mineral Resources in Conditions of Volatile Energy Prices: Technical and Economic Analysis of Low-Quality Deposits

In mining projects and production operations, energy carrier costs (fuel, electricity) constitute the primary component of variable costs. This study outlines a methodology for projecting operating costs in a surface mine or quarry in order to find the optimal configuration of mining equipment to extract low-grade secondary deposits, taking into account volatile energy prices. For illustration, the operating costs of five variants of mining equipment deployed to mine low-grade products were analysed, with the price of energy and fuels being the key cost component and the main risk factor. There were differences between the initial investment outlays and operating costs involved in all analysed variants, whilst the starting point for estimating the technical and economic parameters involved in the respective solutions was the predefined configuration of the mining equipment. Further, the decision to commence or discontinue mining operations could be supported by the simulation procedure based on the economic model. The results provided valuable insights into the cost-effectiveness of low-grade deposit extraction scenarios, depending on the projected unit costs of fuels and energy.

Impact and Technical Solutions of Hydrodynamic and Thermodynamic Processes in Liquefied Natural Gas Regasification Process

Transporting natural gas in liquid form increases opportunities for storage and export worldwide, thus making transportation more sustainable. However, liquefied natural gas (LNG) is in an unsteady state, leading to LNG conversion to the gas state occurring throughout the storage, loading, unloading, and transportation processes. To observe the transition of LNG to natural gas, mathematical models are developed to monitor technical parameters. This research analyses a floating storage and regasification unit for and adopts a mathematical model of the LNG regasification system, aiming for improved observation of hydrodynamic, dynamic, and thermo-physical properties. The complex mathematical model of the system was implemented using the Fortran programming language and MATLAB R28a. From the investigation of the total LNG regasification system, it could be concluded that increasing the outlet pressure of the system results in a decrease in the velocity of LNG. It was found that the total hydraulic energy losses of the total LNG regasification system were approximately 41.3 kW (with outlet pressure of 2 MPa), 12.75 kW (with outlet pressure of 5 MPa), and 4.24 kW (with outlet pressure of 7 MPa).

Influence of Covariates on 18F-FDG PET/CT Diagnostic Accuracy for Liver Metastasis.

(1) Background: 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnostic accuracy for liver metastasis (LM) could be influenced by technical parameters, lesion size, and the patient's covariates. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate these covariates' impact on PET/CT sensitivity. (2) Methods: Consecutive patients with suspected LMs who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scans were included. PET/CT scans were interpreted visually. The reference standard integrated histopathological and imaging follow-up. Logistic regression modeling and average marginal predictions were used to calculate per-lesion diagnostic performance measures with cluster robust 95% confidence intervals and to assess the covariates' impact on PET/CT sensitivity. (3) Results: We included 192 patients with 330 lesions. 18F-FDG PET/CT exhibited a per-lesion sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 86%, 79%, 91%, and 69%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, TOF PET/CT exhibited a higher sensitivity than non-TOF PET/CT (91% vs. 78%, p = 0.02). Sensitivity was reduced for lesions < 10 mm compared to larger lesions (56% vs. 93%, p < 0.001). A 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI led to an average 5% sensitivity reduction (p < 0.001). Age, sex, blood glucose level below 11 mmol/L, and liver density did not significantly impact sensitivity (p > 0.05). (4) Conclusions: 18F-FDG PET/CT sensitivity might be reduced with non-TOF PET, lesions < 10 mm, and higher BMI.

Giant photoelectric energy conversion via a 3C-SiC Nano-Thin film double heterojunction

