Technical Functionality Research Articles

Production of Milk Phospholipid-Enriched Dairy Ingredients

Milk phospholipids (MPLs) have been used as ingredients for food fortification, such as bakery products, yogurt, and infant formula, because of their technical and nutritional functionalities. Starting from either buttermilk or beta serum as the original source, this review assessed four typical extraction processes and estimated that the life-cycle carbon footprints (CFs) of MPLs were 87.40, 170.59, 159.07, and 101.05 kg CO2/kg MPLs for membrane separation process, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) by CO2 and dimethyl ether (DME), SFE by DME, and organic solvent extraction, respectively. Regardless of the MPL content of the final products, membrane separation remains the most efficient way to concentrate MPLs, yielding an 11.1–20.0% dry matter purity. Both SFE and solvent extraction processes are effective at purifying MPLs to relatively higher purity (76.8–88.0% w/w).

A Communication Infrastructure for the Health and Social Care Internet of Things: Proof-of-Concept Study.

BackgroundIncreasing life expectancy and reducing birth rates indicate that the world population is becoming older, with many challenges related to quality of life for old and fragile people, as well as their informal caregivers. In the last few years, novel information and communication technology techniques generally known as the Internet of Things (IoT) have been developed, and they are centered around the provision of computation and communication capabilities to objects. The IoT may provide older people with devices that enable their functional independence in daily life by either extending their own capacity or facilitating the efforts of their caregivers. LoRa is a proprietary wireless transmission protocol optimized for long-range, low-power, low–data-rate applications. LoRaWAN is an open stack built upon LoRa.ObjectiveThis paper describes an infrastructure designed and experimentally developed to support IoT deployment in a health care setup, and the management of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia has been chosen for a proof-of-concept study. The peculiarity of the proposed approach is that it is based on the LoRaWAN protocol stack, which exploits unlicensed frequencies and allows for the use of very low-power radio devices, making it a rational choice for IoT communication.MethodsA complete LoRaWAN-based infrastructure was designed, with features partly decided in agreement with caregivers, including outdoor patient tracking to control wandering; fall recognition; and capability of collecting data for further clinical studies. Further features suggested by caregivers were night motion surveillance and indoor tracking for large residential structures. Implementation involved a prototype node with tracking and fall recognition capabilities, a middle layer based on an existing network server, and a Web application for overall management of patients and caregivers. Tests were performed to investigate indoor and outdoor capabilities in a real-world setting and study the applicability of LoRaWAN in health and social care scenarios.ResultsThree experiments were carried out. One aimed to test the technical functionality of the infrastructure, another assessed indoor features, and the last assessed outdoor features. The only critical issue was fall recognition, because a slip was not always easy to recognize.ConclusionsThe project allowed the identification of some advantages and restrictions of the LoRaWAN technology when applied to the health and social care sectors. Free installation allows the development of services that reach ranges comparable to those available with cellular telephony, but without running costs like telephony fees. However, there are technological limitations, which restrict the scenarios in which LoRaWAN is applicable, although there is room for many applications. We believe that setting up low-weight infrastructure and carefully determining whether applications can be concretely implemented within LoRaWAN limits might help in optimizing community care activities while not adding much burden and cost in information technology management.

Shear force measurement of actuated, gecko-inspired adhesion elements with hierarchical polydimethylsiloxane pattern

The transfer of systems from nature to technical schemes is still a challenge as the fabrication of such complex systems in a cost efficient way while keeping the intended technical functionality requires appropriate materials and fabrication techniques. Here the multi-scale hierarchy of the gecko foot was transferred into membrane-actuated gecko-inspired adhesion elements (AE) to study the adhesion to surfaces. Therefore, a three level hierarchical polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) structure comprising a membrane for actuating and the micron-patterned AE were mould from a microtechnical fabricated master into PDMS by thermal and UV curing. The micron-patterned AE consist of dot or line micron patterns on top of cuboid posts with 15 µm height that representing the second hierarchical level. For master fabrication lithographic masking, wet and dry etching as well as SU8 3D lithography was applied.The adhesion of such AE on smooth, rough and chemically modified glass surfaces was measured by determining the shear force for several different AE designs and PDMS materials. A slip of the micron sized PDMS AEs at the adhesion test sample surface was measured. This slip of the PDMS elements being in contact to the surface can enhance the accepted shear force and the measured anisotropy of the shear force for linear AEs. The results found can contribute to the optimization of PDMS AE for technical surfaces with chemically and topographically inhomogeneous properties.