Enhancing the energy conversion efficiency is utmost important in renewable energy and self-powered optoelectronic sensing applications. In this study, we propose the concept of a p-3C-SiC nano-thin film/p-Si/n-Si double junction (DJ) structure, which exhibits a massive photoelectric energy conversion efficiency and ultra-high sensitivity of optoelectronic sensors. The optoelectronic characteristics of this DJ heterostructure are compared to those of a p-3C-SiC/n-Si single-junction (SJ) heterostructure, which shares similarities in all technical and material parameters, except for the inclusion of the middle p-Si layer in the DJ structure. The experimental results reveal that the lateral photocurrent, sensitivity, theoretical power and maximum power of the DJ structure are more than 100 times (i.e. over 10,000%) greater than those of the SJ structure. We then demonstrated these excellent features of DJ heterostructure through developing of a self-powered position sensitive sensor, which showed an ultrahigh sensitivity. The enormous enhancement in the performance has been elucidated through the efficient photogeneration of charge carriers, electron-hole pair splitting, and the improved charge carrier transport mechanisms in the double heterojunction. This research represents a notable breakthrough in ultra-sensitive optoelectronic sensors and photoenergy conversion, since the proposed concept and theoretical model can be extended to multiple junctions of various semiconductor materials.

Вимоги до вибору значень параметрів радарів із синтезованою апертурою на базі малих космічних апаратів дистанційного зондування Землі

Present-day small satellites for Earth remote sensing have found wide practical application in solving different problems in the socio-economic and defense areas. The use of small satellites is justified as a basis for the formation both of large constellations and constellations of several spacecraft or single spacecraft with the aim to reduce the cost of Earth remote sensing information. The miniaturization of electron components and the latest technological advances have made radar systems compatible with small satellites. The goal of this paper is to present, based on small satellites, expressions for calculating the key parameters of radar systems and their analysis and to calculate possible values of the parameters considered. Possibilities in principle of using synthetic aperture radars (SARs) are considered. The paper presents an overview of Internet sources that give broad information on the recent trends, technologies, and use SAR-equipped satellites. Particular attention is paid to the development of mini- and microspacecraft with X-band SARs operating, in particular, in the stripmap and spotlight modes. The key parameters that have an effect on the SAR possibility of producing high-quality images are presented. By the example of the ICEYE constellation of small satellites, important technical characteristics and parameters of modern radar systems equipped with an active phased array antenna are presented. A model of SAR imaging in the stripmap mode is considered. In the approximation of a rectangular antenna aperture, expressions are given to estimate the slant and the horizontal range resolution and the azimuthal resolution. The available range of the small-satellite SAR pulse repetition frequency is estimated. Relationships between the maximum swath width and the minimum SAR pulse repetition frequency are presented. Expressions are given to estimate the antenna dimensions, the SAR sensitivity, and the signal-to-noise ratio. The presented expressions allow one to analyze the effect of the main technical characteristics and parameters of minisatellite SARs on the design and power characteristics of small satellites and the orbit parameters. The obtained results make it possible to develop recommendations on the design of imaging equipment for home low-orbit satellites and their constellations.

Comparative Analysis of BEST Buses and Electric Buses in India

An overwhelming trend that marks the beginning of the transportation sector’s energy transition is the electrification of public transportation. The public sector’s considerable influence and predominance of public ownership define the transportation industry. Consequently, tendering processes Are frequently used to determine which bus delivery options are the most efficient. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the Polish bus market and in-depth interviews with individual vendors, this paper compares, assesses, and delineates the distinctions between the criteria applied in tenders for battery electric buses and diesel buses. The article additionally endeavors to ascertain whether the proportion of the vehicle price in the life cycle cost or total cost of ownership aligns with the weight assigned to the “vehicle price” criterion. The outcomes show There isn't a noticeable distinction between diesel and battery electric buses' tender requirements. Institutions that had previously created diesel bus acquisition patterns applied those patterns, for the most part, to battery electric bus tenders. As a result, the weights assigned to the criteria in tenders do not account for the benefits and drawbacks of either technology. Procedures for tendering are modified to meet regional needs and operational specifications. On current routes and schedules, electric buses frequently take the place of conventionally powered vehicles. Operational requirements are therefore known. This makes it possible to calculate the required number of vehicles as well as the fundamental technical and operational parameters (such as choosing the best charging technique and battery capacity). The charging strategy will therefore have an impact on the overall cost of ownership Opportunity charging is preferred for longer mileages, and overnight charging is preferred for shorter assignments.The electrification of public transportation is a massive trend that represents the first stage of the energy transition of the transportation sector. The transportation industry is defined by the significant influence of the public sector and the prevalence of public ownership. As such, tendering proceduresare widely employed to identify the most effective bus delivery options. This paper compares, evaluates, and discusses the differences between the specifications used in tenders for battery electric buses and diesel buses. It is based on a thorough examination of the Polish bus market and indepth interviews with specific vendors. The piece also aims to determine whether the percentage of the car price in the life cycle cost or overall cost of ownership is consistent with the importance given to the "vehicle price" factor. The results reveal no appreciable.

A compositional numerical study of vapor–liquid-adsorbed three-phase equilibrium calculation in a hydraulically fractured shale oil reservoir

The development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage technologies has notably advanced CO2-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in shale oil reservoirs, which are characterized by abundant nanopores. These nanopores induce unique phase behaviors in hydrocarbons, challenging traditional phase equilibrium calculation methods. This paper presents a novel three-phase thermodynamic model (vapor–liquid-adsorbed three-phase equilibrium calculation) that addresses these challenges by considering the nanopore capillary pressure, critical parameter transitions, and material exchange between the adsorbed and bulk phases. Grounded in the multicomponent Langmuir–Freundlich adsorption equation and the Peng Robinson equation of state, this model is integrated into the MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox using an embedded discrete fracture model framework, enabling detailed study of CO2 and hydrocarbon phase behaviors within shale oil nanopores. The results reveal that there are significant nano-constrained effects on multicomponent fluid phase behavior, particularly in pores smaller than 20 nm, leading to notable changes in bubble and dew point pressures, as well as critical condensation pressures and temperatures. CO2 injection further complicates the system, enhancing interactions and expanding the coexistence region of the liquid and gas phases on the pressure–temperature diagram, especially across varying pore sizes. Optimization research on CO2 huff and puff technical parameters for shale oil reservoirs suggests the following optimal settings: a CO2 injection rate of 100 t/day, a shut-in time of 30 days, and six huff and puff cycles. The results of this study offer critical insights into CO2-EOR mechanisms in shale oil reservoirs and emphasize the importance of nanopore properties in EOR.

Preliminary Exploration of the Biophysical Mechanisms of Pulsed Magnetic Field- Induced Cell Permeabilization.

Pulsed magnetic field treatment can enhance cell membrane permeability, allowing large molecular substances that normally cannot pass through the cell membrane to enter the cell. This research holds significant prospects for biomedical applications. However, the mechanism underlying pulsed magnetic field-induced cell permeabilization remains unclear, impeding further progress in research related to pulsed magnetic field. Currently, hypotheses about the mechanism are struggling to explain experimental results. Therefore, this study developed a parameter-adjustable pulsed magnetic field generator and designed experiments. Starting from the widely accepted hypothesis of "induced electric fields by pulsed magnetic field," we conducted a preliminary exploration of the biophysical mechanisms underlying pulsed magnetic field-induced cell permeabilization. Finally, we have arrived at an intriguing conclusion: under the current technical parameters, the impact of the pulsed magnetic field itself is the primary factor influencing changes in cell membrane permeability, rather than the induced electric field. This conclusion holds significant implications for understanding the biophysical mechanisms behind pulsed magnetic field therapy and its potential biomedical applications.

Enhancing dairy cow population through decreasing calf mortality and increasing calving rate in Indonesia: a system dynamics approach

Abstract The dairy industry in Indonesia is facing significant challenges due to the rates of calf mortality and low calving rates. Calf mortality and calving rate became critical factors that influence the sustainability of the dairy cow population. This study aimed to assess reproduction management by decreasing calf mortality and increasing calving rates to enhance the dairy cow population in Indonesia. This study employed secondary data in 2022 using technical parameter coefficients from previous research. A causal loop diagram and a simulation model using a system dynamics approach were developed to investigate the dynamics of the dairy cow population under different scenarios of calf mortality and calving rates from 2023 to 2030. The results showed that decreasing calf mortality by 2% may increase dairy cow population by 1,991 head/year (0.31%), heifer population by 417 head/year (0.63%), and adult female dairy cattle population by 389 head/year (0.09%). The finding of this study also showed that increasing calving rate by 5% may increase dairy cow population by 17,854 head/year (2.75%), heifer population by 3,698 head/year (5.56%), and adult female dairy cattle population by 2,137 head/year (0.51%). It is concluded that reducing calf mortality rates and improving calving rates should be prioritized to enhance the dairy cow population in Indonesia.