Changes of amino acid composition and protein technical functionality of edible insects by extracting steps

Abstract Interest in edible insects is increasing with increase population and food demand, and research on their applications is underway. Quality changes of protein during extraction from edible insects are crucial for food application. Therefore, we investigated the amino acid composition and protein technical functionality extracted from three different edible insects (Tenebrio molitor, Allomyrina dichotoma, Protaetia brevitarsis). Three steps used for protein extraction were: grounding, de-fatting, and extraction. Essential amino acid index was increased undergone protein extraction steps. Allomyrina dichotoma had the best value at all steps and Protaetia brevitarsis was followed. The pH values of the extract increased with each step except for Tenebrio molitor. Further, lightness, redness, and yellowness decreased generally. Protein molecular weight differed according to species and Protaetia brevitarsis had the widest protein bands after extracting. Through extraction steps, foam capacity and stability were improved and emulsion capacity and stability did not improve dramatically. In conclusion, Protaetia brevitarsis was the most suitable edible insect to use for protein sources and protein extraction can be useful way to improve protein technical functionality of edible insects.

Patients' Experiences With a Digital Primary Health Care Concept Using Written Dialogues: A Pilot Study.

Background: The changing health care environment promotes the adoption of new information technologies to connect patients and health care providers. However, individuals greatly vary in their ability to use new digital systems, and in their feelings regarding integrity and validation. Caregivers in southern Sweden plan to implement a new digital primary health care (DPHC) service, and patients’ experiences must be studied to guide the best possible implementation of this service. Purpose: To examine the patients’ experiences with DPHC using written dialogues. Method: Patients were consecutively recruited from June 2018 to April 2019. This prospective pilot study used questionnaires with fixed response options, summarized as index values (IV, 0-1.0) in the following domains: communication, technical functionality, and general experience of DPHC. Results: Participants included 286 patients with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years. The response rate was 49% (n = 140), including 40 men (29%) and 100 women (71%). Communication using DPHC was experienced as fairly good (IV, 0.58), technical functionality was experienced as good (IV, 0.80), and the general experience of DPHC was positive with an IV of 0.76. The overall experience of the concept (IV, 0.71), corresponds to a median satisfaction value of 8.0 (interquartile range, 6-9). The patients felt well-prepared and experienced reasonable time aspects. Of the responding patients, 81% would recommend DPHC to others, and a notable reason for satisfaction was availability. However, patients expressed some uncertainty regarding the physician’s ability to assess correct care needs. Conclusion: The patients in our pilot study described their satisfaction and expressed good experiences with the concept of DPHC using written dialogues.

Measuring and Manufacturing Variables Affecting Business Intelligence in Advertising Companies to Realize Macro Science and Technology Policies

This paper tries to study the effects of business intelligence in advertising industry based on Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. The statistical population of this research consists of 20 professional experts who are working in the famous advertising companies in Tehran City. The selection criteria and common features of the subjects were based on their awareness and superiority, knowing well the marketing and advertising industry, and the management modules of the research system or DEMATEL method. Also, the main implement of data collection for this research were the questionnaires which designed based on different goals and distributed to the statistical community after obtaining their responses, and analysis of each factor of this research examined by DEMATEL method. Also, in this study, the questionnaires were the main data gathering tools, which designed for different purposes. After obtaining the experts approval, the questionnaires distributed among the statistical population and in this process, exploratory factor analysis and DEMATEL method were used. Finally, the results led to the identification of four main dimensions including adaptation to business needs and objectives, technical functionality of the business intelligence system, flexibility, and the ability to integrate the experiences and needs mentioned in Code 13 indices; then their final weight were calculated. According to the findings of this study, the “most influential indicator” in the implementation of general science and technology policies is to adapt to business needs and goals and to integrate experiences and needs. On the other hand, it is the “most influential factor”, in compare with other factors, in the implementation of general science and technology policies. It should be noted that this research is an exploratory study in terms of purpose and survey approach.