Integrated Model for Predicting Demand of Supersonic Transports Under Low-Boom Constraint

Commercial supersonic aircraft could return between 2035 and 2040 due to the desire for fast travel and advancements in technology that could reduce the cost of supersonic transport. Nevertheless, several challenges remain to make supersonic travel a reality. This paper presents an integrated model that ties the aircraft preliminary design process, the economics of aircraft development and operations, and passenger preferences to estimate worldwide demand for subsonic overland, Mach cutoff, and low-boom aircraft design concepts. This comprehensive and iterative methodology takes into account the uncertainty of market demand for supersonic travel and the complexities of supersonic network operations. Based on the study of four conceptual supersonic designs, we found that low-boom aircraft could attract 28% more demand worldwide compared to an optimized Mach cutoff design because of the additional time-saving benefits on overland routes. The results of this work offer valuable guidance to aircraft designers by explicitly tying the technical parameters of a design and the potential market demand. In addition, the integrated model developed may streamline the initial design development cycle by quantifying fleet size as part of an integrated modeling process.

Performance and modeling of freezing crystallization in desalination: Heat transfer and impurities flow

This work applies the freezing crystallization in the desalination and establishes the theoretical models with experiments, to correlate the technical parameters with product properties. We first establish the heat flow models to simulate the 3-dimensional spatiotemporal temperature distribution and deduce the two heat flows through the ice layer, in which the latent heat from the phase transition plays a dominant role in heat transfer. Next, mass transfer and boundary layer models are proposed to evaluate the desalination efficiency and demonstrate the roles of kinetic and thermodynamic factors on the impurity migration. Later, three process optimization strategies, including cooling rate regulation, air bubble-assisted, and crystal seed-induced techniques, are imported to enhance the separation efficiency. At last, sweating is incorporated to reach the secondary purification effect, in which the desalination ratio under the optimal trajectory exceeds 83 %. The established sweating models accurately predict the product properties with time and can trace the impurities flow from the ice layer and adherent inclusion. The inclusion occupies a major discharged melt at the initial sweating stage, but more ice layer begins to melt and enter into the sweating liquid, confirming that a slight increase in product purity accompanies the huge yield loss.

Algorithm for measuring parameters of radio link of an unmanned aircraft in fpv mode of the centimeter frequency range

The mass use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the mode of remote control "from the first person" (First Person View, FPV) in combat operations radically changes the picture of modern war. Their use makes it possible to damage or destroy enemy equipment, the cost of which is hundreds of times higher than the cost of UAVs. To successfully perform the UAV flight mission in FPV mode, it is necessary to ensure stable radio communication of the UAV with the ground control station (GSC). In the work to organize a radio line between the GSC and the UAV, it is proposed to use radio lines of the centimeter frequency range. At the same time, at the stage of flight mission planning, the UAV operator needs to have information about the parameters of the receiving and transmitting devices of the unmanned aerial vehicle complex (UAVС) in order to calculate the maximum flight range. The purpose of the work is to develop an algorithm for measuring parameters of the radio link of an unmanned aerial vehicle in the FPV mode of the centimeter frequency range. The use of this information will allow the UAVC operator to create a flight map and prepare for a combat mission. The material presented in the article contains practical value for UAV operators and can be used in the organization and planning of the flight mission of multi-rotor UAVs of the tactical level at a given distance. Also, the material can be used by UAV service units for the purpose of checking the technical parameters of the radio link between the UAV and GSC and the optical systems installed on board the UAV (video cameras, thermal imaging cameras, etc.).