Modeling and Connecting Asset Administrative Shells for Mini Factories

The supply-chain based (SCB) concept applied to Mini Factories is a very relevant approach for current manufacturing. SBC, allows a network-like interconnectivity between assets by setting up factories inside the premises of the principal manufacturer, allowing more efficient machines utilization. The aforesaid assets need a proper representation and it is there where the core of Industry 4.0 (I4.0) comes to the rescue. According to I4.0, every asset (e.g. a machine, software, sensor or actuator, etc.), should be modeled via an Asset Administrative Shell (AAS). AAS is a knowledge structure that provides a description of the asset, its technical functionality and its relationships to other assets. It can be viewed as the as the data model from where the digital twin stems from. In this paper we extend our previously presented methodology meant for creating Asset Administrative Shells in Mini Factories with a focus on connectivity. By using our proposed methodology, Model Factory @ARTC has been able to quickly connect and integrate diverse assets into our factory of the future, demonstrating some of the enhanced capabilities of Industry 4.0.

Enhanced nutritional value of chickpea protein concentrate by dry separation and solid state fermentation

Abstract A sustainable dry processing method to obtain nutritional and functional chickpea products was developed, yielding protein concentrates suited to prepare products without additives. Chickpeas were milled and air-classified into protein and starch-enriched concentrates. Subsequently, spontaneous solid state fermentation (SSF) with daily back-slopping was performed at 37 °C. The dominant autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains in chickpea flour and enriched fractions were Pediococcus pentosaceus and Pediococcus acidilactici. Strains were selected on their ability to metabolise flatulence-causing α-galactosides. SSF reduced the pH of the doughs in 24h from 6.6 to 4.2. After 72 h, concentrations of raffinose and stachyose were reduced by 88.3–99.1%, while verbascose became undetectable. Moreover, phytic acid reduced with 17% while total phenolic contents increased with 119%. Besides the observed differences in smell, texture and colour, the sourdoughs showed 67% higher water-holding capacity. This natural route to produce chickpea concentrates thus increases both the nutritive and technical functionality. Industrial relevance Increasing the sustainability of our food production is required to meet the demand for food of our growing world population. A processing route combining dry fractionation and solid state fermentation is developed to prepare chickpea concentrates with improved nutritional properties. This route is more sustainable as the use of water and thus energy-intensive drying steps are minimised. Moreover, it provides more natural ‘clean-label’ foods, i.e., foods with less additives and minimally processed. Solid state fermentation is used to reduce the presence of anti-nutritional factors, i.e., α-galactosides and phytic acid. Autochthonous LAB were accumulated via back-slopping and employed as starter culture as an alternative to the use of a commercial starter culture. Chickpea sourdoughs with enhanced nutritional quality of chickpea were obtained. The sourdough may be used directly to fortify cereal products like chickpea protein enriched bread or can be dried into a chickpea ingredient for many other applications as well.

A Pilot Study of an In-Home Multicomponent Exergame Training for Older Adults: Feasibility, Usability and Pre-Post Evaluation.

Aging is associated with sensory, motor and cognitive impairments that may lead to reduced daily life functioning including gait disturbances, falls, injuries and mobility restrictions. A strong need exists for implementing effective evidence-based interventions for healthy aging. Therefore, the aim of this study was to (i) evaluate the feasibility and usability of an in-home multicomponent exergame training and (ii) explore its effects on physical functions, cognition and cortical activity. Twenty-one healthy and independently living older adults were included (11 female, 74.4 ± 7.0 years, range: 65–92 years) and performed 24 trainings sessions (each 40 min) over eight weeks. The first part was conducted in a living lab (home-like laboratory environment), the second part at participants’ home. The multicomponent exergame included Tai Chi-inspired exercises, dance movements and step-based cognitive games to train strength, balance and cognition. Attendance and attrition rates were calculated and safety during training was evaluated to determine feasibility. Participants rated the usability of the exergame (System Usability Scale) and reported on their game experience (Game Experience Questionnaire). Physical and cognitive functions and cortical activity (resting state electroencephalopathy) were assessed pre and post intervention. Results showed a high training attendance rate for the living lab and the home-based setting (91.7 and 91.0%, respectively) with a rather high attrition rate (28.6%, six drop-outs). Half of the drop-out reasons were related to personal or health issues. System usability was rated acceptable with a mean score of 70.6/100. Affective game experience was rated favorable. Significant improvements were found for minimal toe clearance, short-term attentional span, and information processing speed (p < 0.05). No significant pre-post differences were found for cortical activity. To summarize, the exergame is generally feasible and usable for healthy older adults applied in an in-home setting and provides an overall positive emotional game experience. Nevertheless, flawless technical functionality should be a mandatory consideration. Additionally, the training might have potential positive influence on specific functions in older adults. However, the efficacy has to be evaluated in a future randomized controlled trial assessing the behavioral and neuroplastic changes in a larger population after a longer training period.

Tests of the Hk-1 Module of the Mobile Mining Machine

The paper discusses laboratory tests of the HK-1 module dedicate for a roadheading mining machine, developed as part of the project on the acronym HYDKOM 75 co-financed by the National Center for Research and Development. The research was aimed at verifying the adopted technical assumptions and functionality of the developed solution, taking into account the possibility of using the HK-1 module in the potentially explosive atmospheres. The HK-1 module was designed and developed based on the lithium battery, increasing the mobility of the designed machine. In addition, after the battery has been discharged, the HK-1 module allows to operate machine on the line power from the mine network at the same time the battery are being charged. Thanks to such a solution, the mobile mining machine can be operated practically without interruption.

Legal Issues Related to the Commercial Exploitation of Apps

Mobile applications (Apps) are a billion-dollar industry with myriad uses in everyday life. To ensure the successful commercialization of apps, one must study the peculiarities of the Apps market. Contract law issues and copyright law issues related to mobile apps are at the epicenter of this problematic. In the first part of the paper, the various actors engaged in the distribution of applications are identified and the role of the app stores as online platforms - marketplaces is analyzed. The End-user (consumer) is the reference point of the legal approach to interpret the relations created and classify the contract typology. In addition, the operational and technical functionalities of an app store, the terms and conditions, its organizational structure, the types of applications ‘sold’ or ‘licensed’ and payment methods applied, are several of the factors which are weighed upon, in an attempt to define the legal provisions applied on a national level. The second part of the paper focuses on copyright law issues arising from the fact that apps fall under the definition of software. In particular, the evolution of traditional copyright concepts such as the ‘exhaustion of rights’ and ‘first sale’ doctrine, in the context of App Markets, are analyzed. The analysis conducted indicates that, for the time being, application of traditional rules in the app environment does not contribute to legal certainty. Ad hoc cases which would constitute res judicata are rare. Rather, the solution must be sought on a case-by-case basis, and by careful consideration of multiple factors, including organizational and technical characteristics of the app stores.

3D Virtual Reconstruction of the Ancient Roman Incile of the Fucino Lake.

The construction of the artificial emissary of Fucino Lake is one of the most ambitious engineering buildings of antiquity. It was the longest tunnel ever made until the 19th century and, due to the depth of the adduction inlet, it required a monumental and complex incile, which, for functionality, cannot be compared to other ancient emissaries. The Roman emissary and its "incile" (Latin name of the inlet structure) were almost completely destroyed in the 19th century, when Fucino Lake was finally dried. Today, only few auxiliary structures such as wells, tunnels, and winzes remain of this ancient work. As evidence of the ancient incile remains a description made by those who also destroyed it and some drawings made by travelers who, on various occasions, visited the site. This paper presents a virtual reconstruction of the Roman incile, obtained both through the philological study of the known documentation, interpreting iconographic sources that represent the last evidence of this structure, and through the survey on the territory. The main purpose is to understand its technical functionalities, the original structures, and its evolution during the time, taking into account the evolution of the Fucino Lake water levels, technological issues, and finally offering its visual reconstruction.

Policy versus Practice: Conceptions of Artificial Intelligence

Recent concern about harms of information technologies motivate consideration of regulatory action to forestall or constrain certain developments in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). However, definitional ambiguity hampers the possibility of conversation about this urgent topic of public concern. Legal and regulatory interventions require agreed-upon definitions, but consensus around a definition of AI has been elusive, especially in policy conversations. With an eye towards practical working definitions and a broader understanding of positions on these issues, we survey experts and review published policy documents to examine researcher and policy-maker conceptions of AI. We find that while AI researchers favor definitions of AI that emphasize technical functionality, policy-makers instead use definitions that compare systems to human thinking and behavior. We point out that definitions adhering closely to the functionality of AI systems are more inclusive of technologies in use today, whereas definitions that emphasize human-like capabilities are most applicable to hypothetical future technologies. As a result of this gap, ethical and regulatory efforts may overemphasize concern about future technologies at the expense of pressing issues with existing deployed technologies.