Resilient enhancements of routing protocols in MANET

Resilient of routing processes is one of the biggest challenges for data transmission in mobile networks without infrastructure. Communication under current routing protocols is through a communication path that, although the shortest, may not perform satisfactorily in terms of resilient. Routing and communication within such a path may take place using nodes that are malicious or inappropriate in the communication process due to malicious or poor technical state. This paper presents a new algorithm for various uses of mobile ad hoc networks not only in edge networks with infrastructure but also with the possibility of being used in the cloud solutions. We have modified decentralized blockchain technology and artificial intelligence using deep learning methods that have been implemented in routing processes. The objective of this algorithm was to select the most resilient communication path from the source to the destination node. Such a communication path selection consisted of selecting the nodes that were most suitable in terms of resilience, where the selection nodes was provided through a network and technical parameters. The key quality of service metrics, throughput, total delay, number of delivered signaling and data packets and the ratio between them were used to evaluate the proposed resilient routing algorithm. Modified resilient routing protocols achieved improvement in all the analyzed parameters compared to the original routing protocols. The improvement in these parameters led to an increase in the resilience of the routing process based on the actual data obtained from each node in the network and previous communications.

Environmental sustainability of closed-loop regeneration of NaHCO3 in CO2 utilization-driven desulfurization ash: From the perspective of integrated hybrid life cycle assessment

The closed-loop regeneration of NaHCO3 by treating sodium-based desulfurization ash (SDA) using CO2 in flue gas and ammonia by-products demonstrates an attractive perspective of low-cost sodium-based dry desulfurization (SDD) application. To push generation reuse of desulfurization ash into more practices, taking the application in coking plants as a case, this study first compares the environmental and economic performance of four scenarios of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) and desulfurization ash disposal by integrated hybrid life cycle assessment (IHLCA) with life cycle costing. Compared with process-based LCA, IHLCA captures more environmental impacts through the economic input-output (EIO) system, especially 36.40–67.89% of terrestrial ecotoxicity comes from the EIO system. Based on evaluation results of four scenarios, among the ten environmental impact categories (excluding photochemical oxidation), the SDD scenario with NaHCO3 regeneration by CO2 and ammonia (S2) is not only the most environmentally friendly route, but also has the lowest total hourly operating cost. These are mainly due to the offsetting effect of by-products replacing traditional chemicals on the total impact and avoiding landfill and raw material transportation. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis also shows that when technical parameters change, the environmental and economic performance of S2 still remains the best, except for the case when the NaHCO3 regeneration rate is 60%. The findings will be valuable for the selection and optimization of FGD in coking plants, incineration plants, and others.

Study of an innovative optimisation method for repair and renewal of production wells in the central section of the Mynkuduk field

ABSTRACT This study was aimed at identifying geological, geochemical, geotechnical and technical factors affecting the efficiency of repair and renewal of the Central section of the Mynkuduk field. The study included data collection on the technical parameters of the wells, including their design, filter sizes, as well as geological and hydrogeological features of the field. An analysis of the relationships between technical well parameters, geological factors and repair and renewal efficiency was carried out. The methods of operation efficiency assessment and their compliance with the actual results were also analysed. The study revealed that the mode of operation of technological wells depends on many factors, including both objective and subjective. One of them is the consideration of geological features such as well designs and rock composition. The study revealed that the methodology used at the mine is flawed due to the use of wells with different operating periods to estimate average values. The results emphasise the importance of an integrated approach to repair and renewal work on process wells in uranium deposits, considering their different characteristics. This will optimise the operation processes, minimise the risks of emergencies and increase the efficiency of uranium production.

A novel approach for techno-economic reliability oriented planning and assessment of droop-control technique for DG allocation in islanded power distribution systems

An effective planning strategy for deploying distributed generators (DGs) provides economic advantages through optimal net present cost (NPC), improved technical performance, enhanced voltage profile, and minimized line losses. Nevertheless, technical performance varies based on the control techniques implemented for power regulation in DGs. Therefore, it is crucial to incorporate DG control strategies for efficient and robust power distribution system planning. This study discusses a novel approach for techno-economic reliability-oriented planning in an IEEE-33 bus droop-controlled islanded power distribution system. The presented study evaluates the influence of incorporating control techniques on the sizing and placement of DGs along with the technical, economic and reliability parameters. The problem formulated for optimal DG allocation aims to achieve the optimum NPC, minimize line losses, improve system reliability, and ensure voltage and frequency agreement with IEEE std 1547™-2018. The problem formulation is structured as a multi-objective problem and is solved using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique to achieve optimal bus location and size for DG installation. The study reveals that considering the control strategy helps in achieving efficient and reliable planning structure.