Factors Related to Health Informatics Competencies for Nurses-Results of a National Electronic Health Record Survey.

In 2015, the Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health published an eHealth and eSocial strategy with key objectives that by 2020 health information systems will be smart and providers will be able to maximize their use. Measures include improving system usability and decision support, involving professionals in system and service development, and increasing professionals' training in information management, electronic documentation, data protection, and data security. The aim of this study was to explore the level of nurses' informatics competencies and sufficiency of in-house training regarding technology-induced changes in work practices. An electronic questionnaire produced by the National Institute of Health and Welfare was sent in February to April 2017 to 29 283 Finnish working-age nurses, community nurses, and midwives; 3607 replies were received. Respondents rated their overall informatics competency relatively high, with the lowest competency scores on terminology-based documentation (Finnish Care Classification) and patient-related digital work. Education, electronic health record system used, experience using electronic health record systems, sufficiency of training, higher levels of technical functionality, ease of use, and usefulness were all associated with competency and remained significant after all adjustments. One-third of the respondents felt that they had not received sufficient training. Age and participation in system development were associated with experiences of sufficiency of training.

Do rope and washer pumps provide safe water and satisfied users? A case study piloting new rural water supply technology in Rumphi District, Malawi

Innovation is needed to develop rural water supply to support sub-Saharan Africa communities that are hard to reach. The purpose of this study was to critically review rope and washer pumps that have been installed on manually drilled boreholes in 48 communities as part of a pilot project in Rumphi District, Malawi, and which serve as a sustainable source of drinking water from both technical (water quality and functionality) and social (user satisfaction) perspectives. At each water source, an infrastructure checklist was used (n = 48); 10 users were interviewed (n = 472); and, if the pump had water, water quality samples were collected (n = 24). The results show that use of a professional driller does not guarantee a functioning rope and washer pump that produces safe water. Where the pumps were functional, most provided safe drinking water. However, only 8% (4/48) of pumps had good water quality, a flow rate of &gt;20 L/min and a full consensus of positive satisfaction among users. Pumps are not necessarily working better or worse in more remote areas. A process of introducing and creating evaluative guidelines for new (approved) technologies for rural water supply has not been established in Malawi. Sub-Saharan African governments need to be open to innovative solutions while making sure that standards, including those for functionality, water quality, user satisfaction, private operators, and human capacity for local government regulators, are being followed to ensure safe water for rural communities.

Stability of Hibiscus Extract Encapsulated by Ionic Gelation Incorporated in Yogurt

Encapsulation techniques can protect active components from degradation during storage while maintaining their functionality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of double emulsion followed by ionic gelation in the encapsulation of the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. anthocyanin (HE) in the application of the microparticles in a yogurt food matrix. The ionic gelation methods used were dripping-extrusion—D (Encapsulator Buchi B-390)—and atomization—A (Spray Dryer Buchi B-290). Double emulsion (HE/rapeseed oil/pectin) and a cross-linked solution (CaCl2) were employed. Yogurt matrix was characterized for total dry matter, total lipids, protein content, total lactic bacteria, pH/acidity, phenolic compounds (Folin-Ciocalteu), total anthocyanins (differential pH), antioxidant activity (DPPH), color (colorimeter), and morphology (optical microscopy) and was subjected to a sensory appearance acceptability test (80 panelists). The samples were stored in the absence of light (5 ± 1 °C) and monitored every 7 days for total polyphenols, total anthocyanins, color, pH/acidity, and syneresis, for a period of at least 30 days. The use of microparticles obtained by double emulsion followed by ionic gelation and incorporated in yogurt matrix presented technical feasibility, providing color and functionality to the product. The yogurt matrix with microparticles obtained by the atomization technique presented high acceptability of appearance. Microparticles obtained by the dripping-extrusion technique showed greater stability of anthocyanins (48%) and color (ΔE = 1.42) during the yogurt matrix shelf life.

What’s the abuse? A quest for the appropriate legal test in product design cases under Article 102 TFEU

In recent years, vastly changing technology markets have posed challenges to the application of well-established rules and principles in European Union competition law. In particular, the integration of technical functionalities appears to have opened new possibilities for dominant firms to leverage market power. Aware of these developments but often oblivious to the apparent overlap, the European Union Commission and the Court of Justice of the European Union engaged in clear-cut analyses under one or the other well-established theory of harm. In particular, the dividing line between the two standalone concepts on refusals to deal and tying practices appears to have been either repositioned or misapplied in the Microsoft Saga, which marks the peak of this development. In classifying the respective conduct as abusive tying practices in the Microsoft Saga, it is questionable whether the Commission was granted a shortcut by the Court itself, passing (unsuccessful) refusal to deal cases disguised as (successful) tying cases. Considering the significantly lower standard of proof applicable to tying practices as opposed to refusals to deal, stakeholders can be expected to exploit the vague boundaries. With this concern in mind, this essay aims to identify the boundaries between refusal to supply and tying cases, where product integration risks resulting in anti-competitive foreclosure on technology markets. On a more fundamental level, this essay will question whether the peculiar features of technology markets justify a different treatment.

Nurse Telephone Counseling Services as a "Gatekeeper" in an Internet-Based Digital Doctor Reception: A Mixed Questionnaire Survey.

Objective: A large number of different types of digital innovations for health and medical care have been developed in Sweden under the concept of eHealth. Employees’ interest is of great importance in determining the success of different new digital interventions and technologies. Purpose: In this study, we aimed to elucidate the nurses’ experiences as a first “gatekeeper” in an Internet-based Digital Doctor Reception (DDR) concept. Methods: Our 16 informants were recruited among nurses who participated in a DDR pilot project that was completed in April 2019. A mixed questionnaire survey was used to elucidate the nurses’ experiences of collaboration & challenges, technical functionality, and DDR as an activity. The results were descriptively summarized with index values (IVs, 0-1.0), supplemented with a 10-point Likert-type scale that estimated satisfaction and views regarding personal experiences. Results: Collaboration and challenges were experienced as fairly good (IV, 0.58), and technical functionality was experienced as good (IV, 0.80). The experience of DDR as an activity was described positively with an IV of 0.75. The overall experience of the concept (IV, 0.68), corresponds well to the median satisfaction value of 6.5 (interquartile range, 6-9). Content analysis identified 2 main categories: “Facilitators in using DDR experienced by nurses” and “Barriers in using DDR experienced by nurses.” Nurses generally felt positive about participating in the development of an eHealth service. However, they suggested that DDR triaging should take place at the health care center level. The nurses also observed that certain patient groups were excluded from the DDR concept, and sometimes experienced this new way of triaging as less challenging. Conclusion: The informants in our study generally described satisfaction and an overall good experience with the DDR concept. However, some informants felt that the concept was sometimes more stressful and less challenging compared with normal working methods.

Implementing Industry 4.0 Asset Administrative Shells in Mini Factories

Physical assets in manufacturing, can be: machines, sensors, actuators and in general everything that can be part of the plant and its processes. In such domain, the search for “agility” has come to be one of the most requested features. As a result, considerable research has been conducted to design manufacturing systems which embody manufacturing flexibility. It is in this context where the evolution of the supply-chain based concept of Mini Factories is relevant, as it allows a network-like interconnectivity between assets by setting up factories inside the premises of the principal manufacturer.It is stated that at the core of Industry 4.0 implementation, every asset (e.g. a machine, software, sensor or actuator, etc.), should be modeled via an Asset Administrative Shell (AAS). AAS is a knowledge structure that provides a description of the asset, its technical functionality and its relationships to other assets. It can be viewed as the bridge between the physical world and the IoT world or, in other words, the data model from where the digital twin stems from.In this paper we present a methodology to create Asset Administrative Shells in a Mini Factories context. We argue that our approach, effectively embodies concepts related to Industry 4.0 in a modular way, allowing the much-desired agility.By using our proposed methodology, Model Factory @ARTC has been able to create a seamless integration of assets into our factory of the future, demonstrating the connectivity and some of the enhanced capabilities of Industry 4.0.

Моделирование сценариев работы устройств несанкционированного съема конфиденциальной информации на основе имитационных средств

The article provides an overview of possible situations of unauthorized removal of confidential information through a technical channel. Ways to protect against information leakage by simulating situation data using signal simulators are considered. A review of existing signal simulators, their technical characteristics and functionality is presented. Possible situations of information leakage and ways of their detection using the software and hardware complex "Kassandra K6" are considered.